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Guidelines and Examples for the Leader
Profile Paper
1.
Citations (general) pages 1-
3
引文，传讯
2.
Citations
(electronic) pages 3-4
3.
Works Cited Page pages 4-8
1.
General Rules
for Parenthetical Citations
附加说明的
USING AUTHOR NAME
The author of a source is always
mentioned either in your text or in the
parenthetical
citation-
-unless
no author is provided. (See
Special
Cases
below for information
regarding those situations.)
Author's name mentioned in
text
Use the
author's name in a single sentence to introduce
the material. Then, cite the page
number(s) in parentheses.
Example
Pope was clear to point out that,
although many of his ideas were idealistic,
Rousseau
held ambivalent
矛盾的
feelings toward women
(138).
Author's name not
mentioned in text
When you do not include the author's
name in the text, place the author's last name in
the
parenthetical citation before the
page number(s). There is no punctuation between
the
author's name and the page
number(s).
Example
During World War I, British and
American women could, for the first time, earn
first-
class pay for first-class work
(Gilbert 236-7).
More than
one work by the same author(s)
If you use more than one
work from a single author, when you refer to
either of the sources,
give the
author's last name, an abbreviated title of the
work, and the relevant page
number(s).
A comma separates the author's last name and the
title; however, there is no
punctuation
between the title and the page number(s).
Example
When calculating the number
of homeless animals in the United States, the
author
comically stated that
Siamese cats might
million
homeless animals in the country (Westin,
1
Note:
If you mention the
author's last name in the sentence, you do not
need to include the
author's last name
in parentheses.
Two authors
with the same last name
If you use sources by authors with the
same last name, always include the author's first
and
last name in the sentence or in the
parenthetical citation.
Example
Children will learn to write if they
are given the freedom to choose their own
subjects,
Allison Faye argues, citing
the city school council study of the early 1970s
(42-51);
however, Robert Faye believes
that children will learn how to write regardless
of their
school subjects (102-115).
Two or three authors in a
single source
If
a source is written by two or three authors, place
all of the authors' last names in the
single sentence or in the parenthetical
citation.
Example
Richards, Jones, and Moore maintain
that college students who actively participate in
extracurricular activities achieve
greater academic excellence because they learn how
to
manage their time more effectively
(185).
or
The authors maintain that college
students who actively participate in
extracurricular
activities achieve
greater academic excellence because they learn how
to manage their
time more effectively
(Richards, Jones, and Moore 185).
Four or more authors in a single
source
If a
source is written by four or more authors, use the
first author's last name followed by
You can also name all of the
authors in the single sentence or in the
parenthetical citation.
Example
Chazon et al. argued that ethnic groups
are culturally based social organizations in
which members have multiple identities
(105-6).
or
The authors argued that
ethnic groups are culturally based social
organizations in which
members have
multiple identities (Chazon, Riley, Jacobs, and
Rutherford 105-6).
MULTIVOLUME WORKS
Citing an entire volume of
a multivolume work
When using an
entire
volume in a multivolume work, it is not
necessary to include the page
number(s). Give the author's last name
and then the volume number, including the
abbreviation
Example
Between 1762 and 1796, the economy of
imperial Russia experienced profound changes
under Empress Catherine II
(Spielvolgel, vol. 3).
Using part of one volume of a
multivolume work
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When using
part
of one volume of a
multivolume work, name the author in the single
sentence or in the parenthetical
citation. Place the volume number first and then
the page
number(s) with a colon and one
space between them.
Example
According to Flint,
Japanese women of the Tokugawa period had key
roles and functions
in the home (5:
139).
SPECIAL
CASES
:
No author
identified in a source
If you use a source that does not
supply an author's name, substitute, by using the
title or
an abbreviated title, for the
author's name in the sentence or in the
parenthetical citation.
In the
citation, do not forget to include the page
number(s) unless the source is one page or
less in length. Be sure to italicize
the title if the source is a book, and if the
source is an
article, place quotation
marks around the title.
Example
Goddess religions are thought to have
originated somewhere between 25,000 and 7,000
BCE
(
When God Was
a Woman
).
Indirect quotations
If you are citing an author
who was quoted by another author, include both
names. First,
give the name of the
author whose words you are citing, followed by
the name of the author of the source
you used. If you include the author whose words
you
are quoting in your text, you do
not need to include the author's name again in
your citation.
Example
In last month's issue of Rolling
Stone
,
Lenny Cravitz
admitted that Jimmy Hendrix was
an
Note:
Whenever
you can, try to take material from the original
source and not from a
secondhand one.
Your credibility as a writer could suffer if you
depend too heavily on
secondhand
sources.
Citing more than
one work in single parenthetical
reference
If you need to
acknowledge two or more works in a single
reference, cite each source as
you
normally would, but use semicolons to separate the
reference.
Example
Several
critics have noted that Butler is unique in being
a female African American writer
who
has excelled in the science fiction genre
(Crossley xii; Salvaggio).
2.
Electronic
Citations
In-
Text (Parenthetical) Citations
Because Internet sources typically have
no page or paragraph numbers, and Web sites in
particular are often
anonymous,
无名的，假名的，匿名的，没有特色的，
people are
3
often confused about how to refer to
these sources within their papers. The answer is
to cite
the author's name whenever
possible and use the source's title otherwise (or
a shortened
version of the title). If
no page or paragraph number is provided in the
document (NOT on
your printer), leave
that portion of the citation blank. Keep in mind
that the primary
purpose of an in-text
citation is simply to point readers to the correct
entry on the Works
Cited Page.
Example
Despite
the many challenges she has faced on the Internet,
the author still enjoys the
If the electronic document does not
have an author, use identifying words from the
title.
Example
Each of the teletubbies has
his/her own language acquisition level, and,
because of this,
a child can identify
and progress to the next language level when the
child feels
comfortable (
Note:
Do not cite page
numbers from printouts because pagination may vary
in different
printouts.
REMINDERS
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Make parenthetical
citations brief and accurate.
_
To avoid long
parenthetical citations, place reference
information, such as the
author's name,
in your sentence.
_
Place a citation as close to the
relevant material as possible without disrupting
the
sentence.
_
Use one citation at the end of a long
section of material that comes from one source
and the same page(s)--do not cite at
the end of each sentence in this case.
_
Parenthetical citations
always go
outside
of a
quotation and always
before
a
punctuation mark, such as a period.
EXCEPTIONS
:
1.
If a quotation
of over three lines, double indent the quotation,
use no
2.
If a
quotation ends with a question mark (?) or an
exclamation point
(!), include the
given punctuation followed by a closing quotation,
then
insert your parenthetical
citation, and insert a period after your
parenthetical citation.
quotation marks, and place the
parenthetical citation
after
the punctuation
mark. Do
not
include a period after
the parenthetical citation.
_
Place the parenthetical
citations in your essay as your write. Do not wait
until the
essay is finished.
Source of the above:
/MLA_format_parenthetical_
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