论文引文及参考文献格式规范

论文引文及参考文献格式规范

I. Introduction

Academic

writing

may

use

American

Psychological

Association

(APA)

Style,

Modern

Language

Association (MLA) Style, the Chicago Style, and so on. But APA and MLA are two commonly used ones. Both

can be found in “style manuals” bearing their names

，

for example, APA’s

Publication Manual of the American

Psychological Association

(2001) and MLA’s

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers

(1999).

The

choice

as

to

which

style

is

appropriate

for

a

given

paper

may

be

determined

by

three

factors:

the

requirements of the particular course, the standard for the discipline in which you are studying, or your individual

preference. A safe way is to consider which style will be most appropriate for your area of specialization. If you are

pursuing a major in the humanities, consider learning the MLA style. If behavioral or social sciences are likely to

be

your

interest,

then

the

APA

style

may

be

most

appropriate.

Generally,

humanities

disciplines

may

include

literary,

philosophical,

cultural,

historical,

translation

studies,

and

the

like.

Social

sciences

may

include

applied

linguistics, psycholinguistics, foreign language teaching, second language acquisition studies, and the like, which

are mostly empirical studies involving statistic analyses.

II. APA for Academic Writing: Essentials

1. Text citations

Source

material

must

be

documented

in

the

body

of

the

paper

by

citing

the

author(s)

and

date(s)

of

the

sources. The reader can obtain the full source citation from the list of references that follows the body of the paper.

A.

When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year of

publication appears in parentheses following the identification of the au

thors. The word “

and”

is used

before

the

last

author

when

multiple

authors

are

identified

as

part

of

the

formal

structure

of

the

sentence. Commas are only used to separate the names of three or more (but not two) authors for a

source, for example,

Wirth and Mitchell (1994) found that . . . .

B.

When the authors of a source are

not

part of the formal structure of the sentence, both the authors and

years

of

publication

appear

in

parentheses.

The

ampersand

&

is

used

before

the

last

author

when

multiple authors for a source are identified and commas are only used to separate the names of three or

more (but not two) authors for a source. And when more than two sources are cited parenthetically,

they are ordered alphabetically by first authors' surnames and separated and joined by semicolons in

the parentheses, for example,

Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of religious

behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health (Gartner, Larson, & Allen,

1991;

Koenig,

1990;

Levin

&

Vanderpool,

1991;

Maton

&

Pargament,

1987;

Paloma

&

Pendleton, 1991; Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991).

C.

If

publications

by

two

or

more

primary

authors

with

the

same

surname

are

cited,

include

the

first

authors’ initials in all

text citations, even if the publication dates differ, for example,

R. D. Luce (1959) and P. A. Luce (1986) also found…

..

J. M. Goldberg and Neff (1961) and M. E. Goldberg and Wurtz (1972) studied……

D.

Identify works by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order) with the

same publication date by the suffixes a, b, c, and so forth after the year; repeat the year; separate the

year-plus-suffixes with commas, for example,

Several studies (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c; Singh, 1983, in press-a, in press-b) indicated that . . . .

E.

A

major

citation

is

separated

from

other

citations

within

parentheses

by

the

phrase

“see

also”

used

after

a

semicolon

and

before

the

first

of

the

remaining

citations,

which

are

arranged

in

alphabetical

order, for example,

(Minor, 2001; see also Adams, 1999; Storandt, 1997)

F.

Every effort should be made to cite only sources that you have actually read. When it is necessary to

cite a source that you have not read (“Grayson” in the following example) but is cited in a s

ource that

you have read (“Murzynski & Degelman” in the following example), use the following format for the

text citation and list only the source you have read in the References list, for example,

Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996) suggeste

d …

2

G.

When a source has two authors, both authors are included every time the source is cited.

H.

When

a

source

has

three,

four,

or

five

authors,

cite

all

authors

the

first

time

the

source

is

cited;

in

subsequent citations, include only the first author's surna

me and “et al.” and the year if it is the first

citation of the reference within a paragraph, for example,

Payne, Bergin, Bielema, and Jenkins (1991) showed that … [Use as first citation in text.]

