-
Rubric of the Course Paper for
“American Literature”
关于
“
美国文学
”
课程论
文
MLA
格式的细则
1. The thesis is written in
English, including the citation.(
全文用英文书
写
,
包括引用文献。
)
2. What are some essential standard of
a MLA paper? (MLA
论文基本要
求
)Type your
paper on a computer and print it out on standard,
white 8.5
x 11-inch paper. Set the
margins of your thesis to one-
inch
(
2.54
centimeters
)
on
all sides. The paper should be double-space typed.
There is one space between every
English words. There is no space
between the words and punctuations. (
p>
用
12
号新罗马字体排版,双倍行
距。
页边距为
2.54
厘米,
16
开
A4
白色纸打印,
英文单词之间相距一个空格。
单词和标点符号
之间没有空格。
)
3. How
to Create a Header?
如何编辑页眉?
Create a header in
the
upper right-hand corner that
includes your family name, followed by a
space with the page number; number all
pages consecutively with
Arabic
numerals (1, 2, 3, 4) and flush with the right
margin. Omit the
page number on Page On
e.(
编辑页眉,将你的姓和页码标注在右上角,
姓和页码之间
有一个空格,不用标点符号;上面边距是
1.27
厘米,右边与
正文部分对齐。
)
4. How to deal with the first page?
第一页格式的处理。
In the upper
left-hand corner of the first page,
list your name; your number and your
class; the tutor?s name; the course;
and the date. The date in MLA
format
should be written as “day month year.”: i.e. 29
December
2011(without comma between
each word and the month should not be
abbreviated.) Be sure to use double
space. (
第一页左上角,纵向排列你
的名字;学号、班
级;指导老师的名字;课程名称;日期(格式是日月年,
中间不用标点符号,月份也不用
缩写,如:
29 December
2011
)
5. How to write a
title?(
如何写标题?
)The title is
centered and written in
12-piont Times
New Roman font. The title is not bold, underlined,
or
italicized. But use quotation mark
or italic(s) if your title includes works
(an article, a poem, or a story) or a
book of others, do just as you would
do
in the text: quote the title of the article, the
poem or the story while
italicize the
book. (
标题居中,
用
12
p>
号新罗马字体。
标题不用黑体,
下划线
p>
或斜体,如果标题中有已出版的文章,文章部分用双引号,如果是
书籍,
书籍部分用斜体。
如:
Sybo
lism in “Young Good Man Brown.”
或
Sybolism
in
Scarlet Letter
。
6. How to write an outline?
如何写提纲?(
(You are not required
to write
an outline this
time).
注意:这次没有要求写提纲。)
As for
the outline of a
MLA paper, there is a
sample of outline on Page 38 of the fifth edition
of
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research
Papers: A- level: I, II, III, B-level:
A, B, C; C-level: 1, 2, 3; D-level:a,
b, c, E-level: (1), (2), (3); F-level: (a),
(b), (c). (MLA
论文的题纲可以参考《
MLA
科研论文写作规范》第五版
38
页
的提纲:
A
级:
p>
用大写罗马数字
I, II, III
等;
B
级:
用大写英文字母
A, B, C
等;
C
级:用
阿拉伯数字
1
、
2
、
3
等;
D
级:用小写英文字母
a
,
b, c
等
;
E
级:
用阿拉伯数字加括号如
(1),
(2), (3); F
级:
用小写英文字母加括号,
如:
(a),
(b), (c).)
7.
(如何写副标题?)
As for the heading
of the text, title the main
sections(B-level)
用不同的字体将文章中
B
级标题和主标题区分开
:
如标
题左对齐
,
词首字母用
12
号字体,
其余用<
/p>
10
号字体,
大写锁定键键入,
如:
主标题是:
Symbolism in
“Young Good Man Brown”(
居中
)
p>
,
B
级标题是
SY
MBOLIC MEANING OF NATURE.
(左对齐),然后用两倍行距分
行,
开始正文部分;
C
级标题大写词首
字母,用斜体格式,不分行,直接开始
正文部分。如
:
C
级标题
Symblic
Meaning of the Forest
8.
How to indent the first paragraph?
(
如何编辑段落?
)Indent the first
sentence of each paragraph 0.5inch.
Microsoft Word suggests using the
Tab
ky. (
每一段第一句缩进半英寸(
1.75
厘米),用
Tab
键。
9. How many parts are there
basically in a thesis? (
论文最基本应该包括
几部分?
