英国留学生哈佛论文文献格式写法

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英国留学生哈佛论文文献格式写法

Guide to Harvard Referencing

This

guide

has

been

produced

by

the

ASU

in

response

to

questions

from Business School students about the important subject of

accurate referencing. It is essential for you to reference

your work thoroughly because everything you write for the

Business

School

is

'evidenced'

-

your

discussion

and

arguments

should consist mainly of academic theory and 'expert'

practitioner experience. These two main sources (theory and

practice)

MUST

be

referenced

throughout

your

writing. Readers

must be able to see which words are your own words and what

sources you have used as evidence to back up your assertions.

Good referencing is ESSENTIAL because:

1) Your tutor must be able to check your source.

2) Other readers might want to follow up your work.

3)

Your

tutor

needs

to

see

if

you

are

reading

and

understanding

course material and book lists.

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4) If you do not reference, you can be accused of stealing the

work and ideas of others, and this is the serious offence

of Plagiarism.

The UH Business School uses the Harvard referencing system.

ASU have produced a 'standardised' version from the many

different variations of Harvard that are available because it

is important to be consistent with all your references. ASU

worked

with

IH

consultants

to

produce

this

standard

referencing

format for the Business School. Harvard is a modern

'author-date' system and should not be used in the same

document

with

the

older footnote

system ('historical'

system)

which

contains

numbers

in

the

text

and

footnotes.

The

complete

reference consists of two parts: an in- text citation and a

final reference in the list ofReferences, which has the

following order:

HARVARD BASIC ORDER OF INFORMATION

Harvard is an 'AUTHOR DATE' system, and (if known),

you must record the information in this order:

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Author (Year) Title. Place of publication: Name of

publisher.

If you do not have any part of the information, you will have

to leave it out or indicate you do not have it with 'date

unknown' for example. Very rarely is the 'author unknown'

although

it

may

be

a

'corporate'

author.

You

can

reference

ANY

sources using Harvard - the rule is keep the same order of

information as above.

WHO WROTE THE WORK?

WHEN DID THEY WRITE IT?

WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE WORK?

WHERE CAN IT BE FOUND?

References and Bibliography

References are NOT the same as a Bibliography. Your lecturer

may ask you to put either one of these, or both at the end of

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your assignment. Whichever you use, the Harvard style is the

same and it must be arranged alphabetically. Here are the

differences:

References

References

contain

a

list

of

all

the

sources

you

actually

used

and 'cited' in the text.

Bibliography

A

Bibliography

contains

all

the

sources

of

information

that

you

used

as

'background'

reading

for

the

assignment

but

you

did

not

actually

cite

these

sources

in

the

text. A

Bibliography

should

not only include books, but any background sources that you

think should be mentioned. Do not make a long Bibliography to

impress. Only include items that you think provide useful

information for the reader.

Remember:

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References / Bibliography must be arrangedalphabetically,

according to author.

A Reference list must contain an entry for each in-text

citation.

Other sources, not cited in the text, should go in a separate

Bibliography.

Always note the full details of your references and quotes as

you read and write, so that you do not forget your sources. It

will then be easier to make the final list of References.

Include a page number if your citation is a direct quotation

from your source, otherwise, page numbers are not normally

required, although there will be some exceptions.

Make a final check when editing your work that eachin-text

citation also appears in the References.

Do

not

mix

Harvard

with

other

referencing

systems

(i.e.

do

not

use 'ibid', '', etc.)

UHBS

Harvard

Referencing

does not use

numbering,

footnotes

and

endnotes.

Even

though

there

are

slight

variationsofthe

Harvard

format

in

use

worldwide,

the

key

issue

is

that

you

must

be CONSISTENT

and

use the same style throughout. The format in this guide has

been agreed by the ASU, LIS and interested UHBS staff.

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Only reference the sources you actually use(see primary and

secondary sources below).

Take careful note of the different use of italics, inverted

commas,

etc.

between

different

types

of

sources

(e.g.

books

and

journals). Generally, the titles of books, journals and

newspapers are put in italics. The titles of articles in

journals are put in inverted commas.

If your source is an electronic version, rather than a paper

copy

of a

journal, book,

newspaper or

report,

then

you need

to

state

[Online]

to

show

that

you read it

online instead of

hard

copy.

Use ‘Available at’ for URL (uniform resource locator) to

identify a web address.

Always include the date (day, month and year) that you

'accessed' your web reference source.

Primary and secondary sources

Primary

sources

are

the 'original'

sources.

Secondary

sources

are

the

sources

referred

to

by

other

authors.

This

guide

gives

examples of both types of sources. Remember that ideally, you

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should always consult the primary source. However, whatever

type of source you use, the golden rule is to only cite and

reference the source that you actually use.

Attribution tense

As a general rule, use the present tense. For example,

(1987) suggests?

one. The concepts and issues referred to are considered to be

still current.

Final list of References

Consistent punctuation and spacing are necessary in the

References. Some general rules apply:

Authors' names:

Use only the initials of the authors' given names.

No full stops are used between initials.

Titles of works:

Only capitalise content words for the titles of books, book

chapters and journal articles.

