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MLA引用文献规范标准

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2021-03-01 12:19
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2021年3月1日发(作者:illuminati)


,.


MLA


论文格式



1. MLA


文献引用格式的基本描述:



文学类论 文通常使用


MLA



Modern


Language


Association

< br>)格式。作者在正文中


用括号夹注的形式注明参考文献的简要出处,即(作者姓氏


+


空格


+


页码 )




1.1



In-text Citation:


Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who


lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).


而在论文末尾的“引用文献”


< br>Works Cited


)部分(按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列)

< br>,则


可根据作者姓氏很容易的找出该引用文献的详细信息。


包括作者名


(姓


+


逗号


+


名)



著作名、


出版信息(出版地:出版社,出版年


,


文献类别 )三个部分。



1.2



In Works Cited:


Marcuse, Sibyl.


A Survey of Musical Instruments


. New York:


Harper,


1975.


Print /


Web. 21 Aug. 2011.


2.


引语(


Quotations< /p>


)的格式(引用原文)



?



用引号“”




Among intentional spoonerisms, the



distinctive features may serve to


weld


together


words


etymologically


unrelated


but


close


in


their


sound


and


meaning




(Jakobson and Waugh 304).


?


用方括号(


square brackets



[ ]



)和省略号(


ellipses


“…”


)标明更动原文的地方。



Smith (276) found that


“…


the placebo effect, which had been verified in


previous


studies,


disappeared


when



[his


own


and


others



]



behaviors


were


studied


…”



,.


?


短于三行的一句或者短于一句 的引语应该写入正文,并且用双引号标明。



?


超过四行则另起一段,齐头缩进


10


个英文字符(


block



quotation





?



?


In


General


Linguistics:


A


Course


,


Saussure


is


considered


as


father


of


modern linguistics.


?



?


Many


of


the


developments


of


modern


linguistics


can


be


described as his concept, i.e. his idea of the arbitrary nature of


the sign, langue vs. parole, synchrony vs. diachrony, syntagmatic


and


paradigmatic


relations,


etc.


Saussure



s


fundamental


perception


is


of


revolutionary


significance,


and


it


is


he


that


pushed linguistics into a brand new stage and all linguistics in


the twentieth century are Saussurean linguistics


(Hu, 592).


?



双引号表示直接引语,单引号只用来标注引语中的引语。



?



引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示( 书名除外)




在任何情况下(即使引 语仅仅只有一个单词)




?



句末、小句末的句号和逗号都必须 放在引号之内(无论单引号还是双引号)




?



冒号(



:



)和分号(



;



)都必须放在引号之外,



?



引文是疑问 句则问号应放在引号之内,否则问号(



?


)应放在引号之外。



?



四行或以上的引语作为独立的引语 段(


block



quotation





?



引语段可以用单倍行距,但其首行 和末行应与正文空


1.5


行。



?



引语段左右两边均应较正文缩进< /p>


10


个字符的距离。



?



如果引语段原为一自然段,则其首 行应进一步缩进


4



5


个字符的距离。



?



?


In


General


Linguistics:


A


Course


,


Saussure


is


considered


as


father


of


,.


modern linguistics.


?



?



??


Many


of


the


developments


of


modern


linguistics


can


be


described as his concept, i.e. his idea of the arbitrary nature of


the sign, langue vs. parole, synchrony vs. diachrony, syntagmatic


and


paradigmatic


relations,


etc.


Saussure



s


fundamental


perception


is


of


revolutionary


significance,


and


it


is


he


that


pushed linguistics into a brand new stage and all linguistics in


the twentieth century are Saussurean linguistics


(Hu, 592).


?



引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。



?



引语段的字体必须与正文相同。



?



正文中的中文引文应提供英文译文。



3.


夹注(


Parenthetical Citation


)的格式:



引文出 处使用括号夹注的方法。正文中,括号夹注


(作者姓氏


+


页码)


放在句末标点以


内,但不得放在引文的 引号以内。引语段(


block



qu otation


)的括号夹注不属于单句,因


而不得将其放在句 末的标点以内。直接引语都必须标明页码,以便读者查找。



3.1



引用整篇文献的观点



引用整篇文献( 即全书或全文)观点时一般不用标注页码,有两种情况,



?



一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现,如:



Charlotte


and


Emily


Bronte


were


polar


opposites,


not


only


in


their


personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor).


?



另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文 同一句中出现,



MLA


的规范不需要 使用括号夹


注,



,.


如:



Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in


their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.



3.2.



引用文献中具体观点或文字



引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码,

< br>没有页码


是文献引用不规范的表现。


若作者的姓氏已在正 文同一句中出现,


则不需要在括号夹注中重


复。



Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who


lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).


According


to


Marcuse,


Ancient


writers


attributed


the


invention


of


the


monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (197).


3.2.1



引用多位作者写作的同一文献



二至三位作者:



Among


intentional


spoonerisms,


the



punlike


metathesis


of


distinctive


features may serve to weld together words etymologically unrelated but close


in their sound and meaning




(Jakobson and Waugh 304).


如果 有三位作者,在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏,如:


(Alton,


Davies,


and


Rice 56)


The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed by


an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine et al. 35)


3.2.2



引用同样姓氏的不同作者



假若两个或 两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏,则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字


,.


母,如:



Although


some


medical


ethicists


claim


that


cloning


will


lead


to


designer


children


(R.


Miller


12),


others


note


that


the


advantages


for


medical


research


outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).


引用中文著作或期刊 时同姓作者的情况较多,


应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加


以区分,如:




(S.R. Wang 26)



(J.X. Wang 30)


3.3



引用团体作者(


corporate author




引用团体作者的作品,括号夹注中应使用团体的名称,如:




It was apparent that the American health care system needed



to be fixed and


perhaps radically modified




(Public Agenda Foundation 4).


