英语专业本科毕业论文引文及参考文献格式

西南大学外国语学院

英语专业本科毕业论文引文及参考文献格式规范

I. Introduction

Academic

writing

may

use

American

Psychological

Association

(APA)

Style,

Modern

Language Association (MLA) Style, the Chicago Style, and so on. But APA and MLA are two

commonly used ones. Both can be found in “style

manuals” bearing their names

，

for example,

APA’s

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

(2001) and MLA’s

MLA

Handbook for Writers of Research Papers

(1999).

The choice as to which style is appropriate for a given paper may be determined by three

factors: the requirements of the particular course, the standard for the discipline in which you are

studying,

or

your

individual

preference.

A

safe

way

is

to

consider

which

style

will

be

most

appropriate for your area of specialization. If you are pursuing a major in the humanities, consider

learning

the

MLA

style.

If

behavioral

or

social

sciences

are

likely

to

be

your

interest,

then

the

APA

style

may

be

most

appropriate.

Generally,

humanities

disciplines

may

include

literary,

philosophical,

cultural,

historical,

translation

studies,

and

the

like.

Social

sciences

may

include

applied

linguistics,

psycholinguistics,

foreign

language

teaching,

second

language

acquisition

studies, and the like, which are mostly empirical studies involving statistic analyses.

II. APA for Academic Writing: Essentials

1. Text citations

Source material must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the author(s) and

date(s) of the sources. The reader can obtain the full source citation from the list of references that

follows the body of the paper.

A.

When

the

names

of

the

authors

of

a

source

are

part

of

the

formal

structure

of

the

sentence, the year of publication appears in parentheses following the identification of

the authors. The word “

and”

is used before the last author when multiple authors are

identified

as

part

of

the

formal

structure

of

the

sentence.

Commas

are

only

used

to

separate the names of three or more (but not two) authors for a source, for example,

Wirth and Mitchell (1994) found that . . . .

B.

When the authors of a source are

not

part of the formal structure of the sentence, both

the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses.

The ampersand

&

is used

before the last author when multiple authors for a source are identified and commas

are only used to separate the names of three or more (but not two) authors for a source.

And

when

more

than

two

sources

are

cited

parenthetically,

they

are

ordered

1

alphabetically by first authors' surnames and separated and joined by semicolons in

the parentheses, for example,

Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some

types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental

health

(Gartner,

Larson,

&

Allen,

1991;

Koenig,

1990;

Levin

&

Vanderpool,

1991; Maton & Pargament, 1987; Paloma & Pendleton, 1991; Payne, Bergin,

Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991).

C.

If

publications

by

two

or

more

primary

authors

with

the

same

surname

are

cited,

include

the

first

autho

rs’

initials

in

all

text

citations,

even

if

the

publication

dates

differ, for example,

R. D. Luce (1959) and P. A. Luce (1986) also found…

..

J.

M.

Goldberg

and

Neff

(1961)

and

M.

E.

Goldberg

and

Wurtz

(1972)

studied……

D.

Identify works by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same

order) with the same publication date by the suffixes a, b, c, and so forth after the year;

repeat the year; separate the year-plus-suffixes with commas, for example,

Several studies (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c; Singh, 1983, in press-a, in press-b)

indicated that . . . .

E.

A

major

citation

is

separated

from

other

citations

within

parentheses

by

the

phrase

“see also” used after a semicolon and before the first of the remaining citations, which

are arranged in alphabetical order, for example,

(Minor, 2001; see also Adams, 1999; Storandt, 1997)

F.

Every effort should be made to cite only sources that you have actually read. When it

is

necessary

to

cite

a

source

that

you

have

not

read

(“Grayson”

in

the

following

example)

but is cited in a source that you have read (“Murzynski & Degelman” in the

following

example),

use

the

following

format

for

the

text

citation

and

list

only

the

source you have read in the References list, for example,

Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degel

man, 1996) suggested …

G.

When a source has two authors, both authors are included every time the source is

cited.

H.

When a source has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the source

is cited; in subsequent citations, include only the f

irst author's surname and “et al.”

and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph, for example,

Payne, Bergin, Bielema, and Jenkins (1991) showed that … [Use as first citation

in text.]

