-
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)
FORMAT
(5th Edition)
This crib sheet is a guide
to the APA style and is not intended to replace
the Publication
Manual of the American
Psychological Association, 5th edition. Only
selected
examples were chosen for
inclusion here.
For other
examples, see the printed Manual.
When using the APA format it is
important to remember that the intent of the
Publication Manual
is to
assist the editorial staff of APA journals in
typesetting. This
crib sheet it
intended for use for students writing term papers.
Therefore according to
APA, you may relax the APA's rules in
some cases to make it more readable. Students
should find out whether their
instructor has rules that take precedence over
those of the
Publication
Manual
.
Journal
Article, One Author
Simon, A. (2000).
Perceptual comparisons through the mind’s eye.
Memory &
Cognition,
23
, 635-647.
Journal Article, Two Authors
Becker, M. B., & Rozek, S. J. (1995).
Welcome to the energy crisis.
Journal
of Social
Issues, 32
,
230-343.
Magazine Article,
one author
Garner, H. J. (1997, July).
Do babies have a universal song
?
Psychology Today, 102,
70-77.
Newspaper Article, No
Author
Study finds free care used more.
(1982, April 3).
Wall Street
Journal,
pp. A1, A25.
Book, Two Authors
Strunk,
W., & White, E. B. (1979).
The elements of style
(3
rd
ed.). New York:
Macmillan.
Edited Book
Letheridge, S.,
& Cannon, C. R. (Eds.). (1980).
Bilingual education.
New
York:
Praeger.
Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
Sheets, B. (2006). The cost of
lingering arm injuries. In B. Selig & W. Selig
(Eds.),
A
compilation of
long stories
(pp. 211-234). Milwaukee,
WI: MB Press.
ERIC
(
Education
Resources Information
Center
)
Document
1
Peterson, K. (2002).
Welfare-to-work programs: Strategies
for success (
Report No.
EDO-
JC-02-04). Washington D.C.: Office of Educational
Research and
Improvement. (ERIC
Document Reproduction Service No. ED467985)
Entry in an Encyclopedia
Imago. (2000). In
World Book Encyclopedia
(Vol. 10, p. 79).
Chicago:
World Book
Encyclopedia.
Report from a Private Organization
Kimberly-Clark. (2002).
Kimberly-Clark (Annual
Report).
Dallas, TX: Author.
Brochure
Minnesota Coconut Growers Association.
(2008).
Growing coconuts for fun and
profit
[Brochure]. Crookston, MN:
Author.
Dissertation
Olsen, G. W. (1985). Campus child care
within the public supported post-secondary
educational institutions in the state
of Wisconsin (dare care) (Doctoral
dissertation, University of Wisconsin-
Madison, 1985).
Dissertations Abstracts
International, 47/03
, 783.
Videotape
Mass, J. B. (Producer), & Gluck, D. H.
(Director). (1979).
Deeper into
hypnosis.
(Motion picture).
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Citation of a Work Discussed in a
Secondary Source
To cite secondary
sources, refer to both sources in the text, but
include in the
References list only the
source that you actually used. For example,
suppose you read
Fielder (2008) and
would like to paraphrase the following sentence
within that article:
Braun (2008)
defined bat speed as
bat
In
this case, your in-text citation would be
(Braun, 2008, as cited in Fielder,
2008)
.
Fielder (2008) would be
fully referenced within the list of References.
Electronic Formats
Internet Article Based on
Print Source
The citation is done as if
it were a paper article and then followed by a
retrieval
statement that identifies the
date retrieved and source.
Sahelian, R. (1999, January).
Achoo!
Better Nutrition, 61,
24.
Retrieved
September 17, 2001, from Academic
Index.
2
Web Page with Private Organization as
Author
Midwest League. (2003).
Pitching, individual
records.
Retrieved October 1, 2003,
from /
Chapter
or Section in an Internet Document
Thompson, G. (2003). Youth coach
handbook. In
Joe soccer.