)The thesis should have an
introductory paragraph, body
paragraphs
for developing ideas and a paragraph for
conclusion. (
论文
应该包括一段引言部分、几段
论证部分和一段结论部分。
)
10. How to write the introduction? Is
it the introduction of the author or
the introduction of the plot of the
story? (
如何写论文的引言部分?它是作
者的生平介绍
吗?它是小说的故事情节介绍吗?
) No, The introduction
is
neither the introduction of the
author nor that of the plot of the story you
study. It is an introduction of the
paper you are writing. It should set the
context for the rest of the paper. It
tells your readers why you are writing
and why your topic is important. It
ends with a thesis statement which is
the position you will develop and
support throughout the paper. The
thesis statement guides and controls
your paper.(
引言部分既不是你所研
究的文章的作
者介绍,也不是作品的故事情节介绍,而是对你写的论文大
致介绍。它为整篇文章定下基
调,告知读者你的论文的必要性和重要性;
引言部分用一个句子作为全文中心论点结束,
中心论点是需要论证阐释的
观点,指导和控制全文,使整篇文章不至于偏题。
)
11. How to Make the
Ideas of a Long Thesis Easier for the Reader to
Grasp?
(
如何使一篇篇幅较长的论文便于读者理解?
)If your
thesis is a
long one, you may want to
write about how your paper is organized. This
can help your reader to follow your ide
as.(
如果你的论文比较长,在引言
之后接下来一段,你可以
介绍你论文的结构,便于读者理解你的观点。
)
12. What are the elements for the body
paragraphs?
(正文段落的有哪
些要素?)
Body
paragraphs have these four elements: a transition,
a
topic sentence, evidence and a brief
wrap-up sentence. At the beginning
of
your developing paragraphs, make sure you have
transitory words,
phrases or paragraphs
to have each part connected logically together.
You?d better begin each
par
agraph with a topic sentence and
several
other sentences of instances to
support it, and the last sentence to wrap
up for a conclusion while transitioning
to the next paragraph.(
每一个自然
段开始,要注意用过渡段的连接词,词组或句子,把每一部分串联成一个
符合逻辑的整体
。每一段开始用一个中心句,接下来用列子证明,句与句
之间要有表示逻辑关系的词,<
/p>
词组,
最后用一句话概括整段大意
,
p>
并与下一
段自然过渡。
)
13. How to quote in the
text? (
如何在正文中引用文献?
)In-text
citations
occur after the quote but
before the period. The author?s/authors? name/s
go before
the page number
with no comma in between. i.e. “A lone
woman is troubled with such dreams and
such thoughts that she?s afraid
of
herself sometimes” (Hawthorne 431). If you go on
to quote the same
work, put the page
number in a bracket only. i.e. “She?s a
b
lessed angel
on earth; and
after this one night I?ll cling to her skirts and
follow her to
heaven”(432).
文中引用文献的标注在引用部分后面,句号前面,作者姓
空格页码,中间没有逗号),如
果同一页引用同一作品,则只标页码。
14. Use block quote when
quotations are longer than four-typed lines.
Block quotations begin on a new line,
are double-spaced and indented
one-inch
from the margin. Do not use quotation marks. The
citation
information (the author?s name
and the page number) follow.
(如果被引
用的部分超过三行,则引用整段。整段引用另起一行,双倍行距,自页边
空
白整体缩进一英寸(
2.54
厘米),不用引号,末尾添加引用
来源(作者
姓空格页码)。
15. If you delete words from the
original quote, insert an ellipsis, three
periods with a space before and after
each one.(
如果你去掉引文中的一
些单词,用省略号
(三个前后有空格的小圆点)。
16. If a source has more than three
authors, use the first author?s
surname
followed by “et al.” i.e. (Barker et al. 23)
(如果文献作者是三位
以上,
文中引用只用第一位
作者的姓,
后面是空格加
“et
al.
再空格加页码)
on from a website:
A. If the website has no page
number,you simply use the author's
surname after the period.i.e.
B. If you cite an indirect
source, words quoted in another source.
ie.( author's surname).
C. Source with an unknown author is
cited by a shortened title.(The first
word of the title with a quotation
mark:i.e.
17. Conclusion
wrap up what you have discussed in your paper.
