harvard reference system

CITING REFERENCES INTEXT

1

一个作者在文章中的注明，有两种方式

：

1

）作者姓氏在文章中直接标注，如：

In

general,

when

writing

for

a

professional

publication,

it

is

good

practice

to

make

reference to other relevant published work. This view has been supported in the work of

Cormack (1994).

如果直接引用原文，则必须用

??

号标注引用部分，并标注引用部分所在的文献页

数，如：

Cormack (1994, pp.32-33) states that 'when writing for a professional readership, writers

invariably make reference to already published works'.

2)

作者姓氏不在文章中直接标注，如

Making reference to published work appears to be characteristic of writing for a

professional audience (Cormack, 1994).

2

一个作者以上在文章中的注明

，如：

Jones (1946) and Smith (1948)

have both shown …

或者：

Further research in the late forties (Jones, 1946; Smith, 1948) lead to major

developments……

(Collins, 1998; Brown, 2001; Davies, 2008)

3

二、三、四个作者写同一篇文献

，

如：

During the mid nineties research undertaken in Luton (Slater and Jones, 1996) showed

that...

or

Earlier research (White and Brown, 1966) demonstrated that the presence of certain

chemicals would lead to...

4

多于

4

个作者来自同一篇文章

，

如：

Green, et al. (1995)

found that the majority …

or:

Recent research (Green, et al., 1995)

has found that the majority of …

5

同一个作者不同时期的文章

should be cited in chronological order (i.e. earliest

first)

，如

:

as suggested by Bloggs (1992, 199

4) who found that …

or:

research in the nineties (Bloggs 1992, 1994) found that …

6

同一个作者，同一年份，不同作品，如：

Earlier research by Dunn (1993a) found that…but later research suggested again by Dunn

(1993b) that …

If several works published in the same year are referred to on a single occasion, or an

author has made the same point in several publications, they can all be referred to by

using lower case letters (as above):

Bloggs (1993a, b) has stated on more than one occasion that …

7

书的章节作者

In his work on he

alth information, Smith (1975) states …

In the reference list at the end of your document, you should include details of both the

chapter author and the editor of the entire work

(See Section on Chapters of edited books for further details).

8 ‘

企事业单位

‘

< br>作者

This applies to publications by associations, companies, government departments etc.

such as Department of the Environment or Royal College of Nursing.

It is acceptable to use standard abbreviations for these bodies, e.g. RCN, in your text,

providing that the full name is given at the first citing with the abbreviation in brackets:

1st citation:

… research in 2006 undertaken by the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) has shown

that …

2nd citation:

More recently the RCN (2007) has issued guidelines …

Note that the full name is the preferred format in the reference list. Some reports are

written by specially convened groups or committees and can be cited by the name of the

committee:

Committee on Nursing (1972)

Select Committee on Stem Cell Research (2002)

Note there are some exceptions to this such as

BBC Philharmonic Orchestra

BBC News

where the abbreviations or initials form part of the official name.

9

无作者名

If the author cannot be identified use ?

Anonymous

? or ?

Anon

? and the title of the wor

k

and date of publication. The title should be written in italics. Every effort should be made

to establish the authorship if you intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an

academic submission:

Marketing strategy (Anon., 1999)

10

无年份

The abbreviation

n.d.

is used to denote this:

Smith (n.d.) has written and demonstrated……

or indirectly:

Earlier research (Smith, n.d.) demonstrated that……

Every effort should be made to establish the year of publication if you intend to use this

work as supporting evidence in an academic submission.

11

页数

Including the page numbers of a reference will help readers trace your sources. This is

particularly important for quotations and for paraphrasing specific paragraphs in the text:

Lawrence (1966, p.124) states

or indirectly:

This is to be expected (Lawrence 1966, p.124)...

Please note page numbers: proceeded with p. for a single page. and pp. for a range of

pages.

12

二手材料

You may come across a summary of another author?s work in the source you are reading,

which you would like to make reference to in your own document; this is called

secondary referencing.

A direct reference:

Research recently carried out in the Greater Manchester area by Brown (1966 cited in

Bassett, 1986, p.142) found that …

In this example, Brown is the work, which you wish to refer to, but have not read directly

for yourself. Bassett is the secondary source, where you found the summary of Brown?s

work.

Indirectly:

(Brown, 1966 cited in Bassett, 1986, p.142)

In the example below White is the primary or original source and Black is the secondary

source. It is important to realise that Black may have taken White's ideas forward, and

altered their original meaning. If you need to cite a secondary reference it is

recommended that, where possible, you read the original source for yourself rather than

rely on someone else?s interpretation of a work.

White, (1990) as cited in Black (1994), suggests that...

The reference list at the end of your document should only contain works that you

have read.

13

图表

When reproducing selected data from a diagram or table, or copying the entire table or

diagram, a reference must be made to the source.

A reference within the text to a table taken from e.g. a book, should include the author

and page (Smith, 2005, p.33) to enable the reader to identify the data. If the source of the

data is not the author?s own, but obtained from another source, it becomes a secondary

reference and needs to be cited as such:

(United Nations, 1975 cited in Smith, 2005, p.33)

If the table is reproduced in its entirety place the citation as a footnote. Be particularly

careful to note the original source of data, as well as the authorship of the document. Full

details should be included in the reference list.