Retrieved September 17,
2004, from /
Web page, Government Author
Wisconsin Department of
Natural Resources. (2001).
Glacial
habitat restoration areas.
Retrieved September 18,
2001, from
/org/land/wildlife/hunt/
Company
Information from Aggregated Database
Ripon Pickle Company Inc. (company
profile). (2003). Retrieved September 18, 2002,
from Business and Company Resource
Center.
Ingersoll-Rand
Company Limited (company profile). (2004). In
Hoovers
.
Retrieved
April 29, 2004, from Lexis-Nexis.
Personal Communications
Personal communications may be things
such as email messages, interviews, speeches,
and telephone conversations. Because
the information is not retrievable they should not
appear in the reference list.
They should look as
follows:
Example:
J. Burnitz
(personal communication, September 20,
2000) indicated that .…
or
In a recent
interview (J. Burnitz, personal
communication, September 20, 2000) I learned that
….
Reference
Citations in Text
To refer to an item
in the list of references from the text, an
author-date method should
be used.
That is, use the surname of
the author (without suffixes) and the year of the
publication in the text at appropriate
points.
Example:
Researchers
have indicated that more is expected of students
in higher
education (Hudson, 2001) and
secondary education (Taylor & Hornung, 2002).
One author
Issac (2001)
indicated in his research..
In a recent
study, research indicates (Isaac, 2001)
Two or more authors
When a work has two authors, always
cite both names every time the reference occurs.
For works with three, four, or five
authors, cite all authors the first time the
reference
occurs.
In subsequent citations, include only
the last name of the first author followed
by et al.
3
When a work has no authors
Cite in text the first few words of
what appears first for the entry on the list
(usually the
title) and the year.
Specific parts of a source
(Yount & Molitor, 1982, p. 19)
(Cooper, 1983, chap. 4)
Works with no author
(“New
Student Center,” 2002)
Introduction to parenthetical
citations
This section
provides guidelines on how to use parenthetical
citations to cite
original sources in
the text of your paper. These guidelines will help
you learn
the essential information
needed in parenthetical citations, and teach you
how
to format them correctly.
Parenthetical citations are citations
to original sources that appear in the text of
your paper. This allows the reader to
see immediately where your information
comes from, and it saves you the
trouble of having to make footnotes or
endnotes.
The APA style
calls for three kinds of information to be
included in in-text
citations.
The
author's last name
and
the work's
date of
publication
must
always
appear, and these items must match exactly the
corresponding entry in
the references
list. The third kind of information, the page
number, appears
only in a citation to a
direct quotation.
Where to
place parenthetical citations
You have
three options for placing citations in relation to
your text:
Option
Description
Sample Citation
4
1. Idea-
focused
Place the author(s)
and
date(s) in parentheses
at an appropriate place
in
or at the end of a
sentence
Researchers have pointed out that the
lack of trained staff is a common
barrier to providing adequate health
education (Fisher, 1999) and services
(Weist & Christodulu, 2000).
Fisher (1999) recommended that
health education be required for high
school graduation in California.
2.
Researcher-
focused
Place only the date
in
parentheses
3.
Chronology-focused
Integrate both the
author
and date into
your sentence
In 2001, Weist proposed using the
Child and Adolescent Planning
Schema to analyze and develop
community mental health programs for
young people.
Additional
Guidelines
Place citations in sentences
and paragraphs so that it is clear
which material has come from which
sources.
?
Use
pronouns and transitions to help you indicate
whether
several sentences contain
material from the same source or
from
different sources.
?
Symthe (1990)
found that positioning influences
ventilation. In his study of 20 ICU
patients, he used
two methods to. . . .
However, his findings did not
support
the work of Karcher (1987) and Atley
(1989) who used much larger samples to
demonstrate that . . .
Cite source with one or two authors
The following table gives some examples
of how to cite sources with
one or two
authors.
When you have . .
.
Here's what you do:
Sample
Citation
5
First
and subsequent
citations
Within a paragraph, omit
the
year in citations after
the first one
if no
confusion with other
studies will result
Fisher
(1999) administered
a questionnaire . .
