-
,.
MLA
论文格式
1. MLA
文献引用格式的基本描述:
文学类论
文通常使用
MLA
(
Modern
Language
Association
< br>)格式。作者在正文中
用括号夹注的形式注明参考文献的简要出处,即(作者姓氏
+
空格
+
页码
)
。
1.1
In-text Citation:
Ancient writers attributed the
invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who
lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse
197).
而在论文末尾的“引用文献”
(
< br>Works Cited
)部分(按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列)
< br>,则
可根据作者姓氏很容易的找出该引用文献的详细信息。
包括作者名
(姓
+
逗号
+
名)
、
著作名、
出版信息(出版地:出版社,出版年
,
文献类别
)三个部分。
1.2
In Works Cited:
Marcuse,
Sibyl.
A Survey of Musical
Instruments
. New York:
Harper,
1975.
Print /
Web. 21 Aug. 2011.
2.
引语(
Quotations<
/p>
)的格式(引用原文)
?
用引号“”
…
Among intentional
spoonerisms, the
“
distinctive features may
serve to
weld
together
words
etymologically
unrelated
but
close
in
their
sound
and
meaning
”
(Jakobson and Waugh 304).
?
用方括号(
square
brackets
“
[ ]
”
)和省略号(
ellipses
“…”
)标明更动原文的地方。
Smith
(276) found that
“…
the
placebo effect, which had been verified in
previous
studies,
disappeared
when
[his
own
and
others
’
]
behaviors
were
studied
…”
,.
?
短于三行的一句或者短于一句
的引语应该写入正文,并且用双引号标明。
?
超过四行则另起一段,齐头缩进
10
个英文字符(
p>
block
quotation
)
。
?
?
In
General
Linguistics:
A
Course
,
Saussure
is
considered
as
father
of
modern
linguistics.
?
?
Many
of
the
developments
of
modern
linguistics
can
be
described as his concept,
i.e. his idea of the arbitrary nature of
the sign, langue vs. parole, synchrony
vs. diachrony, syntagmatic
and
paradigmatic
relations,
etc.
Saussure
’
s
fundamental
perception
is
of
revolutionary
significance,
and
it
is
he
that
pushed
linguistics into a brand new stage and all
linguistics in
the twentieth century
are Saussurean linguistics
(Hu, 592).
?
双引号表示直接引语,单引号只用来标注引语中的引语。
?
引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示(
书名除外)
。
在任何情况下(即使引
语仅仅只有一个单词)
:
?
句末、小句末的句号和逗号都必须
放在引号之内(无论单引号还是双引号)
,
?
冒号(
“
:
”
)和分号(
“
;
”
)都必须放在引号之外,
p>
?
引文是疑问
句则问号应放在引号之内,否则问号(
“
?
”
)应放在引号之外。
?
四行或以上的引语作为独立的引语
段(
block
quotation
)
。
?
引语段可以用单倍行距,但其首行
和末行应与正文空
1.5
行。
?
引语段左右两边均应较正文缩进<
/p>
10
个字符的距离。
?
如果引语段原为一自然段,则其首
行应进一步缩进
4
至
5
个字符的距离。
?
?
In
General
Linguistics:
A
Course
,
Saussure
is
considered
as
father
of
,.
modern linguistics.
?
?
??
Many
of
the
developments
of
modern
linguistics
can
be
described as his concept,
i.e. his idea of the arbitrary nature of
the sign, langue vs. parole, synchrony
vs. diachrony, syntagmatic
and
paradigmatic
relations,
etc.
Saussure
’
s
fundamental
perception
is
of
revolutionary
significance,
and
it
is
he
that
pushed
linguistics into a brand new stage and all
linguistics in
the twentieth century
are Saussurean linguistics
(Hu, 592).
?
引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。
?
引语段的字体必须与正文相同。
?
正文中的中文引文应提供英文译文。
3.
夹注(
Parenthetical
Citation
)的格式:
引文出
处使用括号夹注的方法。正文中,括号夹注
(作者姓氏
+
页码)
放在句末标点以
内,但不得放在引文的
引号以内。引语段(
block
qu
otation
)的括号夹注不属于单句,因
而不得将其放在句
末的标点以内。直接引语都必须标明页码,以便读者查找。
3.1
引用整篇文献的观点
引用整篇文献(
即全书或全文)观点时一般不用标注页码,有两种情况,
?
