-
MLA
论文格式
1. MLA
文献引用格式的基本描述:
文学类论
文通常使用
MLA
(
Modern
Language Association
)格式。作者在正文中用括号
夹注的形式注明参考文献的简要出处,即(作者姓氏
+
空格
+
页码)
。
1.1
In-text
Citation:
Ancient
writers
attributed
the
invention
of
the
monochord
to
Pythagoras,
who
lived
in
the
sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).
而在论文末尾的“引用文献”
(
Works Cite
d
)部分(按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列)
,则可
根据作者姓氏很容易的找出该引用文献的详细信息。包括作者名(姓
+
逗号
+
名)
、著作名、
出版信息(出版地:出版社,出版年
,
文献类别)三个部分。
1.2
In Works Cited:
Marcuse,
Sibyl.
A Survey of Musical
Instruments
. New York: Harper, 1975.
Print / Web. 21 Aug.
2011.
2.
引语(
Quotations<
/p>
)的格式(引用原文)
?
用引号“”
…
Among intentional
spoonerisms, the
“
distinctive features may
serve to weld together
words
etymologically unrelated but close in their sound
and meaning
”
(Jakobson and Waugh
304).
?
用方括号(
square
brackets“[ ]”
)和省略号(
ellipses“
…”
)标明更动原文的地方。
Smith
(276)
found
that
“…
the
placebo
effect,
which
had
been
verified
in
previous
studies,
disappeared when
[his own
and others’]
behaviors were studied
…”
?
短于
三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文,并且用双引号标明。
< br>?
超过四行则另起一段,齐头缩进
10
< br>个英文字符(
block
qu
otation
)
。
?
?
In
General
Linguistics:
A
Course
,
Saussure
is
considered
as
father
of
modern
linguistics.
?
?
Many
of
the
developments
of
modern
linguistics
can
be
described
as
his
concept, i.e. his idea
of the arbitrary nature of the sign, langue vs.
parole,
synchrony
vs.
diachrony,
syntagmatic
and
paradigmatic
relations,
etc.
Saussure’s fundamental perception is of
revolut
ionary significance, and it is
he that pushed linguistics into a brand
new stage and all linguistics in the
twentieth century are Saussurean
linguistics
(Hu, 592).
?
双引号表示直接引语,单引号只用来标注引语中的引语。
?
引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示(
书名除外)
。
在任何情况下(即使引
语仅仅只有一个单词)
:
?
句末、小句末的句号和逗号都必须
放在引号之内(无论单引号还是双引号)
,
?
冒号(
“
:”
)和分号(
“;”
)都必须放在引
号之外,
?
引文是疑问句则问号应放在引号之内,否则问号(
“?”
)应
放在引号之外。
?
四行或以上的引语作为独立的引语段(
block
<
/p>
quotation
)
。
?
引语段可以用单倍行距
,但其首行和末行应与正文空
1.5
行。
?
引语段左右两边均应较正文缩
进
10
个字符的距离。
?
如果引语段原为一自然段,则其首
行应进一步缩进
4
至
5
个字符的距离。
?
?
In
General
Linguistics:
A
Course
,
Saussure
is
considered
as
father
of
modern
linguistics.
?
?
??
Many of the developments
of modern linguistics can be described as his
concept, i.e. his idea of the arbitrary
nature of the sign, langue vs. parole,
synchrony
vs.
diachrony,
syntagmatic
and
paradigmatic
relations,
etc.
Saussure’s fundamental perception is of
revolutionary significance, and it is
he that pushed linguistics into a brand
new stage and all linguistics in the
twentieth century are Saussurean
linguistics
(Hu, 592).
?
引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。
?
引语段的字体必须与正文相同。
?
正文中的中文引文应提供英文译文。
3.
夹注(
Parenthetical
Citation
)的格式:
引文出
处使用括号夹注的方法。正文中,括号夹注
(作者姓氏
+
页码)
放在句末标点以
内,但不得放在引文的
引号以内。引语段(
block
qu
otation
)的括号夹注不属于单句,因而
不得将其放在句
末的标点以内。直接引语都必须标明页码,以便读者查找。
3.1
引用整篇文献的观点
引用整篇文献(
即全书或全文)观点时一般不用标注页码,有两种情况,
?
一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现,如:
Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar
opposites, not only in their personalities but in
their sources of inspiration for
writing (Taylor).
?
< br>另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,
按
ML
A
的规范不需要使用括号夹
注,
如:
Taylor
claims
that
Charlotte
and
Emily
Bronte
were
polar
opposites,
not
only
in
their
personalities but in
their sources of inspiration for
writing.
3.2.
引用文献中具体观点或文字
引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码,
< br>没有页码
是文献引用不规范的表现。
若作者的姓氏已在正
文同一句中出现,
则不需要在括号夹注中重
复。
Ancient
writers
attributed
the
invention
of
the
monochord
to
Pythagoras,
who
lived
in
the
sixth century BC (Marcuse
197).
According
to
Marcuse,
Ancient
writers
attributed
the
invention
of
the
monochord
to
Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth
century BC (197).
3.2.1
引用多位作者写作的同一文献
二至三位作者:
Among
intentional
spoonerisms,
the
“
punlike
metathesis
of
distinctive
features
may
serve to weld together
words etymologically unrelated but close in their
sound and meaning
”
(Jakobson and Waugh 304).
如果
有三位作者,
在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏,
如:
p>
(Alton, Davies, and Rice
56)
The
study
was
extended
for
two
years,
and
only
after
results
were
reviewed
by
an
independent panel did the
researchers publish their findings (Blaine et al.