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In the titles of journals, magazines and newspapers, capital

letters should be used as they appear normally.

Use

italics

for

the

titles

of

books,

journals,

and

newspapers.

Enclose titles of book chapters and journal articles in

inverted commas (single quotation marks).

Page numbering:

Books: page numbers are not usually needed in the References.

Journal

articles:

page

numbers

appear

as

the

final

item

of

the

citation, followed by a full stop.

Use the abbreviations p. for a single page, and pp. for a page

range, e.g. pp.11-12

Whole citation:

The different details, or elements, of each citation are

separated by full stops.

The whole citation finishes with a full stop.

Contents

Books

1 One author

2 Two authors

3 Several authors

4 Edited book

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5 More than one book by the same author in the same year

Journals

6 Author unknown

7 One author

8 Two authors

9 Author citing another author

Electronic Information

10 Electronic book

11 Electronic journal

12 Internet page - author known

13 Organisation website

14 Information databases

–

citing a journal article

15 Information databases

–

citing a report (author unknown)

16 Discussion group/Bulletin board

17 Virtual Learning Environments (StudyNet)

18 Conference proceedings (published on the Internet)

19 Electronic magazine or newsletter

20 Online images (graphs, diagrams)

21 Multiple references to the same website

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22 Using an acronym (short forms of organisation/institution

names)

Other sources

23 Two articles by same author in same year

24 Reference material (dictionary, encyclopaedia)

25 Photographs

26 Newspaper or magazine article - unspecified author

27 Newspaper or magazine article

–

author known

28 Corporate author

29 Lecture notes (PowerPoint slides, handouts)

30 Personal communications (interview, conversation, fax,

email, letter)

31 Research reports

32 CD-ROM

33 Film (DVD / Videocassette / film)

34 Full conference proceedings

35 Government/EU publication

36 Reports

37 In house publications

38 Thesis / dissertation

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39 Translation (by translator)

40 Translation (by student)

41 Encyclopaedia entries

42 Exhibition guides/catalogues

43 Graphs (figures and tables)

44 Legislation

45 Case law

46 Television

47 Radio

48 Quotations

49 Quoting other students

50 YouTube Videos

Books

1 One author

In-text citation

As Barro (2008) suggests, the terms ‘micro’ and

‘macro’ economics are, to a large extent, misnomers.

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References

Barro, R.J. (2008) Macroeconomics. 5th edn. London: MIT.

2 Two authors

In-text citation

Mahoney &

Cripps

(2008)

have

examined a

number

of

related

issues in this field.

References

Mahoney, D. & Cripps, M. (2008)International business: a

managerial perspective. 5th edn. Hong Kong: Pearson.

3 Several authors (use 'et al' for more than two authors)

In-text citation

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A ‘boundaryless’ organisation is one

not defined, or limited to, the horizontal, vertical or

external boundaries imposed by a predefined structure

(Robbins et al, 2003:292).

References

Robbins, S.P., Bergmann, R., Stagg, I. & Coulter, M.

(2003) Management. 3rd edn. Sydney: Prentice Hall.

4 Edited book

In-text citation

Both qualitative and quantitative data have subjective

aspects which must be controlled for (Mason,1994, in

Bryman and Burgess,1994).

References

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Mason, J. (1994) ‘Linking Qualitative and Quantitative

Data Analysis’. In Bryman, A. & Burgess R.G. (eds.)

(1994) Analyzing Qualitative Data. London: Routledge.

5 More than one book by the same author in the same year

In-text citation

As Stevens suggests (2008a & 2008b) e-commerce business

models must include the realisation that initially,

transaction security is more important than market

exposure.

References

Stevens, J. (2008a) E-commerce: The Future of Selling.

London: Sage.

Stevens, J. (2008b) The Online Market Place. New York:

Randall.

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Journals

Only the title of the journal is put in italics. The title of

the article is put in inverted commas.

6 Author unknown

In text citation

A

recent

British

Medical

Association

(BMA)

article

(2009)

highlights

the

economic

impact

of

the

problem

of

obesity.

References

BMA (2009) 'The impact of obesity on UK health care

funding'. British Medical Journal. No. 10057. 28th June.

p.13.

7 One author

–

journal article

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In text citation

As

O'Hara's

survey

(2007)

shows

marketing

microstructures

are not well understood.

References

O'Hara, M. (2007) 'Making Market Microstructure

Matter'. Financial Management. 28(2) summer. pp. 83-91.

8 Two authors

–

journal article

In-text citation

Differing

perceptions of organisational fairness provide

grounds for resistant behaviour (Folger and Starbuck,

2002).

References

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Folger, R. & Starbuck, D. (2002) 'Constraints on

Change'. Journal of Organisational Change Management.

12(1) pp. 34-45.

9 Author citing another author

In-text citation

Current levels of competition demand that companies

consider new ways of organising their accounting systems

(Javier et al, 2005, cited in Poole et al, 2006).

References

Javier,

M.,

Mathews,

P.

&

Corcoran,

G.

