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8. Modern Language Association Style
现代语言学会论文格式
/question/
现代语言学会
(MLA)
格式要求在正文中用括号注明引语的出处，而不用尾注或者
脚注。
这方面的信息包括作者的姓名和页码，向读者提示关于引语出处的详细
信息已被列入正文之后的参考文献中。
8.1 Content of
Parenthetical Citations
（引文出处信息）
引语出处的信息一般只包括作者姓名和页码，
中间不需要逗号。
当作者姓名已出
现在文句中，就不需要在括号中再重复。
Author named in
text
（行文中出现作者姓名）
Graff
defines
his
recent
book,
Professing
Literature,
as
“a history of academic
literary studies in the United
States”
(
1).
Author not
named in text
（行文中不出现作者姓名）
Several
scholars
have
studied
recent
developments
in
academia
in
the
context
of
the
history
of
university
teaching (e. g.,
Graff ).
Modern literary
studies have their origin in classical
studies (Graff 19-35 ).
Reference to entire book
（提及某部专著）
当在行文中仅仅提及某部专著的名称及其作者时，无须在括号
中提供其它信息。
读者会通过作者姓名在参考文献书目中去查找相关信息：
Slade’s
revision
of
a
Form
and
Style
incorporates
changes
made in the 1995 edition of the MLA
Handbook.
Work with four
authors
（有多位作者的专著）
当专著有四位或者更多作者时，
可列出所有四位作者或者仅仅给出第一位作
者的
姓，并在其后注明
“
et
al
”
。
(et
alii
，
“
and others<
/p>
”
的缩写，意为
“
等等
”
):
The
authors
of
Women’s
Way
of
Knowing
make
a
distinction
between
“separate
knowing”
and
“connected
knowing”
(Belenky
et
a1.
100-30)
or
(Belenky,
Clinchy,
Goldberger,
1
and Tarule
100-30).
当两位作者是父子关系时，在儿子的姓氏
后面加
Jr.
，并用逗号隔开。
That
book
chronicles
visionary
experiences
in
early
modern
Spain (Christian, Jr.).
Editor or compiler
（编辑整理者）
列出编辑者，
整理者，
或译者的姓而无须象在参考文献书目中那样用缩写单词注
明其身份：
Many of the
articles in Research on Composing advocate
further
exploration
of
the
motivation
for
writing
(Cooper
and Odell ).
Corporate author
（集体作者）
集体作者使用组织的名称来替代作者的名称
< br>(
如果组织名称冗长，在第一次引用
之后使用简称
)
。
The
annua1
report
revealed
substantial
progress
in
fundraising
(American
Museum
of
Natural
History
12,
hereafter AMNH).... (AMNH 15).
Multivolume work
（多卷头著作）
引用多卷头著作中的某一分卷，写出作者的名称和缩写
vol.
This
valuable
reference
work
surveys
the
major
operas
of
Mozart
and Puccini (Newman, vol. 2).
< br>引用多卷头著作某卷中的部分内容，
用阿拉伯数字来表明其卷号，
后加冒号，
引
出页码
)
。
Newman
discusses the controversy about the quality of
Mozart’s
The Magic Flute (2:
104-05).
如果句子中没有出现作者姓名，则需在括号中写明，如：
(Newman 2: 104-05)
Two or more works by same
author
（同位作者的不同专著）
2
引用同位作者的不同专著，出处信息使用简称即可。
Shaughnessy points out that
“the beginning writer does
not know how
writers behave” (
Errors 79 ).
Teachers
applauded
Shaughnessy’s
assertion
that
“teaching them [beginning writers] to
write well is not
only suitable but
challenging work for those who would
be
teachers
and
scholars
in
a
democracy”
(“Diving
In”
68).
Material cited in another
source
（材料引自二手来源）
当你引用的是二手材料时，
须在其出处名称后注明
“
qtd
”
。
你实际引用材料的作
者和标题要保留在参考文献书目中。
Goethe
wrote
that
“it
takes
more
culture
to
perceive
the
virtues
of
The
Magic
Flute
than
to
point
out
its
defects”
(qtd. in Newman 2: 104).
Multiple citations
（多部著作的引用）
当出处包含多部著作时，著作之间用分号隔开。
(Errors
79;
“Diving In” 68; Brooks and Warren 5)
Literary works
（文学作品的引用）
文学作品，
尤其是二十世纪之前的文
学作品，
通常都有众多的版本。
在页码之后
用分号引出其章节数，以便读者能从另一版本去查找。
Margery
Kempe
relates
the
details
of
her
journey
to
Constance
with
pilgrims
headed
for
Jerusalem
(96-98;
bk.
1,
chap. 26).
对于戏剧和诗歌来说，最好用数字来
注明“幕”
、
“场”
、
“行”或“节”等相关信
息。
In
an
aside,
Claudius
informs
the
audience
that
the
queen
has drunk from the
poisoned cup he intended for Ham1et
(5.