Because it is B-level, the first
paragraph is not indented. (
结尾部分总结
论文中讨论的话题。因它是
B
级标题,第一段不缩
进。
)
18. How to
Use Endnotes? (
如何使用尾注?)
Use endnotes to explain
something that doesn?t fit in with the
rest of the paragraph. Avoid lengthy
discussion in the endnote. Endnote
begins on a new page after the
paper
but before the Work/s Cited page. Double space all
entries and
indent each entry 0.5 inch
from the margin.
(如果有和本段不相吻合,可
以用尾注加以详细解释。尾注要简洁,避免冗长的讨论。尾注在正文后另
起一页,置于
文献引用页之前,用双行距,左对齐,页边距是半英寸,即
1.75
厘米。
19. . How
to format the Work/s Cited page
?(
引用作品格式)
The Work/s Cited page is a
list of all the sources you cited in your paper.
It includes books, journals, magazines,
online resources, films, CD-Rom,
interv
iew
,
classroom notes, blog,
e-mail, diaries, etc.
(
“
引用作品
”
页是在
你论文
最后列出你文中引用的信息的来源
,
包括书籍,
期刊,报刊,
网络,
电影,光盘,访谈,课堂笔记,
博客,电子邮件,日记等)
The
Works Cited page begins on a new page. Center the
title Works
Cited without underlining,
bolding, italicizing it. If there is only one
entry,
write Work Cited.
引用作品
页置于尾注页之后,另起一页。将
Works Cited
的
标题居中,不加下划线,不加斜体。如果只引用一项,则用单数
“Work
Cited.
List the
entries in the alphebetically order.
按照字母表的顺序排列。
MLA now requires all sources to have a
publication marker. For example,
books
receive the marker “print” after the citation.
Online sources have
the marker of
E-mail, and Blog respectively.
< br>现在
MLA
要求所有引用文献要有一个
< br>“
出
版标志
.
< br>比如,书藉后用
网络信息用
p>
光盘用
CD-Rom
,博
< br>客用
Blog.
电子邮件用
e-
mail.(
详见以下例子。)
If a source doesn?t have a list of
publisher, and you can infer who the
publisher is. Place the publisher?s
name in brackets.(
如果原文没有出版
社,
但你能够猜到出版商是谁,可以用括号把出版商括起来。
Online Resources Citation: MLA no long
requires URLs in the Works
Cited,
instead, you must write “web” before the date of
access in the
entry. This serves as the
entry?s publication marker. butors'
names.
Last edited date.
Web. Date of access.
对于网络信息,
MLA
不再要求给<
/p>
出详细网址,
但你必须在你访问网址的时间之前注明
“Web”
作为出版标记。
如:作者姓,名
. “
文章名
”.
网站,最后编辑日月年
. Web.
访问日月年
.
Russell, Tony, Allen Brizee, and
Elizabeth Angeli.
Style
Guide.
Web. 20 July 2010.
Note:
短篇小说课本引用格式:
小说作者姓,
名
.
“
文章标题
.”
论文集名称
.
Ed.
论文集编者名姓
.
出版地
:
出版社
,
出版年代
.
起始页码
.Print.
Lawrence,D.H.
Short Fiction. Ed. l. 5th. ed. New
York: Norton, 1995. 543-559.
Print.
-------------------
注意:
1.
现在
MLA
不再在书名下用下划线,而是用斜体字。
2.
现在
MLA
要求用
print
标记公开出版的纸质刊物的出版特征,
包括书,
杂志,报纸。
3.
现在
MLA
不要求网络信息的详细网址,但要用
Web
标记信息来源的出
版特征。
以下信息来自网络,稍作改动。
1.
独著
姓,名
.
书名
.
出版地
:
出版社
,
出版年代
.Print.
Bambrough, Renford. The Philosophy of
Aristotle. New York: The New
American
Library, .
2.
两至三名作者
姓,名
,
名姓
,
名姓
, and
名姓
.
书名
.
出版地
:
出版社
,
出版年代
.Print.
Horton, Rod W., and Herbert W. Edwards.
Backgrounds of American
Literary
Thought. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc.,
.
Atwan, Robert, Donald
Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and
Frigidaires: Advertising the American
Way. New York: Dell, .
3.
四名或以上作者
姓,名
, et al.
书名
.
出版地
:
出版社
,
出版年代
.Print.
