MLA英语论文格式简介

MLA

英语论文格式简介

MLA

documentation

is commonly used in English and foreign

language and literature courses, as well as

in other

disciplines

in

the

humanities.

In

the

2003

MLA

Handbook for

Writers

of

Research

Papers

(New

Y

ork:

MLA),

the

MLA

recommends the use of a parenthetical system of documentation. In MLA

style you briefly credit sources with parenthetical

citations in the text of your paper, and give the complete description of each source in your

Works Cited

list. The

Works

Cited

list, or

Bibliography,

is a list of all the sources used in your paper, arranged alphabetically by author's last name, or

when there is no author, by the first word of the title (except

A, An

or

The

). Underline or italicize titles of books, periodicals,

films, and television series

(but not individual episodes), although the MLA

recommends underlining instead of italicizing

for book titles.

Part I

Parenthetical System of Documentation or in-text citation styles

When

you

quote

or

paraphrase

a

specific

portion

of

a

text

in

a

source,

give

enough

information--most

typically

the

author's last name

and the

page number

--to identify the exact location of the borrowed material. The author's name

may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase,

but the page number(s)

should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. Parenthetical citations do not include the word

When referring to plays or poems, cite divisions (canto, book, act, etc.)

The

parenthetical

information

should complement,

not

repeat,

information

given

in

your

text (e.g.,

if

you

mention

the

author's name in your text, you do not include it in the citation) For details, see the following:

1.

Basic Format:

The basic format for MLA

in-text citation is as follows:

(Author’s Last Name_Page Number)

e.g.,.

One author claims that

If the author’s last name appears in the citat

ion, then only a page number is required:

e.g.,

2.

Multiple Authors

Multiple authors are cited in a similar way, although both names are included, and joined by the word

e.g.,

(Cortez and Jones 56)

For more than three authors, use the first author’s last name, followed by the abbreviation

e.g.,

(Cortez et al. 378)

3.

Different Authors with the Same Last Name

When

citing

different

authors with

the

same

last

name,

include

enough

information

so

as

to

be

able

to

differentiate them: provide both authors' first initials (or even her or his full name if different authors share

initials) in your citation:

e.g.,

Although

some

medical

ethicists

claim

that

cloning

will

lead

to

designer

children

(R.

Miller

12),

others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).

4.

More Than One Work by the Same Author

If you are citing more than one work by the same author, a combination of several of these methods is needed. For

instance, if you have used two sources by the author Howard Jones, a book called The Man with the Horns, and a

magazine article called

(Jones,

Man

475); (Jones,

5.

T

wo Locations in the Same Source

If you are citing from

two locations in the same source, put the page numbers according to the order of citation:

Eg.

Dabundo deals with this problem (22, 31).

6.

Group Authors

When identifying corporate authors, use the same format, but substitute the group name:

e.g.,

(Modern Language Association 68)

The MLA

Handbook also recommends that long group names be placed in the text itself, so as to avoid unwieldy in-text

citations:

e.g.,

ty for the Greater Advancement of the Common Good insists that ‘all people have a right to free health

care’

7.

No Author Available

If

no

author

is

available,

use

a

short

form

of

the

title

(the

shortest

form

that

will

allow

you

to

recognize

the

work

properly). For instance, if you were working with an article called

our Pet,

following:

(

If you were working with a book with no author called Belief in the Supernatural, you might use:

(

Belief

567)

8.

Source within a Source

If you are citing a source that is found within another source, use the abbreviation

cite musician Miles Davis as he appears in a Nat Hentoff article, you would use the following format:

(Davis, qtd. in Hentoff 34)

9.

One Citation from Two

sources

If a citation involves two sources, put them consecutively:

eg.

T

his controversy has been addressed more than once (Dabundo 27; Magny 69).

10.

multi-volume work:

For reference to volume

and page in multi-volume work, put the name of the author, the volume number and then the

page number:

Eg.

As a painter Andrea was

Part II.

Quotations

1.

Short Quotations

To indicate short quotations (fewer than four typed lines of prose or three lines of verse) in your text,

enclose the quotation within double quotation marks and incorporate it into your text. Provide the author and

specific page citation (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the text, and include a complete reference in

the works-cited list. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear after the

parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are

a part of the quoted passage but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text. For example:

According to some, dreams express

though others disagree.

According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express

Is it possible that dreams may express

Cullen concludes,

2.

Long Quotations or Block Quotation

Use the block quotation format for quotations more than four lines long. In most cases, use a colon to

introduce the quotation. Indent one inch from the left margin, double-space the quotation, and do not use quotation

marks. When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks. Place the parenthetical citation (author and page number)

after the period (or other mark of punctuation) that closes the block quotation. For example:

Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration:

They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room,

and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it

would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing

his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on

quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was

obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity

was sent out of the house. (Bront?

78)

In her poem

The faithful drudging child

the child at the oak desk whose penmanship,

hard work, style will win her prizes

becomes the woman with a mission, not to win prizes

but to change the laws of history. (23)

3.

