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Writing a list of references
ACW worksheet 8.3
At the end of all pieces of
academic writing, you need a list of materials
that you have used or referred to. This
usually has a heading:
references
but may be
bibliography
or
works cited
depending on the
conventions of the
system you use.
The object of your writing is for you
to say something for yourself using the ideas of
the subject, for you to
present ideas
you have learned in your own way. The emphasis
should be on working with other people’s ideas,
rather than reproducing their words.
The ideas and people that you refer to need to be
made explicit by a
system of
referencing. This consists of a list of materials
that you have used at the end of the piece of
writing
and references to this list at
various points throughout the essay. The purpose
of this is to supply the information
needed to allow a user to find a
source.
Therefore, at the end of your
assignment you need a list of the materials you
have used - a bibliography or a
reference list.
There are
many ways of writing a list of references - check
with your department for more information - but
the
one used here - the American
Psychological Association style - is well known
and often used (American
Psychological
Association, 1983, 1994, 1999, 2001). See Gibaldi
(1999) and Modern Languages Association
(1998) for another way.
1.
Example
References
Abercrombie, D. (1968). Paralanguage.
British Journal of Disorders
of
Communication,
3,
55-59.
Barr,
P., Clegg, J. & Wallace, C. (1981).
Advanced reading skills
.
London: Longman.
Chomsky, N. (1973).
Linguistic theory. In J. W. Oller & J. C. Richards
(Eds.),
Focus on
the
learner
(pp. 29-35). Rowley,
Massachusetts: Newbury House.
Fromkin,
V. & Rodman, R. (1983).
An introduction
to language.
London:
Holt-
Saunders.
Guiora, A.
Z., Paluszny, M., Beit-Hallahmi, B., Catford, J.
C., Cooley, R. E. & Dull, C.
Y. (1975).
Language and person: Studies in language
behaviour.
Language Learning,
25
, 43-61.
GVU's
8th WWW user survey.
(n.d.). Retrieved
August 8, 2000, from
/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/
Kinsella, V. (Ed.). (1978).
Language teaching and linguistics:
Surveys.
Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Lipinsky, E. & Bender, R. (1980).
Critical voices on the economy.
Survey,
25,
38-42.
Oller, J. W. &
Richards, J. C. (Eds.). (1973).
Focus
on the learner.
Rowley,
Massachusetts: Newbury House.
Longman dictionary of contemporary
English.
(1978). London: Longman.
Smith, F. (1978).
Reading.
Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Stern, H. H. &
Weinrib, A. (1978). Foreign languages for younger
children: Trends and
assessment. In V.
Kinsella (Ed.),
Language teaching and
linguistics: Surveys
(pp.
152-
172). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
NOTES
Use
heading:
References.
Page numbers should be included for all
articles in journals and in collections.
Use
italics
(or
underlining in handwriting) for titles of books,
periodicals, newspapers etc.
Use
alphabetical order. Alphabetise works with no
author by the first significant word in the title.
All co-authors should be listed.
Indent second etc. lines
Use
(n.d.) if no date is given.
If the
author of a document is not given, begin the
reference with the title of the document.
2. Books
a. One author:
Smith, F. (1978).
Reading
. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
b. Two authors:
Fromkin, V. & Rodman, R. (1983).
An introduction to language.
London: Holt-
Saunders.
c.
More than two authors:
Barr, P., Clegg,
J. & Wallace, C. (1981).
Advanced
reading skills
. London: Longman.
d. Edited collections:
Kinsella, V. (Ed.). (1978).
Language teaching and linguistics:
Surveys
. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. Oller, J.
W. & Richards, J. C. (Eds.). (1973).
Focus on the
learner
. Rowley,
Massachusetts: Newbury House.
e. Book,
corporate author:
British Council
Teaching Information Centre. (1978).
Pre-sessional courses for
overseas
students.
London: British Council.
f. Book, no author, or editor:
Longman dictionary of contemporary
English.
(1978). London: Longman.
The Times atlas of the world
(5th ed.). (1975). New York: New York
Times.
g. Book, third edition:
Fromkin, V. & Rodman, R. (1983).
An introduction to language
(3rd ed.). London:
Holt-
Saunders.
h. Book, revised edition:
Cohen, J. (1977).
Statistical power analysis for the
behavioural sciences
(rev. ed.). New
York: Plenum Press.
i. Non-
English book:
Piaget, J. & Inhelder, B.
(1951).
La genèse de l’idée de hasard
chez l’enfant
[The origin
of
the idea of danger in the child]. Paris: Presses
Universitaires de France.
Page 2 of 6
j. English translation of a book:
Luria, A. R. (1969).
The
mind of a mnemonist
(L. Solotaroff,
Trans.). New York: Avon
Books.
(Original work published 1965)
k. Books
or articles, two or more by the same author in the
same year:
Lyons, J. (1981a).
Language and linguistics
.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lyons, J. (1981b).
Language,
meaning and context
. London: Fontana.
3. Periodical articles
a.
One author:
Abercrombie, D. (1968).
Paralanguage.
British Journal of
Disorders of
Communication,
3,
55-59.
b. Two
authors:
Lipinsky, E. & Bender, R.
(1980). Critical voices on the economy.
Survey, 25,
38-42.
c. More than two authors:
Guiora, A. Z., Paluszny, M., Beit-
Hallahmi, B., Catford, J. C., Cooley, R. E. &
Dull, C.
Y. (1975). Language and
person: Studies in language behaviour.
Language Learning,
25
, 43-61.
d.
Review of a book:
Carmody, T. P.
(1982). A new look at medicine from a social
perspective [Review of
the
book
Social contexts of health, illness
and patient care
].
Contemporary Psychology,
27
, 208-209.
e.
Review of a book, no title:
Maley, A.
(1994). [Review of the book
Critical
language awareness
].
Applied
Linguistics, 15
, 348-350.
f. Newspaper/Magazine article:
Gardner, H. (1981, December). Do babies
sing a universal song?
Psychology
Today
, pp.
70-76.
g. Newspaper/Magazine article, no
author:
Acid attack ‘scarred girl for
life’. (1986, October
21).
The Guardian
, p. 4.
(In the essay use a short form of the
title for citation: (
h. Newspaper
article, letter to the editor:
Hain, P.
(1986, October 21). The police protection that
women want [Letter to the
editor].
The Guardian,
p. 4.
Page 3 of 6