-
The Beat
Generation
The
Beat Generation
was a group
of American post-World War II
writers
who came
to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the
cultural phenomena
that
they
both
documented
and
inspired.
Central
elements
of
culture
included
experimentation
with
drugs,
alternative
forms
of
sexuality,
an
interest in
Eastern
religion
, a rejection of
materialism
, and the
idealizing of exuberant, unexpurgated
means of expression and being.
Allen
Ginsberg
's
Howl
(
1956
),
William
S.
Burroughs
's
Naked
Lunch
(
1959
)
and
Jack
Kerouac
's
On the
Road
(
1957
) are
among the best known examples
]
of
Beat
literature.
Both
Howl
and
Naked
Lunch
were
the
focus
of
obscenity
trials that ultimately helped to
liberalize publishing in the United
States.
The
members
of
the
Beat
Generation
developed
a
reputation
as
new
bohemian
hedonists
, who celebrated
non-conformity and spontaneous
creativity.
The original
mid-1950s, the central figures (with
the exception of Burroughs) ended
up
together
in
San
Francisco
where
they
met
and
became
friends
with
figures
associated with the
San
Francisco Renaissance
.
In
the 1960s, elements of the expanding Beat movement
were incorporated
into the
Hippie
counterculture
.
垮
掉的一代
或称
疲惫的一代
(
Beat Generation
)是
第二次世界
大战
之后出现于
美国
的一群松散结合在
一起的年轻
诗人
和
作家
的集合体。
这一名称最早是由作家
杰克·克鲁亚克
p>
于
1948
年前后提出的。在
英语
中,
形容词
“
beat
”一词有“疲
惫”或“潦倒”之意,而
杰克·克鲁亚克
赋予其新的含义“欢腾”或“幸福”,
和
音乐
中“节拍”的概念联结在一起。
之所以将这样一小群潦倒的作家、学生、骗徒以及吸毒者当作“一代”
,是因为
这个人群对二战之后
美国后现代主义
< br>文化的形成具有举足轻重的作用。
在西方文
学领域,
p>
“垮掉的一代”
被视为
后现代主义文学
p>
的一个重要分支,
也是
美国文学
历史上的重要流派之一。
“垮掉的一代”的成员
们大多是玩世不恭的浪荡公子,他们笃信
自由主义
理念。
他们的文学创作理念往往是自发的,
有时甚至非常混乱。
“垮掉的一代”
的作家
们创作的作品通常广受争议,
原因是这些作品通常不遵守传统创作的常规,
结构
和形式上也往往杂乱无章,
语言
粗糙甚至粗鄙。
p>
“垮掉的一代”
对后世的西方文化产生了
深远的影响,
被文化研究学者们看作是
第一支真正意义上的后现
代“
亚文化
”。
“垮掉的一代”
的重要文学作品包括
杰克·
克鲁亚克
(
1922
年-
p>
1969
年)
的
《
在
路上
》
Ja
ck Kerouac's On the Road (1957)
、
艾伦·金斯堡
(
1926
年-
1997
年)的《
嚎叫
》
Allen
Ginsberg's
Howl
(1956)
和
威廉·博罗斯
(
1914
年-
1997
年)的《
裸体午餐
》
William S. Burroughs's Naked
Lunch (1959)
等。后两部
作品由于内容
“猥亵”
而引起法庭的注意,
但也为此类文学作品
在美国出版的合
法化进程做出了贡献。
Origin of name
Jack
Kerouac
introduced the phrase
characterize
a
perceived
underground,
anti-conformist
youth
movement
in
New
York.
The
name
arose
in
a
conversation
with
writer
John
Clellon
Holmes
.
The
adjective
could
colloquially
mean
or
dow
n
[4][5]
but
Kerouac expanded the meaning to include the
connotations
.
名字的起源
杰克凯鲁亚克介绍,
p>
“垮掉的一代”
1948
塑造了一个被视为
地下活动者的人,
anti-conformist
青年运动在
纽约。名字出现在谈话
clellon
作家约翰福尔摩斯。形容
词“击败”一般说“累”
或
“打”
,<
/p>
但是凯鲁亚克扩大了意义,
包括内涵
“乐
观,
“幸福”
,
“垮掉的一代”
的音乐协会。
Main article:
hippie
During the
1950s, aspects of the Beat movement metamorphosed
into the
counterculture of the
1960s
, accompanied by a shift in
terminology from
beatnik
hippie
[39]
Many of the original Beats remained
active
participants,
notably
Allen
Ginsberg,
who
became
a
fixture
of
the
anti-war
movement. Notably,
however, Jack Kerouac broke with Ginsberg and
criticized
the
1960s
politically
radical
protest
movements
as
an
excuse
to be
[40]
There
were
stylistic
differences
between
beatniks
and
hippies
—
somber
colors, dark
sunglasses, and goatees gave way to colorful
psychedelic
clothing
and
long
hair.
The
beats
were
known
for
it
cool
(keeping
[41]
a low
profile),
but the hippies became known
for
(displaying their
individuality).
[
citation
needed
]
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