Belenky, Mary Field, et, al. Women's
Ways of Knowing: The
Development of
Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic, .
4.
机构作者
机构名称
.
书名
.
出版地
:
出版社
,
出版年代
.Print.
American Psychological Association.
Publication Manual of the
American
Psychological Association. 4th ed. Washington:
American
Psychological Association, .
5.
匿名作者
书名
.
出版地
:
出版社
,
出版年代
.Print.
The New York Times Atlas of
the World. New York: New York Times
Books, 1980. Print.
6.
同一作者两本以上著作
以书名第一个主要单词的首字母顺序排列先后,作者的姓名放
在第一条文
献条目前,第二条文献条目前用三个连字号。
Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety
of Influence, a Theory of Poetry. New York:
Oxford University Press, .
---. A Map of Misreading. New York:
Oxford University Press, .
7.
编著
一名编者
:
姓
,
名
,
ed.
书名
.
出版地
:
出版社
,
出版年
.Print.
Frye, Northrop, ed. Romanticism
Reconsidered. New York: Columbia
University Press, .
两名编者
:
姓
,
名
,
and
名姓
, eds.
书名
.
出版地
:
出版社
,
出版年
.Print.
Glotfelty, Cheryll, and Harold Fromm,
eds. The Ecocriticism Reader:
Landmarks
in Literary Ecology. Atherns: The University of
Georgia
Press, .
三名以上的编者
:
第一编者姓
,
名
, et al.
书名
.
出版地
:
出版社
,
出版年
.Print.
Donadio, Stephen, et al., eds. Emerson
and His Legacy. Carbondale:
Southern
Illinois University Press, .
8.
译著
原作者姓
,
名
.
书名
.
Trans.
译者名姓
.
出版地
:
出版社
,
出版年
.Print.
Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its
Discontents. Trans. James Strachey.
New
York: Norton, !.
9.
再版著作
姓,名
.
书名
.
版别序号
ed.
出版地
:
出版社
,
出版年代
.Print.
Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman.
An Introduction to Language. 5th
ed.
Ft. Worth: Harcourt, 1993. Print.
10.
论文集中的文章
文章作者姓
,
名
.
“
文章标题
.”
论文集名称
. Ed.
论文集编者名姓
.
出版地
:
出版社
,
出版年代
.
起始页码
.Print.
Wellek, Rene. “Romanticism
RE
-
examined.” Romanticism
Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New
York: Columbia University Press,
1963.
.
Hall, Stuart, “Minial
Selves.” Studying Culture. Eds. Ann
Gray and Jim
McGuigan.
Arnold: Hodder Headline Group, 1993. 131-42.
Print.
Note:
短篇小说课本引用格式:
小说作者姓,
名
.
“
文章标题
.”
论文集名称
.
Ed.
论文集编者名姓
.
出版地
:
出版社
,
出版年代
.
起始页码
.Print.
Lawrence,D.H.,
Short
Fiction. Ed. l. 5th York: Norton, 1995. 543-559.
Print.
11.
多卷、多册或再版著作
书名后注明第几册或第几卷
.
(带翻译)
姓
,
名
.
书名
.
卷目
vols.
Trans.
译者姓名
.
出版地
:
出版社
,
出版年
代
.Print.
Plato. Laws. 2 vols. Trans.
R. G. Bury. Leob Classical Libery. New York:
G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1926. Print.
12.
前言,后记
前言作者姓,名
. “Introduction
(
或
Forewords
或
Preface).”
书名
. By
书
目作者名姓
.
出版地
:
出版社
,
出版年代
.
前言起始页码
.Print.
后记作者姓,名
. “Afterwords.”
书名
. By
书目作者名姓
.
出版地
:
出版社
,
出版年代
.
后记起始页码
.Print.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr.
“Introduction.” Pioneer Women: Voices from
the Kansas Frontier. By Joanna L.
Stratton. New York: Simon, 1981.
.
13.
期刊文章
文章作者姓
,
名
.
“
文章标题
.”
杂志名称
卷号
.
期号
(
出版年代
):
起始页
码
.Print.
Maguire, James H. “The
Canon and the 'Diminished Thing.” American
Literature 60 (1988): .
Davis, Sherri Heckler. “The Zen Art of
Prewriting.” New Mexico English
Journal12. 1 (1988): .
14.