一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现,如:
Charlotte
and
Emily
Bronte
were
polar
opposites,
not
only
in
their
personalities but in
their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor).
?
另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文
同一句中出现,
按
MLA
的规范不需要
使用括号夹
注,
,.
如:
Taylor claims
that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar
opposites, not only in
their
personalities but in their sources of inspiration
for writing.
3.2.
引用文献中具体观点或文字
引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码,
< br>没有页码
是文献引用不规范的表现。
若作者的姓氏已在正
文同一句中出现,
则不需要在括号夹注中重
复。
Ancient writers attributed the
invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who
lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse
197).
According
to
Marcuse,
Ancient
writers
attributed
the
invention
of
the
monochord to Pythagoras,
who lived in the sixth century BC (197).
3.2.1
引用多位作者写作的同一文献
二至三位作者:
Among
intentional
spoonerisms,
the
“
punlike
metathesis
of
distinctive
features may
serve to weld together words etymologically
unrelated but close
in their sound and
meaning
”
(Jakobson and Waugh 304).
如果
有三位作者,在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏,如:
(Alton,
Davies,
and
Rice
56)
The study was extended for two
years, and only after results were reviewed by
an independent panel did the
researchers publish their findings (Blaine et al.
35)
3.2.2
引用同样姓氏的不同作者
假若两个或
两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏,则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字
,.
母,如:
Although
some
medical
ethicists
claim
that
cloning
will
lead
to
designer
children
(R.
Miller
12),
others
note
that
the
advantages
for
medical
research
outweigh this
consideration (A. Miller 46).
引用中文著作或期刊
时同姓作者的情况较多,
应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加
以区分,如:
(S.R.
Wang 26)
(J.X. Wang 30)
3.3
引用团体作者(
corporate
author
)
引用团体作者的作品,括号夹注中应使用团体的名称,如:
It was apparent that the
American health care system needed
“
to be fixed and
perhaps radically
modified
”
(Public
Agenda Foundation 4).
3.4
引用无作者文献
引用无作者文献,<
/p>
如果文献标题没有出现在正文里,
则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者
(如
果标题过长的话)使用该标题中的关键词组,如:
An
anonymous
Wordsworth
critic
once
argued
that
his
poems
were
too
emotional
(
“
Wordsworth Is A
Loser
”
100).
在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。
无论是
MLA
规范,独立出版物的标题或者标题中
的关键词组用斜体标出,出版物内含
的作品的名称以及未出版的作品
(讲演、
论文等)
的标题或者标题中的关键词组则用引号标
出。
3.5
引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字
书信
和谈话(含电子邮件、访谈、电话等)无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出,但应该
,.
在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如:
Jesse Moore (telephone conversation,
May 12, 1989) admitted the need for an
in-depth analysis of the otherness
expressed in the work.
3.6
引用同一作者的多篇文献
按
MLA
规范,引用同一作者的多篇文献时,在括号夹注中应加入文献标题
中的关键词
组,如:
Lightenor
has
argued
that
computers
are
not
useful
tools
for
small
children
(
“
Too
Soon
”
38), though
he has acknowledged that early exposure to
computer
games
does
lead
to
better
small
motor
skill
development
(
“
Hand-Eye
Development
”
17).
或者
Computers are
not useful tools for small children (Lightenor,
“
Too
Soon
”
38),
though he has acknowledged that early
exposure to computer games does lead to
better small motor skill development
(Lightenor,
“
Hand-Eye
Development
”
17).
或者
Lightenor
has argued that
computers are
not useful
tools
for
small
children,
though he has
acknowledged that early exposure to computer games
does lead to
better
small
motor
skill
development
(
“
Too
Soon
”
38
and
“
Hand-Eye
Development
”
17).
3.7
同时引用不同作者的多篇文献
p>
括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献,
文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序
排列
(注意分号的
使用)
,如:
,.
The
dangers
of
mountain
lions
to
humans
have
been
well
documented
(Rychnovsky 40; Seidensticker 114;
Williams 30).