35)
3.2.2
引用同样姓氏的不同作者
假若两个或
两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏,则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字
母,如:
Although some medical
ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer
children (R. Miller
12), others note
that the advantages for medical research outweigh
this consideration (A. Miller
46).
引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多,
应在括号夹注中使用他们名
字的首字母加
以区分,如:
(S.R. Wang 26)
(J.X. Wang 30)
3.3
引用团体作者(
corporate
author
)
引用团体作者的作品,括号夹注中应使用团体的名称,如:
It
was
apparent
that
the
American
health
care
system
needed
“
to
be
fixed
and
perhaps
radically
modified
”
(Public Agenda
Foundation 4).
3.4
引用无作者文献
引用无作者文献,<
/p>
如果文献标题没有出现在正文里,
则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者
(如
果标题过长的话)使用该标题中的关键词组,如:
An
anonymous
Wordsworth
critic
once
argued
that
his
poems
were
too
emotional
(“Wordsworth Is A
Loser” 100).
在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。
无论是
MLA
规范,独立出版物的标题或者标题中
的关键词组用斜体标出,出版物内含
的作品的名称以及未出版的作品
(讲演、
论文等)
的标题或者标题中的关键词组则用引号标
出。
3.5
引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字
书信
和谈话(含电子邮件、访谈、电话等)无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出,但应该
在正文
中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如:
Jesse
Moore
(telephone
conversation,
May
12,
1989)
admitted
the
need
for
an
in-depth
analysis of the otherness expressed in
the work.
3.6
引用同一作者的多篇文献
按
MLA
规范,引用同一作者的多篇文献时,在括号夹注中应加入文献标题
中的关键词
组,如:
Lightenor has argued that computers are
not useful tools for small children
(
“Too Soon” 38),
though
he
has
acknowledged
that
early
exposure
to
computer
games
does
lead
to
better
small
motor skill development
(“Hand
-
Eye
Development” 17).
或者
Computers are
not useful tools for small children (Lightenor,
“Too Soon” 38), though he has
acknowledged
that
early
exposure
to
computer
games
does
lead
to
better
small
motor
skill
development (Lightenor,
“Hand
-
Eye
Development” 17)
.
或者
Lightenor has
argued that computers are not useful tools for
small children, though he has
acknowledged
that
early
exposure
to
computer
games
does
lead
to
better
small
motor
skill
development
(“Too Soon”
38
and
“Hand
-
Eye
Development” 17).
3.7
同时引用不同作者的多篇文献
括号夹
注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献,
文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列
(注意分号的
使用)
,如:
The
dangers
of
mountain
lions
to
humans
have
been
well
documented
(Rychnovsky
40;
Seidensticker 114; Williams 30).
3.8
引用非直接文献(
indirect
source
)
论文应尽可能避免使
用非直接文献(即二级文献
secondary source
)
,但在无法找到直接
文献(即一级文献
primary source
)的情况下,引文可以从非直接文献中析出,例如:<
/p>
Samuel
Johnson
admitted
that
Edmund
Burke
was
an
“
extraordinary
man
”
(qtd.
in
Boswell
2: 450).
(注意:
“
qtd. in
”中的字母“
i
”不得大写。
)
引用非直接文献以后,
在正文
后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目
(即上述
实例中
的“
Boswell
”
)
。
3.9
引用文学作品和经典文献
按
MLA
的规范,有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。
在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行,如:
In
his
famous
advice
to
players,
Shakespeare’s
Hamlet
defines
the
purpose
of
theater,
“whose end, both at
the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ‘twere,
the mirror up to nature”
(3.2.21-23). <
/p>
(也可用
.23
,来表示第三幕的第二场
的第
23
行
.
)
这里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的
21
至
23
行。
(注意标点的使用。
)
在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行,如:
When Homer’s Odysseus comes to the hall
of Circe, he finds his men “
mild / in
her soft
spell, fed on her drug of
evil”
(10.209-11).
这里的括号夹注表示
引文来自诗歌第
10
节的
209
至
211
行。对不分节的诗第一次引用
时应说明括号里标的是行数,使用“
line
”
,以后的引用则不需再说明。例如:
第一次引用:
(lines 5-8)
以后的引用:
(12-13)
在引用
有章节、分册的小说的时候,应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节,如:
One of Kingsolver’s narrators, teenager
Rachel
, pushes her vocabulary beyond
its limits. For
example, Rachel
complains that being forced to live in the Congo
with her missionary family is “a
sheer
tapestry of justice” because her chances of
finding a boyfriend are “dull and void”
(117; bk.
2, ch. 10).
例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第
117
页。
(注意标点和缩略语的
使用。
)
在引用《圣经》
、
《可兰经》等经典文献的时候,应标出引文的篇、章、节,如:
Consider the words of Solomon: “If your
enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they
are thirsty, give them water to drink”
(
Bible
, Prov.
25.21).
例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自旧约《圣经》
的《箴言》篇第
25
章第
21
节。
《圣经》
各篇的缩写有标准的写法,因而使
用时应该注意核对。
3.10
对引语文字的更改
直接引语如出现在
正文中间,
使用引语的句子不得违反英语语法,
不得出现
“句中句”
。
为了使含直接引语的句子合乎语
法,
往往有必要对引语的文字作一定的更改。
如果要删除引
p>
语中个别词句,可以用省略号(
ellipses
< br>“…”
)取代删除的词句。如果要加入或者更改个别单
词
或者词组,
则可以将需要加入或者更改的单词或词组放在方括号
(
square
brackets
“
[ ]
”
)
以
内。例如:
删除词句:
He stated,
“The ‘placebo effect,’
...
disappeared when
behaviors were studied in this manner”
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