.
Fisher's results
indicated
. . .
[new paragraph] The
questionnaire administered
by Fisher (1999) was used
by
. . .
A source with 1 or 2
authors
Cite
name(s) in first and
all subsequent
citations
(Adkins & Singh, 2001)
Adkins and Singh (2001)
Authors with same
surname
Use
initials even if the
years are
different
D. Baldwin (2001) and M.
L. Baldwin (1999)
Cite source with three or
more authors
The following table gives
some examples of how to cite sources with
three or more authors.
When
you have . . .
A source with three to
five authors
Here's what you do:
In all
citations after the
first, use the
first author's
name followed by et al.
Sample Citation
First
citation
: (Baldwin, Bevan,
&
Beshalke, 2000)
Subsequent
citation
: (Baldwin et
al.,
2000)
A source with six or
more authors
Use
the first author's
name followed by et
al. in
all citations
6
authors
: (Utley et al., 2001)
7 authors
: (Yawn
et al., 2001)
[Note: In the reference
list, use of et
al. begins with
7-author references.]
6
Sources with two or
more six-author groups
with
same first surname
If two or
more six-author
groups shorten to the
same surname, cite the
surnames of as many
subsequent authors as
needed
to distinguish
references.
(Baldwin, Utley et al., 2001)
(Baldwin, Bevan et al.,
2000)
Cite
source with no author
The following
table gives some examples of how to cite sources
with
no author.
When you have . . .
A source
with no author
Here's what
you do:
Use the first few words of
the title--in quotation
marks for article or
chapter, in italics for
self-contained item
An
edited work with no
author
Use editor(s) names in the
author position
See
guidelines for citing
authored works
Sample Citation
(
(
Sleep Medicine
,
2001)
Cite multiple sources
in one reference
The following table
gives some examples of how to cite multiple
sources in one reference.
When you have . . .
Two or
more works
in parentheses
Here's what you do:
Arrange
by order of
the reference list; use
a semicolon between
works
Sample Citation
Several researchers (Greenberg,
Domitrovich, & Bumbarger,
2000
;
Roy,
1995
;
Yawn et al., 2000) . .
.
7
Representative
works
Use
e.g.
(
for Sample
Citation
) before
parenthetical citations
The
need for more effective
prevention of
mental illness in children
has been the
focus of many reports
(
e.g.
National
Institute of Mental
Health, 1998; U.S.
Public Health
Service, 2000; Weist,
2001).
Major work plus
others
Use
see also
after
major work
(Roy, 1995; see
also Embar-Seddon,
2000; Greenberg,
2001)
Cite an electronic
source
In general, you should cite an
electronic source
within
your paper in
the same way as you would
a print source, by placing the author's
last name (or short title of the
source, if there is no author) and year
of publication in parentheses.
The following table gives some examples
of how to cite electronic
sources in
more unusual cases.
When you have . . .
Entire Web site
Here's what you do:
Don't
put on reference
list. Include URL in-
text
instead
Sample Citation
The University of Wisconsin's
Writing Center Web site is an
excellent source of
information on writing
(/writing/).
Direct
quotation from
electronic source
without
page numbers
Use paragraph numbers
(preceded by
para
. or ?
);
add section numbers for
long
documents
Universal interventions
whole population group that
has not been identified on the
basis of individual
risk
(Greenberg et al., 2000,
Section I, para. 20).
8
Long
Quotations
Place quotations
of 40 or more words in block form: Indent the
entire quotation five to seven
spaces,
or 1/2 in. (the same distance you indent the first
line of a paragraph). An example of the
formatting of a paragraph containing a
block quotation follows:
Each paragraph of your text begins with an indent
of five to
seven
spaces, or 1/2 in., from the left margin. Block
quotations
are
often introduced with a colon:
Indent the
whole block quotation as far as the first line of
a normal
paragraph of text. Don't put quotation marks
around
it. If
the source you are quoting includes quotation
marks,
you
should include them
If the block
quotation has more than one paragraph,
indent the first line of
each additional paragraph five to
seven
spaces
or
1/2
in.
from
the
new
margin.