2. 274).
8.2 Placement and
Punctuation of Parenthetical Documentation
（项目排列和
标点）
3
出处信息应该在语句的结尾。
如果是
直接引语，
出处信息要在引号之后；
最后
是句号，逗号，冒号，和分号。
Tannen
argues
that
“men
and
women
have
different
assumptions about
the place of talk in relationships”
(85).
“Men
and
women
have
different
assumptions
about
the
place
of talk in relationships,”
according
to Tannen (85).
What
changes
in
behavior
could
result
from
the
assumption
that, as Tannen
puts it, “men and women have different
assumptions about the place of talk in
relationships”
(85)?
如果在你的论述与引语之间会引起混乱，须在引语之后直接注明其出处。
Understanding
that
“men
and
wo
men
have
different
assumptions about
the place of talk in relationships”
(Tannen
85)
might
help
teachers
understand
their
students’ comments.
< br>（这个句子本身已体现了作者的结论，其中一部分援引自
Tannen
。
）
如引语末位是省略号，出处信息之后须有句号。
Schele
and
Freidel
explain
that
for
the
Mayas
“the
Unde
rworld was sometimes
called Xibalba...” (66).
对于独立段落的引语，出处信息用空格键与引语隔开，后面无须句号。
According
to
Schele
and
Freidel,
the
Maya
represented
each
point of the compass with a different
color.
East was red and the
most important direction since
it
was
where
the
sun
was
born.
North,
sometimes
called
the
“side
of
heaven,”
was
white
and
the
direction
from
which
the
cooling
rains
of
winter
came....
West,
the
leaving or dying place
of the sun, was black. South
was
yellow. (66)
8.3 The List
of Works Cited
（参考文献目录）
论文中出现的引文出处，
都应被收入到论文的参考文献中。
参考文献目录按每一
项文献的第一单词的第一个字母的顺序排列，
< br>无论这个单词是文献作者的姓，
还
4
是文献题目的第一个词。以下是一份
MLA
格式的参考文献目录：
Works Cited
American
Museum
of
Natural
History.
Annual
Report,
1993-1994. New York:
1995.
“
Ancient
Pharaoh
Statue
Wi1l
Be
Moved
in
Cairo.
”
New
York
Times 3
Sept. 1995, late city ed.: A4.
Battaglia, Debbora, ed. Rhetorics of
Self-making. U of
California P, 1995.
Belenky,
Mary
Field,
Blythe
McVicker
Clinchy,
Nancy
Rule
Goldberger, and Jill Mattuck Tarule.
Women’s Way of
Knowing:
The
Development
of
Self,
Voice,
and
Mind.
New
York: Basic, 1986.
Or
Belenky, Mary
Field, et al.
Women’s Way of Knowing:
The
Development
of
Self,
Voice,
and
Mind.
New
York:
Basic,
1986.
Brooks,
Cleanth,
and
Robert
Penn
Warren.
Modern
Rhetoric.
4th ed. New York:
Harcourt, 1979.
Christian,
William A.
An Interpretation of
Whitehead’s
Metaphysics. New Haven:
Yale UP, 1959.
Christian,
William A., Jr. Apparitions in Late Medieval
and
Renaissance
Spain.
Princeton:
Princeton
UP,
1981.
Cooper,
Charles
R.,
and
Lee
Odell,
eds.
Evaluating
Writing:
Describing, Measuring, Judging. Urbana:
NCTE, 1977.
---. Research
on Composing. Urbana: NCTE, 1978.
Graff, Gerald. Professing Literature:
An Institutional
History. Chicago: U of
Chicago P, l987.
Kempe,
Margery. The Book of Margery Kempe. Trans. Barry
Windeatt. Hamondsworth, Eng.: Penguin,
l985.
5
Lloyd-Jones,
Richard.
“
Primary
Trait
Scoring.
”
Cooper
and
Odell,
Evaluating. 77-99.
Marcus,
George E.
“
On
Eccentricity.
”
Battaglia
43-58.
Murray,
Donald.
A
Writer
teacher
Writing.
2nd
ed.
Boston:
Houghton, 1985.
Newman, Ernest. Great Operas: The
Definitive Treatment
of
Their
History,
Stories,
and
Music.
2
vols.
New
York:
Vintage, 1958.
Petty,
Walter
T.
“
The
Writing
of
Young
Children.
”
Cooper
and Odell, Research
73-84.
Schele,
Linda,
and
David
Freidel.
A
Forest
of
Kings:
The
Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. New
York: Willian
Morrow, 1990.
Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed.
Susanne Wofford. Case
Studies
in
Contemporary
Criticism.
Boston:
Bedford-St.
Martin
’
s, 1994.
Shaughnessy,
Mina
P.