(2005)

'Management

Accounting for Global Growth'.Financial

Management. 12(2) pp. 18-26. In Poole, A.M., Brown, R.,

Lauchan,

L.

&

Roose,

W.

(eds.)

(2006) Journal

of

Business

Finance and Accounting. 33(10) pp.1402-1434.

Note:

If the author of

the

chapter/idea

cites

yet

another

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source, refer to No.9 above, e.g. Smith (2004, in Javier

et

al,

2005,

in

Poole

et

al,

2006)

the

reference

list

should

contain complete details of all sources.

Electronic Information

10 Electronic book

In-text citation

Bowell & Kemp (2005) stress the importance of developing

critical thinking in academic writing.

References

Bowell, T. & Kemp, G. (2005) Critical Thinking

–

a concise

guide. 2nd edn. New York: Routledge [Online] Available

at:

/EBLW eb/patron/?target=patron

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&extendedid=E_13

[Accessed: 25th January, 2010]

13 Organisation website

In- text citation

The diversity of risk factors affecting CEOs today has placed risk manage

forefront of CEOs’ concerns (Morgan Stanley, 2009).

References

Morgan Stanley (2009) Public Fund CIO Survey: Optimizing Resources to Mee

Demands. Available

at

/views/perspectives/#anchor7585

25th January, 2010]

14 Information database citing a journal article, e.g. from Emerald; Ebsc

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In-text citation

Macedo (2004) discusses new ways of designing the structure and working pr

References

Macedo, J. (2004) ‘Unified stru

ctural procedural approach for designing

systems’.International Journal of Production Research.

42(17) pp. 356-37

Available at:

/bsi /results?vid=2&hid=113&sid=5c0a86c6-ece7-48cd

15 Information database citing a report

–

author unknown

In-text citation

A Mintel Report (2007) states that Venezuela’s oil revenues

have allowed President Ch

á

vez to finance his

“

Bolivarian

revolution

”

and to establish programmes to help the poor, at

home and abroad.

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References

Mintel (2007) Travel and Tourism

–

Venezuela

–

August

2007 [Online] Available at:

/sinatra/oxygen_ academic/my_repor

ts/display/id=237192&a nchor=atom#atom0 [Accessed:

25th January, 2010].

16 Discussion group/Bulletin board

In-text citation

Customers appear very satisfied with this approach to

refunds (Consumer Action, 2008).

References

Consumer Action (2008) Available by e-mail:

conact@btinfonet [Accessed: 25th January, 2010].

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17 Virtual Learning Environments (e.g. StudyNet)

In-text citation

Bryant

(2009)

stresses

that

you

should

not

rely

too

heavily

on only a limited number of sources for your essays.

References

Bryant, T. (2009) UHBS ASU Guide to Essay

Writing. [Online]. Available at:

/icskills [Accessed: 25th

January, 2010].

18 Conference proceedings (published on the internet)

In-text citation

Lord (2010) shows how the sweeping reforms to China

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Lord (2010) shows how the sweeping reforms to China's economy

have

tended

to

produce

a

new

'cultural

revolution'

in

reverse.

References

Lord, J. (2010) 'FromHutong to Hu Jintao. Development and

change

in

China:

ne

w

marketing

strategies’.

American

Chamber

of Commerce in Shanghai Conference. 13 January. Shanghai:

AMCHAM. Available at:

/marketing/

[Accessed:25th January, 2010].

19 Electronic magazine or newsletter

In-text citation

Loyalty programmes are still popular amongst corporate

travellers

(American

Express

Corporate

Travel

Newsletter,

2010).

References

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American Express (2010) Airline News. Corporate Travel

Newsletter [Online]. Available at:

/topics/TravelersTools [Accessed:

25th January, 2010].

20 Online images (graphs, diagrams)

In-text citation:

Figure 1 above (Morgan Stanley, 2009) shows that company

listing activity increased dramatically in the third

quarter.

References

Morgan Stanley (2009) IPOs 2009 [Online]. Available at:

http///ipo/gtm [Accessed:

25th January, 2010].

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21 Multiple references to the same website

In-text citation:

As

can

be

seen,

in

2009,

Nokia

was

still

in

a

dominant

position

in relation to other foreign entrants to the Chinese telecoms

market (Nokia, 2009a). It maintained this position through

continued

product

innovation

(Nokia,

2009b)

and

aggressive

use

of Special Economic Zone concessions (Nokia, 2009c).

References

Nokia (2009a) Business solutions. Available at:

http///nokia/0, [Accessed: 15

March, 2009].

Nokia (2009b) Phones and more. Available

at:http///nokia/0, [Accessed: 15

March,

2009].

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Nokia (2009c) Culture of mobility. Available at:

http///fashion/

l

[Accessed: 15 March, 2009].

22 Using an acronym to reference a website

In text citation

Recent Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)

research

estimates

that

the

total

asset

base

of

the

United

States'

not-for-profit

sector

would

actually

make

it

only

the sixth largest economy in the world (FASB, 2008).

References

FASB (2009) News Release. 11 September, 2009. Available

at:

http///news/

[Accessed:

14

September, 2009].

Other sources

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