The
parenthetical
citation (or the page number[s],if the author and
date are
used
to
introduce
the
quote)
follows
the
final
punctuation
mark
of the block quotation,
with no period after the closing
parenthesis. (Author,
2001, page 000)
Below is an example of an actual block
quotation and its introduction:
According to Greenberg
(2001), two different criteria were
proposed to determine brain
death: the
9
as follows:
A brain-dead person is alleged to be dead because
his
neocortex,
the seat of consciousness, has been destroyed.
He has thus
lost the ability to think and
feel-
—
the
capacity for personhood--
that makes us who we are, and
our lives worth living.
(pp. 37-38)
(The full
reference to Greenberg is Greenberg, G. (2001,
August 13). As good as dead: Is there
really such a thing as brain death?
New Yorker
, 36-41.)
For more information on the formatting
of long quotations, see pages 117-118 and 292-293
of
the fifth edition of the
Publication Manual
.
Tables and figures
If your paper requires
tables and/or figures, you should consult the
relevant sections of
the fifth edition
of the
Publication Manual
for specific formatting guidelines.
For tables, see pages 147-176; for
figures, see pages 176-201 of the
Publication
Manual
.
University of Wisconsin
page
.
/writing/Handbook/
/writing/Handbook/DocAPAFormat_
10
APA Formatting and Style Guide
/owl/resource/560/01/
Summary:
APA (American
Psychological Association) is
most commonly used
to cite
sources within the social sciences. This resource,
revised
according to the
5th
edition
of the APA manual, offers
examples for the
general format of APA
research papers, in-text citations,
endnotes/footnotes,
and
the
reference
page.
Please
use
the
example
at
the
bottom of this page to
cite the Purdue OWL in APA.
In-Text Citations: The
Basics
Reference citations in text are
covered on pages 207-214 of the Publication
Manual.
What follows are some general
guidelines for referring to the works of others in
your
essay.
Note:
APA style requires authors to use the past tense
or present perfect tense when
using
signal phrases to describe earlier research. E.g.,
Jones (1998)
found
or Jones
(1998)
has
found
...
APA Citation Basics
When using APA format, follow the
author-date method of in-text citation. This means
that the author's last name and the
year of publication for the source should appear
in
the text, E.g., (Jones, 1998), and a
complete reference should appear in the reference
list
at the end of the paper.
If you are referring to an idea from
another work but
NOT
directly quoting the material,
or
making reference to an entire book, article or
other work, you only have to make
reference to the author and year of
publication in your in-text reference.
In-Text Citation Capitalization,
Quotes, and Italics/Underlining
?
?
Always capitalize proper nouns,
including author names and initials: D. Jones.
If you refer to the title
of a source within your paper, capitalize all
words that are four
letters long or
greater within the title of a source:
Permanence and Change
.
Exceptions
11
apply to short words that are verbs,
nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs:
Writing
New
Media
,
There Is Nothing Left
to Lose
.
(
Note:
in your
References list, only the first word of a title
will be capitalized:
Writing new
media.)
?
?
?
?
When
capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a
hyphenated compound word:
Natural-Born
Cyborgs
.
Capitalize the first word after a dash
or colon:
Hitchcock's
Vertigo
.
Italicize or underline the titles of
longer works such as books, edited collections,
movies,
television series,
documentaries, or albums:
The Closing
of the American Mind
;
The
Wizard of Oz
;
Friends
.
Put quotation marks around the titles
of shorter works such as journal articles,
articles
from edited collections,
television series episodes, and song titles:
Constructing Possible Worlds
Short Quotations
If you are
directly quoting from a work, you will need to
include the author, year of
publication, and the page number for
the reference (preceded by
quotation
with a signal phrase that includes the author's
last name followed by the date
of
publication in parentheses.
According
to
Jones
(1998),
often
had
difficulty
using
APA
style,
especially when it was their first
time
often
had
difficulty
using
APA
style
(p.