Adding or Omitting Words In Quotations

If you add a word or words in a quotation, you should put brackets around the words to indicate that they

are not part of the original text. For example:

Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states:

learning every rumor or tale

If you omit a word or words from a quotation, you should indicate the deleted word or word by using

ellipsis marks surrounded by brackets.

For example:

In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that

rumor or tale [...] and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs

If there are ellipsis marks in the quoted author's work, do not put brackets around them; only use brackets

around ellipsis marks to distinguish them from ellipsis marks in the quoted author's work.

4.

Citing the Bible

In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you're using (and italicize or

underline the title), as each version varies in its translation, followed by book (do not italicize or

underline), chapter and verse. For example:

Ezekiel saw

eagle (New Jerusalem Bible, Ezek. 1.5-10).

Part III

Works Cited List

The

works

cited

list

should

appear

at

the

end

of

your

essay

.

It

provides

the

information

necessary

for

a

reader

to

locate and be able to read any sources

you cite

in

the essay

.

Each source

you cite

in the

essay

must appear in your works-cited list; likewise, each entry in the works-cited list must be cited in your text.

Here are some guidelines for preparing your works cited list.

1. List Format

?

?

?

?

?

Begin

your

works cited

list on a separate page

from the text of the essay

under the

label Works Cited

(with no quotation marks, underlining, etc.), which should be centered at the top of the page.

Make the

first

line of each entry

in

your

list

flush

left with the

margin. Subsequent

lines

in each entry

should be indented one-half inch. This is known as a hanging indent.

Double space all entries, with no skipped spaces between entries.

Keep

in

mind

that

underlining

and

italics

are

equivalent;

you

should

select

one

or

the

other

to

use

throughout your essay

.

Alphabetize the list of works cited by the first word in each entry (usually the author's last name),

2. Basic Rules for Citations

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

Authors' names are

inverted (last

name

first);

if a work

has

more than one author,

invert only

the

first

author's name, follow it with a comma, then continue listing the rest of the authors.

If you have cited more than one work by a particular author, order them alphabetically by title, and use

three hyphens in place of the author's name for every entry after the first.

When

an

author

appears

both

as

the

sole

author

of

a

text

and

as

the

first

author

of

a

group,

list

solo-author entries first.

If

no

author

is

given

for

a

particular

work,

alphabetize

by

the

title

of

the

piece

and

use

a

shortened

version of the title for parenthetical citations.

Capitalize

each

word

in

the

titles

of

articles,

books,

etc.

This

rule

does

not

apply

to

articles,

short

prepositions, or conjunctions unless one is the first word of the title or subtitle.

Underline or italicize titles of books, journals, magazines, newspapers, and films.

Use

quotation

marks

around

the

titles

of

articles

in

journals,

magazines,

and

newspapers.

Also

use

quotation marks for the titles of short stories, book chapters, poems, and songs.

List page numbers efficiently

, when needed. If you refer to a journal article that appeared on pages 225

through 250, list the page numbers on your Works Cited page as 225-50.

3. Basic Forms for Sources in Print

1

）

Books

Author(s). Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.

A. Book with one author

Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. Denver: MacMurray, 1999.

B. Two books by the same author

(After the first listing of the author's name, use three hyphens and a period for the author's na

me. List books

alphabetically.)

Palmer, William J. Dickens and New Historicism. New York: St. Martin's, 1997.

---. The Films of the Eighties: A Social History. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1993.

C.

Book with more than one author

Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring. Boston: Allyn, 2000.

If there are more than three authors, you may list only the first author followed by the phrase et al. (the

abbreviation for the Latin phrase

authors in the order in which their names appear on the title page.

D. Book with a corporate author

American Allergy Association. Allergies in Children. New York: Random, 1998.

E. Book or article with no author named

Encyclopedia of Indiana. New York: Somerset, 1993.

For parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened version of the title instead o

f an

author's name. Use quotation marks and underlining as appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of

the two sources above would appear as follows: (Encyclopedia 235) and (

F. Anthology or collection

Peterson, Nancy J., ed. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP,

1997.

2

）

A part of a book (such as an essay in a collection)

Author(s).

Pages.

A.

Essay in a collection

Harris, Muriel.

Ed. Ben Rafoth. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2000. 24-34.

Cross-referencing:

If you cite more than one essay from the same edited collection, you should

cross-reference within your works cited list in order to avoid writing out the publishing information for each

separate essay. To do so, include a separate entry for the entire collection listed by the editor's name. For

individual essays from that collection, simply list the author's name, the title of the essay, the editor's last

name, and the page numbers. For example:

L'Eplattenier, Barbara.

and Weiser 131-40.

Peeples, Tim.

Rose, Shirley K., and Irwin Weiser, eds. The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher. Portsmouth,

NH: Heinemann, 1999.

B. Article from a reference book

3)

An article in a periodical (such as a newspaper or magazine)

Author(s).

When citing the date, list day before month; use a three-letter abbreviation of the month (e.g. Jan., Mar.,

Aug.). If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a

newspaper), identify the edition following the date (e.g. 17 May 1987, late ed.).