Payne et al. (1991) showed that ... [Use as subsequent first citation per paragraph thereafter.]

Payne et al. showed that … [Omit year from subsequent citations after first citation within a

paragraph.]

I.

When a source has six or more authors, cite only the first author's surname followed by “et al.” and the

year for the first and subsequent citations.

J.

If two references with the same year shorten to the same form, cite the surnames of the first authors

and of as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the two references, followed by a

comma and “et al.”, for example,

Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (1994) and Bradley, Soo, et al. (1994)

Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, et al. (1996) and Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, et al. (1996)

K.

If the English translation of a non-English work is used as the source, cite the original publication date

and the date of the translation, for example,

Laplace (1814/1951)…

L.

To cite a personal communication (including letters, emails, and telephone interviews), include initials,

surname,

and

as

exact

a

date

as

possible.

As

a

personal

commu

nication

is

not

“recoverable”

information, it is not included in the References section, for example,

B. F. Skinner (personal communication, February 12, 1978) claimed . . . .

2. Quotations

When a direct quotation is used, always include the author, year, and page number as part of the citation.

A.

A

quotation

of

fewer

than

40

words

should

be

enclosed

in

double

quotation

marks

and

should

be

incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence, for example,

3

Patients receiving prayer had “less congestive heart

failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic

therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently

intubated and ventilated” (Byrd, 1988, p.829).

B.

A

lengthier quotation

of 40

or

more

words

should appear

(without

quotation

marks)

apart

from

the

surrounding

text,

in

double-spaced

block

format,

with

each

line

indented

five

spaces

from

the

left

margin but without the usual opening paragraph indent. But with more than one paragraph, indent the

first line of second and additional paragraphs five to seven spaces from the new margin.

C.

Enclose

direct

quotations

within

a

block

quotation

in

double

quotation

marks.

For

a

quotation

in

running text that is already enclosed in double quotation marks, use single quotation marks to enclose

quoted material.

D.

Type three periods with a space before and after each period to indicate an omission within a sentence.

Type four periods to indicate an omission between two sentences (a period for the sentence followed

by three spaced periods).

E.

When

a

period

or

comma

occurs

with

closing

quotation

marks,

place

the

period

or

comma

before

rather

than

after

the

quotation

marks.

Put

other

punctuation

marks

(e.g.,

colon,

semicolon)

outside

quotation marks unless they are part of the quoted material.

3. References

All sources included in the References section must be cited in the body of the paper (and all sources cited

in the paper must be included in the References section).

A.

P

agination: The References section begins on a new page.

B.

H

eading: References (centered on the first line below the manuscript page header).

C.

F

ormat: The references (with hanging indent) begin on the line following the References heading. Entries

are organized alphabetically by surnames of first authors.

D.

A

uthors:

Authors

are

listed

in

the

same

order

as

specified

in

the

source,

using

surnames

and

initials.

Commas separate all authors. When there are two to six authors, use the ampersand & after a comma

and before the last author. When there are seven or more authors, list the first six a

nd then use “et al.”

for remaining authors. If no author is identified, the title of the document begins the reference.

4

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al. (2000).

An experimental evaluation . . . .

One- author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname, for example,

Alleyne, R. L. (2001).

……

Alleyne, R. L., & Evans, A. J. (1999).

……

References

with

exactly

the

same

author

(or

authors

in

the

same

order)

are

arranged

by

year

of

publication, the earliest first, for example,

Hewlett, L. S. (1996).

……

Lewlett, L. S. (1999).

……

Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2000).

……

Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2001).

……

References by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order) with the same

publication date are arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding

A,

An

or

The

) that follows the date.

However, if the references with the same authors published in the same year are identified as articles in

a series (e.g., Part 1 and Part 2), order the references in the series order, not alphabetically by

title.

Lowercase letters

–

a, b, c, and so on

–

are placed immediately after the year, within the parentheses,

for example,

Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control . . . .

Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of . . . .

E.

Publication

date:

Publication

date

is

put

in

parentheses

following

authors,

with

a

period

following

the

closing parenthesis. If no publication date is identified, use “n.d.” in parentheses following the authors.

For any work acce

pted for publication but not yet printed, use “in press” in parentheses following the

authors.

F.

Source

reference:

Include

title,

journal,

volume,

pages

(for

journal

article)

or

title,

city

of

publication,

publisher (for book). Italicize titles of books, titles of periodicals, and periodical volume numbers but

not titles of articles. Capitalize the major words of periodical names but not the major words of titles of

books or articles.

5

G.

P

ublishers’

locations:

Give

the

location

(city

and

state

for

U.S.

publisher

s,

city,

state

or

province

if

applicable,

and

country

for

publishers

outside

of

the

U.

S.)

of

the

publishers

of

books,

reports,

brochures, and other separate, nonperiodical publications. If the publisher is a university and the name

of

the

state

(or

province)

is

included

in

the

name

of

the

university,

do

not

repeat

the

name

in

the

publisher location. The names of U.S. states and territories appear in the official two- letter U.S. Postal

Service

abbreviations.

The

following

major

and

well-known

locations

can

be

listed

without

a

state

abbreviation or country:

Baltimore,

Boston,

Chicago,

Los

Angeles,

New

York,

Philadelphia,

San

Francisco,

Amsterdam,

Jerusalem, London, Milan, Moscow, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, Tokyo, Vienna

H.

E

xamples of sources

1.

Book

Paloutzian, R. F. (1996).

Invitation to the psychology of religion

(2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn

and Bacon.

U.S.

Department

of

Health,

Education,

and

Welfare.

(1971).

Alcohol

and

health

.

Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

2.

Book with no author or editor

Merriam-Webs

ter’s

collegiate

dictionary

(10th

ed.).

(1993).

Springfield,

MA:

Merriam-Webster.

3.

Book with author and publisher being identical

American

Psychiatric

Association.

(1994).

Diagnostic

and

statistical

manual

of

mental

disorders

(4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

4.

Article or chapter in an edited book

James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock.

In

D.

Palumbo

(Ed.),

Spectrum

of

the

fantastic

(pp.

219-223).

Westport,

CT:

Greenwood.

6

Cicero, T. J. (1979). A critique of animal analogues of alcoholism. In E. Majchrowicz & E.

P. Noble (Eds.),

Biochemistry and pharmacology of ethanol

(Volume 2, pp. 31-59).

New York: Plenum Press.

5.

Journal article

Murzynski,

J.,

&

Degelman,

D.

(1996).

Body

language

of

women

and

judgments

of

vulnerability

to

sexual

assault.

Journal

of

Applied

Social

Psychology,

26,

1617-1626.

[If, and only if, each issue of a journal begins on page 1, give the issue number in parentheses

immediately after the volume number.]

Wilcox,

R.

V.

(1991).

Shifting

roles

and

synthetic

women

in

Star

Trek:

The

Next

Generation.

Studies in Popular Culture, 13

(2), 53-65.

6.

Newspaper Article

Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes explore modern society

using the world of Star Trek.

Los Angeles Times

, p. A3.

7.

Encyclopedia Article

Sturgeon,

T.

(1995).

Science

fiction.

In

The

encyclopedia

Americana

(Vol.

24,

pp.

390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.

8.

Web document on university program or department Web site

Degelman,

D.,

&

Harris,

M.

L.

(2000).

APA

style

essentials.

Retrieved

May

18,

2000,

from

Vanguard

University,

Department

of

Psychology

Web

site:

/faculty/ddegelman/?doc_id=796

[If information is obtained from a document on the Internet, provide the Internet address for the

document

at

the

end

of

the

retrieval

statement.

Finish

the

retrieval

statement

with

a

period,

unless it ends with an Internet address.]

9.

Data file, available from a Web site

Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics. (1991).

National

Health

Provider

Inventory

Home

health

agencies

and

hospices

,

1991

7