199);
what
implications
does
this
have
for
teachers? If the author is not named in a signal
phrase, place the author's
last
name,
the
year
of
publication,
and
the
page
number
in
parentheses
after
the
quotation.
She stated,
often
had
difficulty
using
APA
style,
(Jones,
1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an
explanation as to why.
Long
Quotations
Place direct
quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing
block of typewritten
lines, and omit
quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new
line, indented five spaces
12
from the left margin.
Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and
indent the first
line of any subsequent
paragraph within the quotation five spaces from
the new margin.
Maintain double-spacing
throughout. The parenthetical citation should come
after the
closing punctuation mark.
Jones's (1998) study found the
following:
Students
often
had
difficulty
using
APA
style,
especially
when
it
was
their
first
time citing sources.
This difficulty could be attributed to the fact
that many
students
failed
to
purchase
a
style
manual
or
to
ask
their
teacher
for
help.
(p.
199)
Summary
or Paraphrase
If you are
paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only
have to make reference to
the author
and year of publication in your in-text reference,
but APA guidelines
encourage you to
also provide the page number (although it is not
required.)
According
to
Jones
(1998),
APA
style
is
a
difficult
citation
format
for
first-
time
learners.
APA style is
a difficult citation format for first-time
learners (Jones, 1998,
p. 199).
In-Text Citations:
Author/Authors
APA style has a series
of important rules on using author names as part
of the
author-date system. There are
additional rules for citing indirect sources,
electronic
sources, and sources without
page numbers.
Citing an Author or
Authors
A Work by Two
Authors:
Name both authors in the
signal phrase or in the
parentheses
each time you cite the work. Use the word
names within the text and use the
ampersand in the parentheses.
13
Research by Wegener and
Petty (1994) supports...
(Wegener &
Petty, 1994)
A Work by Three to Five
Authors:
List all the authors in the
signal phrase or in
parentheses the
first time you cite the source.
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow,
1993)
In subsequent citations, only use
the first author's last name followed by
signal phrase or in
parentheses.
(Kernis et al.,
1993)
In
et al.
,
et
should not be followed by
a period.
Six or More
Authors:
Use the first author's name
followed by et al. in the signal
phrase
or in parentheses.
Harris et al. (2001)
argued...
(Harris et al., 2001)
Unknown Author:
If the work
does not have an author, cite the source by its
title in the
signal phrase or use the
first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of
books and reports
are italicized or
underlined; titles of articles and chapters are in
quotation marks.
A similar
study was done of students learning to format
research papers
(
APA,
Note
: In the
rare case the
name (Anonymous, 2001).
In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as
the author.
Organization as
an Author:
If the author is an
organization or a government agency,
mention the organization in the signal
phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first
time you cite the source.
According to the American Psychological
Association (2000),...
14
If the organization has a well-known
abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets
the first time the source is cited and
then use only the abbreviation in later
citations.
First citation:
(Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)
Second citation: (MADD, 2000)
Two or More Works in the Same
Parentheses:
When your parenthetical
citation
includes two or more works,
order them the same way they appear in the
reference list,
separated by a semi-
colon.
(Berndt, 2002;
Harlow, 1983)
Authors With the Same
Last Name:
To prevent confusion, use
first initials with the
last
names.
(E. Johnson, 2001; L.
Johnson, 1998)
Two or More Works by the
Same Author in the Same Year:
If you
have two
sources by the same author in
the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c)
with the
year to order the entries in
the reference list. Use the lower-case letters
with the year in
the in-text
citation.
Research by Berndt
(1981a) illustrated that...
Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and
Afterwards:
When citing an
Introduction,
Preface, Foreword, or
Afterward in-text, cite the appropriate author and
year as usual.
(Funk &
Kolln, 1992)
Personal
Communication:
For interviews, letters,
e-mails, and other person-to-person
communication, cite the communicators
name, the fact that it was personal
communication, and the date of the
communication. Do not include personal
communication in the reference
list.
