哈佛 论文引用格式

A brief guide to the Harvard System

The University of Greenwich, as with all universities,

requires that students give credit to the authors of the

evidence they use to support the arguments within

their essays and other assignments. Most schools

within the University require that students use the Harvard system of

referencing (citation). This is a guide to that system giving some useful

examples to which you can refer when referencing yourself.

Function

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A bibliographical reference

should

contain sufficient information for you or

someone else to trace the information sources you have used.

It indicates that you have considered appropriate authorities and evidence in

your work

It acknowledges the work of others in contributing to your work.

The same set of rules and grammar (colons and commas) should be followed

every time you cite a reference (

consistency).

Note

–

you ought to follow the convention of referencing dictated by your school

or tutor, normally the Harvard system.

The components of the Harvard system

The Harvard system has two main components. Firstly there is the in-text reference.

Fore each item of evidence that you use from an external source (a book, a journal

article etc.) there is an entry

that includes the author?s family name and the y

ear of

the publication (source) that the information comes from. Note that for a quotation

there will also be the page number for the page that the quotation came from.

This works in conjunction with the second element which is known as a reference list

(sometimes

known as a Bibliography). This is an alphabetical list (by the author?s last

name) which includes the full bibliographical details of the book which would enable

the reader to find that source if they so wished. The in-text reference to the autho

r?s

last name can be looked up in this list and the full detail found. As you can see then,

the system requires both element of in-text reference and reference list to work.

Examples of how to do both elements are shown below.

Citations in the text (in-text reference)

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All material taken from another writer?s work should be acknowledged,

whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised.

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Not referencing = Plagiarism

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Plagiarism = a fancy word for

stealing

Citations in the text should give th

e author?s name with the year of publication, then

all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of the

paper/dissertation as laid out below.

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For a single author

In a study by

Murthoo (1999) treatment compliance was examined…..

In a

study (Seedhouse, 1997) treatment compliance was examined ….

When an author has published more

than one cited document in the same year

these are differentiated by adding lower cased letters after the year within the

brackets.

Beattie (2000a) argued that public health issues were igno

red…

Two authors:

In the book by Kearney and Rainwater (2001) ….

More than two authors:

Singer

et al

(1996) contend that ….

If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence, list them all in the following

form, by date and then alphabetically:

There are indications that childhood poverty is a strong predictor of later morbidity

(Wybourn and Hudson, 2002; Acheson, 1998; Lewis 1998)

Online sources:

When referencing a web page in your text it should be the Author and Year that you

put in brackets and not the web page address or URL. Sometimes the author may be

the organisation that publishes the web page, for example the Department of Health:

According to the Department of Health (2006) the quality of access to health care is

one of their fundamental responsibilities.

Harvard method of quoting in the text:

Use

quotation marks and acknowledge the author?s name, year of publication and

page number of the quote in brackets.

Short quotations (up to 2 lines) can be included in the body of the text:-

Wybourn (1999) states that “being an undergraduate can be a pain” (p.19).

Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:-

Smaje (1995) when commenting on

transcultural care comments that:

“Whereas m

ulticulturalism tends to emphasise the existence of different cultural

traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding, anti-

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