英语论文参考文献格式写法(超详版)

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Learning Skills Help Sheet

Referencing is an important part of any piece of academic writing. References provide

evidence

that

you have

read

key

theories

and

ideas

in

order

to

develop

knowledge of

your subject. They also show a courtesy to the original author of these theories or ideas

and

allow

the

reader (your tutor)

to distinguish

between

what

you have

read

and

your

own ideas, interpretations and conclusions. Incorrect or bad referencing in your work will

be interpreted as

plagiarism

which is a

serious academic offence that will result in

disciplinary action

.

Referencing & Bibliographies

How to reference

The two most common systems for citing references are the Harvard system (also called

the

author/date

system)

and,

for

law

students

or

in

dissertations,

the

numeric

system.

Different subject areas use slight variations of these systems (and other systems do exist)

so

you

must

consult

your

course/module

handbook

for

clarification

of

the

specific

conventions that you are expected to use within your subject area(s).

References need to appear in two places:

1.

within the body of your writing include:

author’s

surname

, year of publication

and, if quoting, the exact page number from which the quote is taken;

2.

in the bibliography

include at least: author’s surname, initial(s), year of

publication, title of text/chapter, edition, publisher & place of publication; see

page 3 for specific details that apply to referencing different sources.

There are two ways in which you can reference, or cite, another person's work:

a)

by paraphrasing;

this shows you have fully interpreted what you have read - see

Learning Skills Help Sheet on How to Paraphrase;

1.1 References within the body of the text - Harvard System

b)

by quoting directly;

follow with a comment to show relevance/understanding

If the direct quotation is more than two lines, you should indent it as a separate

paragraph e.g.:

As Cottrell (2003, p.148) points out

“Our views of what is ‘intelligent’ can prevent us from developing our minds to

their full potential. People who feel they are ‘not very bright’ or ‘no

t very

creative’ probably will fulfil that estimation of themselves. On the other hand,

positive thinking and constructive mental activity develop the mind.

”

Citing secondary sources:

If you are referencing a work cited by the author of the text you are reading, you should

cite the original work as being within a secondary source i.e. what

you

have read, not

what the writer of the book you are reading has read, using the following method:

According to De Bono (1994, cited in Cottrell, 2003, p.148),

“

clever people are

often hampered by their apparent intelligence in two ways:

” they are

good at

arguing and defending their point of view; they indulge in negative criticism which

is a quick, easy and dramatic way of proving someone wrong.

Cont'd

?

You can make an appointment with the Learning Advisor if you wish to receive more individual advice on

your independent learning skills. Email

@

or phone 020 7911 5000 ext. 2364.

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Learning Skills Help Sheet

1.2 Referencing within the body of text - Numeric System

The

exact

same rules and principles apply to paraphrasing and quoting however,

rather than inserting the author surname and year of publication within the text, a

superscripted number is inserted at the end of the paraphrase or quote, and the

reference appears as a footnote at the bottom of the page e.g.:

There were many changes in the British diet in the period after 1870. Fruit

became more common, especially in the form of fruit jam. Even the fish- and-

chip shop dates from the same period.

1

Referencing & Bibliographies

(

Note:

See bottom of this page for associated footnote.)

To insert footnotes using Word, click on the place

in

your

document

where

you

want

to

insert

the

footnote.

Then click on the

Insert

menu, select

Reference

,

then click on

Footnote

.

Another window will then open that will allow you to format the

footnotes manually, if you require.

Once the footnote has been inserted in the text and it appears

at

the

bottom

of

the

page,

click

next

to

the

number

at

the

bottom to add the reference details: author

surname

, initial(s),

publication year, title of work/article, page number, etc.

Once

you

have

referenced

an

author

for

the

first

time

using

the

numeric

system

you

do

not

have

to

repeat

that

same

reference

in

full

again.

If

the

same

work

is

referenced consecutively on the same page use:

ibid.

= (from the Latin

‘

ibidem

’, meaning ‘the same’)

or

.

= (from the Latin ‘

opere citado

’

meaning

‘in the work already cited’

)

If the same work is referenced on another

page, list the author’s surname, initials

and date of publication again followed by

.

and the page number.

Different page numbers for the citations you use must be listed with each footnote

(see example below).

2

Hobsbawm, H., (1990),

The Eating Habits of the British People

, p. 162

2

ibid.,

p. 163

1

Cont’d

?

You can make an appointment with the Learning Advisor if you wish to receive more individual advice on

your independent learning skills. Email

@

or phone 020 7911 5000 ext. 2364.