“
Diving
In:
An
Introduction
to
Basic
Writing.
”
The
Writing
Teacher’s
Sourcebook
.
Ed.
Gary
Tate and Edward P. J.
Corbett. New York: Oxford UP,
1981.
62-68.
---.
Errors
and
Expectations:
A
Guide
for
the
Teacher
of
Basic Writing. New York: Oxford UP,
1977.
S1ade,
Carole.
Form
and
Style:
Research
Papers,
Reports,
Theses. 10th ed. Boston: Houghton,
1997.
Tate,
Gary,
ed.
Teaching
Composition:
Ten
Bibliographical
Essays. Fort Worth: Texas Christian UP,
1976.
Tannen,
Deborah.
You
Just
Don’t
Understand:
Women
and
Men
in Conversation. New York: Ballantine-
Random, 1990.
Wagner,
Roy.
“
If
You
Have
the
Advertisement
You
D
on’
t
Need
the
Product.
”
Battaglia 59-76.
White, E. B.
Charlotte’s Web
. New York:
Harper, 1952.
6
White,
Helen
C.
The
Mysticism
of
William
Blake.
New
York:
Russell, 1964.
8.4 Works Cited Forms
（参考文献格式）
8.4.1 Books
（专著）
Basic forms
（基本的格式）
参考文献目录中一本专著的信息包括：
1.
作者的姓名（或编者、译者的姓名）；
2.
专著的标题
(
< br>可带有任何副标题
)
；
3.
出版信息，包括出版城市
,
出版商
,
和出版时间。
信息项目之间一律用句号隔开。
将第一位作者的姓放在首位，
后面用逗号；
名在
其次，后面用句号。其他作者的姓名不须倒装。专著的标题（包括副标题）用下
划线或斜体字标示，
但不包括后面的句号。
从专著的标题页或
版权页中获取出版
信息。简化出版商的名称。
An edited, compiled, or
translated volume
（编著，或译著）
著作的责任人
（编者，
或译者）
的姓名应在作者的位置上。
其后用缩写
ed.
或
comp.
表示一位编者，
用
eds.
或
comps.
表示多位编者，
用
trans.
< br>表示一位或多位翻译者。
Baum,
Robert,
ed.
Reform
and
Reaction
in
Post-
Mao
China:
The
Road
through
Tiananmen.
New
York:
Routledge,
1992.
当著作责任人拥有不止一种身份时，应全面注明。
Vaughan, James H., and
Daryl M. Hafter, eds. and trans.
As
The
Diary
of
Hamman
Yaji:
Chronicle
of
a
West
African
Muslim Ruler. Bloomington: Indiana UP,
1995.
Group or corporate
author
（集体作者）
Bicycling
Magazine.
Reconditioning
the
Bicycle.
New
York:
Rodale, 1989.
当集体作者同时也是出版商时，其名称不须重复。
American
Museum
of
Natural
History.
Annual
Report,
1993-1994. New York,
1995.
7
Anonymous work
（无署名著作）
Times Atlas of the World. 8th ed.
London: Times, l990.
如果你知道作者的姓名，可在括号内提供，不要使用匿名。
[Scarborough,
Dorothy].
The
Wind.
New
York:
Harper,
1925.
Work in an anthology, particular
selection singled out
（文集或文选中的文章）
文章的标题（带引号）在前，文集的标题（带下划线或用斜体字）在后，编者的
< br>姓名不须倒装，最后标明该文章在文集中的页码。
Burghardt, Gordon M. “On the Origins of
Play.”
Play in
Animals
and
Humans.
Ed.
Peter
K.
Smith.
Oxford:
Basil
Blackwell, 1984. 5-42.
Wilson,
August.
Ma
Rainey’s
Black
Bottom,
Modern
and
Contemporary
Drama.
Ed.
Miriam
Gilbert,
Carl
H.
Klaus,
and Bradford S.
Field, Jr. New York: St. Martin's,
1994.
Previously published article in a
collection
（出版后又收集的文章）
先用原出版信息开始，再用
（表示
Raprinted in
）引出文集的标题。
Ten, C. L. “Mill on
Self
-
Regarding Actions.”
Philosophy
43
(1968):
29-37.
Rpt.
in
John
Stuart
Mill,
On
Liberty.
Ed. David Spitz.
Norton Critical Edition. New York:
Norton, 1972. 238-46.
Entry in a reference book
（工具书中词条）
将工具书中的词条当作文集中的文章一样看待。
“Vicksburg
Campaign.”
Encyclopaedia
Britannica.
1973
ed.
“World
Climatology.”
Times Atlas of the World.
1990 ed.
对不太著名的工具书需提供较为完整的出版信息。
Brasingly, C. Reginald.
“Birth Order.”
Encyclopedia of
Psychology.
Ed.
Raymond
J.
Corsini.
New
York:
Wiley,
8