(E. Robbins, personal
communication, January 4, 2001).
A.
P.
Smith
also
claimed
that
many
of
her
students
had
difficulties
with
APA
style
(personal communication, November 3,
2002).
15
Citing Indirect Sources
If you use a source that was cited in
another source, name the original source in your
signal phrase. List the secondary
source in your reference list and include the
secondary
source in the parentheses.
Johnson argued that...(as cited in
Smith, 2003, p. 102).
Note:
When citing material in
parentheses, set off the citation with a comma, as
above.
Electronic Sources
If possible, cite an electronic
document the same as any other document by using
the
author-date style.
Kenneth (2000) explained...
Unknown Author and Unknown
Date:
If no author or date is given,
use the title in
your signal phrase or
the first word or two of the title in the
parentheses and use the
abbreviation
Another
study
of
students
and
research
decisions
discovered
that
students
succeeded with
tutoring (
Sources Without Page
Numbers
When an electronic
source lacks page numbers, you should try to
include information
that will help
readers find the passage being cited. When an
electronic document has
numbered
paragraphs, use the
?
symbol, or the abbreviation
paragraph
number (Hall, 2001, ?
5) or (Hall,
2001, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not
numbered and the document includes
headings, provide the appropriate heading and
specify the paragraph under that
heading. Note that in some electronic sources,
like
Web pages, people can use the Find
function in their browser to locate any passages
you cite.
According to Smith
(1997), ... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).
Note:
Never use the page
numbers of Web pages you print out; different
computers
print Web pages with
different pagination.
16
Footnotes and Endnotes
APA
does not recommend the use of footnotes and
endnotes because they are often
expensive for publishers to reproduce.
However, if explanatory notes still prove
necessary to your document, APA details
the use of two types of footnotes: content and
copyright.
When using either
type of footnote, insert a number formatted in
superscript following
almost any
punctuation mark. Footnote numbers should not
follow dashes (
—
), and if
they appear in a sentence in
parentheses, the footnote number should be
inserted within
the parentheses.
Scientists
examined
—
over
several
years
1
—
the
fossilized
remains
of
the
wooly-wooly
yak.
2
(These have
now been transferred to the Chauan
Museum.
3
)
All
footnotes should appear on the final page of your
document (usually this is after the
References page). Center the word
“Footnotes” at the top of the page. Indent five
spaces on the first line of each
footnote. Then, follow normal paragraph spacing
rules.
Double-space
throughout.
1
While the method of examination for the wooly-
wooly yak provides important
insights
to
this
research,
this
document
does
not
focus
on
this
particular
species.
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1
See Blackmur (1995),
especially chapters three and four, for an
insightful
analysis of this
extraordinary animal.
17
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Berndt,
T.
J.
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Friendship
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social
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Current
Directions
in Psychological Science,
11
, 7-10.
Two
Authors
List by their last
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Wegener,
D.
T.,
&
Petty,
R.
E.
(1994).
Mood
management
across
affective
states:
The
hedonic
contingency
hypothesis.
Journal
of
Personality
&
Social
Psychology,
66
,
1034-1048.
19
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There's
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stability
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Journal of Personality and Social
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, 1190-1204.
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Karper,
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P.,
et
al.
(2001).
Writing labs and the
Hollywood connection.
Journal of Film
and Writing, 44
(3),
213-245.
Organization as Author
American Psychological Association.
(2003).
Unknown Author
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary
(10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster.
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Educational Psychologist,
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Berndt,
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J.,
&
Keefe,
K.
(1995).
Friends'
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on
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Child Development,
66
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Wegener,
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T.,
Kerr,
N.
L.,
Fleming,
M.
A.,
&
Petty,
R.
E.
(2000).
Flexible
corrections
of
juror
judgments:
Implications
for
jury
instructions.
Psychology,
Public
Policy,
& Law, 6
,
629-654.
Wegener,
D.
T.,
Petty,
R.
E.,
&
Klein,
D.
J.
(1994).
Effects
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on
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