周刊或双周刊文章
文章作者姓
,
名
.
“
文章标题
.”
杂志名称
出版日月年
:
起始页码
..Print.
Hoagland, Edward. “Standing
Tough in the Desert.” New York Times
Book Review 7 May 1989: .
15.
月刊或双月刊文章
文章作者姓
,
名
.
“
文章标题
.”
杂志名称
出版月年
:
起始页码
..Print.
Weiss, Philip. “The Book Thief: A True
Tale of Bibliomania.” Harper?s
January
1994: .
16.
报纸文章
文章作者姓
,
名
.
“
文章标题
.”
报纸名称
出版日月年
,
版
,
栏
,
页码
..Print.
Intraub, Anna Jinagwang. “How I learned
to Read.” New York Ti
mes. 13
January 2002, Section 4, Column 6, Page
.
如果作者未知
,
版栏信息缺失
,
格式为
:
“
文章标题
.”
报纸名称
出版日月年
:
页码
..Print.
“Learn English through Football.” 21st
Century Supplement 21 Feb.
2002: .
17. Multimedia sources:
(
多媒体资料
) MLA format for
multimedia
Sources requires a medium
description at the end of the citation. Film,
DVD, Radio, Web. E-mail, Presentation
and other descriptions should
be used
to indicate the type of multimedia that is being
referrenced. MLA
格式要求多媒体资料的引用要在应用信息后面加上媒
体形式:如电影,
DVD
,收音机,网络,电子邮件,演讲等。
⑴
网络著作
l General Format: Author(corporations,
governments): Title of Site.
Sponsor.
Date Created (use n.d. if not given) medium. Date
accessed.
基本格式:作者(机构,政府):网页
标题。网站,网页制作日月年(若
无,用
n.
d.
)媒介
.
访问日月年。
l
整个网站:
如:
United
States Environmental Protection Agency: Drinking
Water Standards. EPA, 8 July 2004. Web.
24 Jan. 2006.
l
网页上一篇不知发表日期的文章:
Shiva. “Biothics: A Third World Issue.”
Nativeweb. Nativeweb, n. d. Web.
22
Feb. 2006
l
网上著作
作者姓
,
名
.
书名
出版年代
.
检索日月年
.Web
Emerson, Ralph waldo. Essays: First
Series.1841.12 Feb. 1997. Web.
l
网络文章
作者姓
,
名
.
文章名称
.
来源名称
.
最后编辑日月年
.Web.
检索日月年
Fischer, Michael F. “Worthless Words
for the Day.” 21 November
. 8 May 2007
19.
l
博客:作者姓
,
名
.
博客名称
.
来源名称
最近编辑日月年
.Web.
检索日
月年
:
Li ChengPeng. Li Cheng
Peng. , 30 Dec. 2011. Web. 4
Jan. 2011.
⑵电邮:作者
.
主题
.
电邮大意
.
发邮件日月年
. E-mail.
i.e. Mu Xinghua. “Re: The Main
Characters in ?Flowering Judas?”.
Message to the teacher. 20 Dec. 2011.
E-mail.
⑶光盘:
作者姓
,
名
.
“
条目标题
.”
光盘名称
.
(
其他信息
). CD-ROM.
出版
地
:
出版社
,
出版年代
.
“Communion.” The Oxford
En
glish Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM.
Oxford:
Oxford UP, 1992.
⑷
视频
:
作者
.
“
视频标题
.”
视频用途
.
网站
上传日月年
. Web.
访问视频
日月年
.
Wang Xinguo et. al. “Kew
Gardens: A CWNU Version.” Project:
Assignment. . 7 July 2006. Web. 4 Jan.
2012
⑸演讲:(
Lecture, or Public
Address
)
演讲者,演讲场合,演讲地点,时间
Presentation.
Wang Yan. et. al. “Success and
Morality.” International CCTV Cup
English Speech Contest. SWNU. 11 Nov.
2011. Presentation.
注
:
由于
M
LA
格式较为繁杂
,
此处未包含的具
体格式请参阅《
MLA
科研论
文写作规
范》的最新版本。
APA Citation
Style
(
APA
论文引用规范)
APA citation style refers to the rules
and conventions established by the
American Psychological Association for
documenting sources used in a
research
paper. APA style requires both in-text citations
and a reference
list. For every in-text
citation there should be a full citation in the
reference list and vice versa.
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