3.4



引用无作者文献



引用无作者文献,< /p>


如果文献标题没有出现在正文里,


则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者


(如


果标题过长的话)使用该标题中的关键词组,如:




An


anonymous


Wordsworth


critic


once


argued


that


his


poems


were


too


emotional (



Wordsworth Is A Loser




100).



在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。


< p>
无论是


MLA


规范,独立出版物的标题或者标题中 的关键词组用斜体标出,出版物内含


的作品的名称以及未出版的作品

(讲演、


论文等)


的标题或者标题中的关键词组则用引号标


出。




3.5



引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字



书信 和谈话(含电子邮件、访谈、电话等)无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出,但应该


,.


在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如:



Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, May 12, 1989) admitted the need for an


in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the work.


3.6



引用同一作者的多篇文献




MLA


规范,引用同一作者的多篇文献时,在括号夹注中应加入文献标题 中的关键词


组,如:



Lightenor


has


argued


that


computers


are


not


useful


tools


for


small


children


(



Too Soon




38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer


games


does


lead


to


better


small


motor


skill


development


(



Hand-Eye


Development




17).



或者



Computers are not useful tools for small children (Lightenor,



Too Soon




38),


though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to


better small motor skill development (Lightenor,



Hand-Eye Development




17).



或者



Lightenor


has argued that


computers are


not useful


tools


for


small


children,


though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to


better


small


motor


skill


development


(



Too


Soon




38


and



Hand-Eye


Development




17).



3.7



同时引用不同作者的多篇文献



括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献,


文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序 排列


(注意分号的


使用)


,如:



,.


The


dangers


of


mountain


lions


to


humans


have


been


well


documented


(Rychnovsky 40; Seidensticker 114; Williams 30).


3.8



引用非直接文献(


indirect source




论文应尽可能避免使 用非直接文献(即二级文献


secondary


source



,但在无法找到


直接文献(即一级文 献


primary source


)的情况下,引文可以从非直 接文献中析出,例如:



Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an



extraordinary man




(qtd. in Boswell 2: 450).


(注意:



qtd. in

< p>
”中的字母“


i


”不得大写。



引用非直接文献以后,


在正文 后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目


(即上述


实例中 的“


Boswell






3.9



引用文学作品和经典文献




MLA


的规范,有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。



在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行,如:




In his famous advice to players, Shakespeare



s


Hamlet


defines the purpose


of theater,



whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as



twere,


the mirror up to nature




(3.2.21-23).


(也可用


.23


,来表示第三幕的第二场的第


23



.




这 里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的


21



23


行。


(注意标点的使用。

< br>)



在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行,如:



When Homer



s Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men



mild


/ in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil




(10.209-11).


这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌 第


10


节的


209


211


行。对不分节的诗第一次引


,.


用时应说明括号里标的是行数,使用“


line



,以后的引用则不需再说明。例如:



第一次引用:


(lines 5-8)


以后的引用:


(12-13)


在引用 有章节、分册的小说的时候,应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节,如:



One of Kingsolver



s narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond


its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live in the Congo with


her


missionary


family


is



a


sheer


tapestry


of


justice




because


her


chances


of


finding a boyfriend are



dull and void




(117; bk. 2, ch. 10).


例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第


117


页。


(注意标点和缩略语的

< p>
使用。




在引用《圣经 》



《可兰经》等经典文献的时候,应标出引文的篇、章、节, 如:



Consider the words of Solomon:



If your enemies are hungry, give them food


to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink




(


Bible


, Prov. 25.21).


例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自旧约《圣经》的《箴言》篇第


25


章第


21


节。


《圣经》


各篇的缩写有标准的写法,因而使用时应该注意核对。



3.10



对引语文字的更改



直接引语如出现在 正文中间,


使用引语的句子不得违反英语语法,


不得出现


“句中句”



为了使含直接引语的句子合乎语 法,


往往有必要对引语的文字作一定的更改。


如果要删除引


语中个别词句,可以用省略号(


ellipses

< br>“…”


)取代删除的词句。如果要加入或者更改个别


单词 或者词组,则可以将需要加入或者更改的单词或词组放在方括号(


square


brackets



[ ]



)以内。例如:



删除词句:



,.


He stated,



The



placebo effect,



...


disappeared when behaviors were studied


in this manner




(Smith 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied.


添加词组:



Smith (276) found that



the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous


studies, disappeared when [his own and others



] behaviors were studied in this


manner.




?



无论删改还是添加字词均不得变更引语的原意。



?



注意:如果删除是在句内,应该空 一格以后再加省略号。如果删除是在一句整句以


后,则应在该整句最后的标点(句号、问 号或惊叹号)不空格直接加省略号。省略号应该用


三个句点。



3.11



引用网络和电子出版物



引用网络文献 和电子出版物时文中夹注的基本原则与引用其他文献时是基本一致的。



引用网络和电子文献观点时有两种情况


:


3.11.1




一种是引用网络与电子文献的全文观点(或做整体描述)


, < /p>


如果作者的姓氏或研究项目


/


主题网站的 名称已在正文同一句中出现,按


MLA


的规范

< br>不需要使用括号夹注,如:



William


I. Mitchell



s


City of Bits



discusses


architecture and


urban


life


in


the


context of the digital telecommunications revolution.


Victorian Women Writers Project has tried to develop a



historical sociology




of women



s writing in nineteenth-century England.


The database


Duecento


is an invaluable source for texts of medieval Itanlian


poetry.

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