3.8
引用非直接文献(
indirect
source
)
论文应尽可能避免使
用非直接文献(即二级文献
secondary
source
)
,但在无法找到
直接文献(即一级文
献
primary source
)的情况下,引文可以从非直
接文献中析出,例如:
Samuel Johnson
admitted that Edmund Burke was an
“
extraordinary
man
”
(qtd. in
Boswell 2: 450).
(注意:
“
qtd. in
”中的字母“
i
”不得大写。
)
引用非直接文献以后,
在正文
后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目
(即上述
实例中
的“
Boswell
”
)
。
3.9
引用文学作品和经典文献
按
MLA
的规范,有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。
在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行,如:
In his famous advice to
players, Shakespeare
’
s
Hamlet
defines the purpose
of theater,
“
whose end, both at the
first and now, was and is, to hold, as
‘
twere,
the
mirror up to nature
”
(3.2.21-23).
(也可用
.23
,来表示第三幕的第二场的第
23
行
.
)
这
里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的
21
至
23
行。
(注意标点的使用。
< br>)
在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行,如:
When Homer
’
s
Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his
men
“
mild
/ in
her soft spell, fed on her drug of
evil
”
(10.209-11).
这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌
第
10
节的
209
至
211
行。对不分节的诗第一次引
,.
用时应说明括号里标的是行数,使用“
line
”
,以后的引用则不需再说明。例如:
第一次引用:
(lines 5-8)
以后的引用:
(12-13)
在引用
有章节、分册的小说的时候,应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节,如:
One of
Kingsolver
’
s narrators,
teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond
its limits. For example, Rachel
complains that being forced to live in the Congo
with
her
missionary
family
is
“
a
sheer
tapestry
of
justice
”
because
her
chances
of
finding a boyfriend are
“
dull and
void
”
(117; bk.
2, ch. 10).
例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第
117
页。
(注意标点和缩略语的
使用。
)
在引用《圣经
》
、
《可兰经》等经典文献的时候,应标出引文的篇、章、节,
如:
Consider the words of
Solomon:
“
If your enemies
are hungry, give them food
to eat. If
they are thirsty, give them water to
drink
”
(
Bible
, Prov.
25.21).
例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自旧约《圣经》的《箴言》篇第
25
章第
21
节。
p>
《圣经》
各篇的缩写有标准的写法,因而使用时应该注意核对。
p>
3.10
对引语文字的更改
直接引语如出现在
正文中间,
使用引语的句子不得违反英语语法,
不得出现
“句中句”
。
为了使含直接引语的句子合乎语
法,
往往有必要对引语的文字作一定的更改。
如果要删除引
p>
语中个别词句,可以用省略号(
ellipses
< br>“…”
)取代删除的词句。如果要加入或者更改个别
单词
或者词组,则可以将需要加入或者更改的单词或词组放在方括号(
square
brackets
“
[
]
”
)以内。例如:
删除词句:
,.
He stated,
“
The
‘
placebo
effect,
’
...
disappeared when behaviors were studied
in this manner
”
(Smith 276), but he did not clarify
which behaviors were studied.
添加词组:
Smith (276)
found that
“
the placebo
effect, which had been verified in previous
studies, disappeared when [his own and
others
’
] behaviors were
studied in this
manner.
”
?
无论删改还是添加字词均不得变更引语的原意。
?
注意:如果删除是在句内,应该空
一格以后再加省略号。如果删除是在一句整句以
后,则应在该整句最后的标点(句号、问
号或惊叹号)不空格直接加省略号。省略号应该用
三个句点。
3.11
引用网络和电子出版物
引用网络文献
和电子出版物时文中夹注的基本原则与引用其他文献时是基本一致的。
引用网络和电子文献观点时有两种情况
:
3.11.1
一种是引用网络与电子文献的全文观点(或做整体描述)
, <
/p>
如果作者的姓氏或研究项目
/
主题网站的
名称已在正文同一句中出现,按
MLA
的规范
< br>不需要使用括号夹注,如:
William
I. Mitchell
’
s
City of Bits
discusses
architecture and
urban
life
in
the
context of the digital
telecommunications revolution.
Victorian Women Writers Project has
tried to develop a
“
historical
sociology
”
of
women
’
s writing in
nineteenth-century England.
The
database
Duecento
is an
invaluable source for texts of medieval Itanlian
poetry.
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