Payne et al. (1991) showed that ... [Use as subsequent first citation per paragraph

thereafter.]

Payne et al. showed that … [Omit year from subsequent citations after first

citation within a paragraph.]

2

I.

J.

When a source has six or more authors, cite only the first author's surname followed

by “et al.” and the year for the first and subsequent citations.

If two references with the same year shorten to the same form, cite the surnames of

the first authors and of as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish

the two references, followe

d by a comma and “et al.”, for example,

Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (1994) and Bradley, Soo, et al. (1994)

Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, et al. (1996) and Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, et al.

(1996)

K.

If the English translation of a non- English work is used as the source, cite the original

publication date and the date of the translation, for example,

Laplace (1814/1951)…

L.

To

cite

a

personal

communication

(including

letters,

emails,

and

telephone

interviews), include initials, surname, and as exact a date as possible. As a personal

communication is not “recoverable” information, it is not included in the References

section, for example,

B. F. Skinner (personal communication, February 12, 1978) claimed . . . .

2. Quotations

When a direct quotation is used, always include the author, year, and page number as part

of the citation.

A.

A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be enclosed in double quotation marks

and should be incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence, for example,

Patients

receiving

prayer

had

“le

ss

congestive

heart

failure,

required

less

diuretic

and

antibiotic

therapy,

had

fewer

episodes

of

pneumonia,

had

fewer

cardiac arrests, and were less frequently intubated and ventilated” (Byrd, 1988,

p.829).

B.

A lengthier quotation of 40 or more words should appear (without quotation marks)

apart

from

the

surrounding

text,

in

double-spaced

block

format,

with

each

line

indented

five

spaces

from

the

left

margin

but

without

the

usual

opening

paragraph

indent.

But

with

more

than

one

paragraph,

indent

the

first

line

of

second

and

additional paragraphs five to seven spaces from the new margin.

C.

Enclose direct quotations within a block quotation in double quotation marks. For a

quotation

in

running

text

that

is

already

enclosed

in

double

quotation

marks,

use

single quotation marks to enclose quoted material.

D.

Type three periods with a space before and after each period to indicate an omission

within a sentence. Type four periods to indicate an omission between two sentences (a

period for the sentence followed by three spaced periods).

3

E.

When a period or comma occurs with closing quotation marks, place the period or

comma before rather than after the quotation marks. Put other punctuation marks (e.g.,

colon, semicolon) outside quotation marks unless they are part of the quoted material.

3. References

All sources included in the References section must be cited in the body of the paper (and

all sources cited in the paper must be included in the References section).

A.

P

agination: The References section begins on a new page.

B.

H

eading: References (centered on the first line below the manuscript page header).

C.

F

ormat: The references (with hanging indent) begin on the line following the References

heading. Entries are organized alphabetically by surnames of first authors.

D.

A

uthors: Authors are listed in the same order as specified in the source, using surnames

and initials. Commas separate all authors. When there are two to six authors, use the

ampersand & after a comma and before the last author. When there are seven or more

authors, l

ist the first six and then use “et al.” for remaining authors. If no author is

identified, the title of the document begins the reference.

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua,

L., et al. (2000). An experimental evaluation . . . .

One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname,

for example,

Alleyne, R. L. (2001).

……

Alleyne, R. L., & Evans, A. J. (1999).

……

References with exactly the same author (or authors in the same order) are arranged

by year of publication, the earliest first, for example,

Hewlett, L. S. (1996).

……

Lewlett, L. S. (1999).

……

Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2000).

……

Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2001).

……

References by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order)

with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding

A,

An

or

The

)

that

follows

the

date.

However,

if

the

references

with

the

same

authors

published in the same year are identified as articles in a series (e.g., Part 1 and Part 2),

order the references in the series order, not alphabetically by title. Lowercase letters

–

a, b, c, and so on

–

are placed immediately after the year, within the parentheses, for

example,

Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control . . . .

Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of . . . .

4

E.

Publication date: Publication date is put in parentheses following authors, with a period

following

the

closing

parenthesis.

If

no

publication

date

is

identified,

use

“n.d.”

in

parentheses following the authors. For any work accepted for publication but not yet

printed, use “in press” in parentheses following the authors.

F.

Source reference: Include title, journal, volume, pages (for journal article) or title, city

of publication, publisher (for book). Italicize titles of books, titles of periodicals, and

periodical

volume

numbers

but

not

titles

of

articles.

Capitalize

the

major

words

of

periodical names but not the major words of titles of books or articles.

G.

Publishers’ locations: Give the location (city and stat

e for U.S. publishers, city, state or

province

if

applicable,

and

country

for

publishers

outside

of

the

U.

S.)

of

the

publishers of books, reports, brochures, and other separate, nonperiodical publications.

If the publisher is a university and the name of the state (or province) is included in

the

name

of

the

university,

do

not

repeat

the

name

in

the

publisher

location.

The

names

of

U.S.

states

and

territories

appear

in

the

official

two-letter

U.S.

Postal

Service

abbreviations.

The

following

major

and

well-known

locations

can

be

listed

without a state abbreviation or country:

Baltimore,

Boston,

Chicago,

Los

Angeles,

New

York,

Philadelphia,

San

Francisco,

Amsterdam,

Jerusalem,

London,

Milan,

Moscow,

Paris,

Rome,

Stockholm,

Tokyo,

Vienna

H.

E

xamples of sources

1.

Book

Paloutzian,

R.

F.

(1996).

Invitation

to

the

psychology

of

religion

(2nd

ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

U.S.

Department

of

Health,

Education,

and

Welfare.

(1971).

Alcohol

and health

. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

2.

Book with no author or editor

Merriam-

Webster’s collegiate dictionary

(10th ed.). (1993). Springfield,

MA: Merriam-Webster.

3.

Book with author and publisher being identical

American

Psychiatric

Association.

(1994).

Diagnostic

and

statistical

manual of mental disorders

(4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

4.

Article or chapter in an edited book

James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to

Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.),

Spectrum of the fantastic

(pp.

219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Cicero, T. J. (1979). A critique of animal analogues of alcoholism. In E.

Majchrowicz

&

E.

P.

Noble

(Eds.),

Biochemistry

and

pharmacology

of

ethanol

(Volume

2,

pp.

31-59).

New

York:

Plenum Press.

5.

Journal article

5

Murzynski,

J.,

&

Degelman,

D.

(1996).

Body

language

of

women

and

judgments

of

vulnerability

to

sexual

assault.

Journal

of

Applied

Social Psychology, 26,

1617-1626.

[If, and only if, each issue of a journal begins on page 1, give the issue number

in parentheses immediately after the volume number.]

Wilcox, R. V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star Trek:

The Next Generation.

Studies in Popular Culture, 13

(2), 53-65.

6.

Newspaper Article

Di

Rado,

A.

(1995,

March

15).

Trekking

through

college:

Classes

explore modern society using the world of Star Trek.

Los Angeles

Times

, p. A3.

7.

Encyclopedia Article

Sturgeon,

T.

(1995).

Science

fiction.

In

The

encyclopedia

Americana

(Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.

8.

Web document on university program or department Web site

Degelman, D., & Harris, M. L. (2000).

APA style essentials.

Retrieved

May

18,

2000,

from

Vanguard

University,

Department

of

Psychology

Web

site:

/faculty/ddegelman/?do c_id=7

96

[If

information

is

obtained

from

a

document

on

the

Internet,

provide

the

Internet address for the document at the end of the retrieval statement. Finish

the retrieval statement with a period, unless it ends with an Internet address.]

9.

Data file, available from a Web site

Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health

Statistics.

(1991).

National

Health

Provider

Inventory

Home

health agencies and hospices

,

1991

[Data file]. Available from

National

Technical

Information

Service

Web

site:

[Use “Available from” to indicate that the URL leads to information on how

to

obtain

the

cited

material,

rather

than

to

the

material

itself.

Precede

the

URL with a colon.]

10.

Stand-alone Web document (no date)

Nielsen,

M.

E.

(n.d.).

Notable

people

in

psychology

of

religion.

Retrieved

August

3,

2001,

from

/psyrelig/

11.

Stand-alone Web document (no author, no date)

Gender and society

. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2001, from

/mkearl/

6