研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 9 referencing

Unit 9

Referencing

Objectives

- Know significance of referencing

- Understand different styles of referencing

Contents

- Reading and discussion: Science and MLA reference styles?

- Language focus: information order

- Writing practice: Referencing as required.

1.

Reading Activity

As

a

part

of

an

academic

community,

it

is

important

that

you

show

the

reader

where

you

have

used

someone

else’s

ideas

or

words.

Failure

to

properly

reference

may make the reader think that you are cheating by claiming someone e

lse’s work as

your

own.

In

the

academic

environment,

we

call

this

plagiarism

and

it is

seen

as

a

very serious offence.

Please remember that plagiarism is not just when you directly

copy

words

from

another

student’s

or

expert’s

work.

Plagiarism

also

occur

s

when

you re-

word someone else’s ideas in your own work and you do not give credit to the

original source.

All of the sources

you refer to in the main body of

your assignment need to be

listed

at

the

end

of

the

assignment

in

a

reference

list.

You

need

to

list

only

those

sources from which you have either quoted or paraphrased.

For example, you do not

have to list books you used for background reading purposes.

1.1

Pre-reading Task

1

Answer the following questions:

Why do we reference?

How do we usually reference?

How do we create a reference list?

How many referencing styles do you know?

1.2

Reading Passage

Passage 1

：

Science

Reference Style

Science

uses

a

numbering

system

for

references

and

notes.

This

allows

explanatory or more detailed notes to be included with the references. Journal names

are abbreviated by using

common abbreviations

to save space.

GENERAL NOTES

Place citation numbers for references and notes within parentheses, italicized:

(

18

,

19

) (

18

-

20

) (

18

< br>,

20

-

22

< br>). Do not use superscript numbers. Citations are numbered

sequentially, first in the text, then through the references and notes, then through the

figure

and

table

captions,

and

finally

through

the

supporting

online

material.

The

acknowledgments follow as an unnumbered note.

Each

reference

can

be

listed

only

once.

Separate

individual

references

from

other references and from any text notes. (This is a change from our previous style

to

simplify

referencing

and

facilitate

online

linking

of

references.)

Each

reference

should have its own number and not include other text.

Any reference to

a personal

communication should be given a number in

the

text

and

placed,

in

correct

sequence,

in

the

references

and

notes.

It

must

be

accompanied by a written letter of permission. At the time of publication, all cited

references must be published. Papers that are

but the paper must be available to provide to reviewers, and an accepted paper will

be held until all references are published. Data supporting the results or conclusions

should be included in the paper or Supporting Online Material or must be archived

in

an

appropriate

database

a

t

the

time

of

publication

and

made

available

for

reviewers.

Notes should be used for information aimed at the specialist (e.g., procedures)

or

to

provide

definitions

or

further

information

to

the

general

reader

that

are

not

essential to the data or arguments. Notes can cite other references (by number).

Please do not place tables within notes.

If

you

are

including

materials

and

methods

in

supporting

online

material,

please cite this (wherever appropriate) as a single numbered note in the text, in the

same fashion as other notes. For the note, use a form such as this:

materials

and

methods

is

available

on

Science

Online.

(The

correct

Web

address

will

be

appended

by

Science

staff.)

For

information

on

how

to

reference

other

2

supporting online material in the manuscript text, please see our specific

guidelines

on this material.

There should be one reference list that includes papers cited in the main paper

and

then

papers

cited

only

within

the

supporting

online

material.

Citations

in

the

supporting online material can cite papers already cited in the main paper by number.

We will include the full reference list online.

For

cited

papers

that

have

been

published

only

electronically,

please

include

the DOI.

CREATING THE REFERENCE LIST

For journal articles

, list initials first for all authors, separated by a space: A. B. Opus,

B. C. Hobbs. Do not use

et al.

(italics) for more than five authors. Titles of

cited articles can now be included, with words in lower case except for proper nouns,

followed

by

a

period

(see

samples).

Journal

titles

are

in

italics;

volume

numbers

follow, in boldface. Do not place a comma before the volume number or before any

parentheses. You may give the full inclusive pages of the article. Journal years are in

parentheses: (1996). End each listing with a period. Do not use

ibid.

or

op. cit.

(these

cannot be linked online).

For

whole

books,

monographs,

memos,

or

reports

,

the

style

for

author

or

editor

names is as above; for edited books, insert

the book title and use initial caps. After the title, provide (in parentheses) the publisher

name, publisher location, edition number (if any), and year. If these are unavailable,

or if the work is unpublished, please provide all information needed for a reader to

locate the work; this may include a URL or a Web or FTP address. For unpublished

proceedings

or

symposia,

supply

the

title

of

meeting,

location,

inclusive

dates,

and

sponsoring organization. There is no need to supply the total page count. If the book is

part

of

a

series,

indicate

this

after

the

title

(e.g.,

vol.

23

of

Springer

Series

in

Molecular Biology

).

For chapters in edited books

, the style is as above, except that

the title, and the names of the editors appear after the title. After the information in

parentheses, provide the complete page number range (or chapter number) of the cited

material.

For

research

first

published

in

Science

Express,

online

journals,

and

preprints

available on the Internet

, see the examples below. These are considered published

work.

STYLE EXAMPLES

Journals

1.

N.

Tang,

On

the

equilibrium

partial

pressures

of

nitric

acid

and

ammonia

in

the

atmosphere.

Atmos. Environ.

14

, 819-834 (1980). [one author]

3

2.

William

R.

Harvey,

Signe

Nedergaard,

Sodium- independent

active

transport

of

potassium

in

the

isolated

midgut

of

the

Cecropia

silkworm.

Proc.

Natl.

Acad.

Sci.

U.S.A.

51

, 731-735 (1964). [two or more authors]

Books

1. M. Lister,

Fundamentals of Operating Systems

(Springer-Verlag, New York, ed. 3,

1984), pp. 7-11. [third edition]

2. J. B. Carroll, Ed.,

Language, Thought and Reality, Selected Writings of Benjamin

Lee Whorf

(MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1956).

Published Online Only

1.

N.

H.

Sleep,

Stagnant

lid

convection

and

carbonate

metasomatism

of

the

deep

continental

lithosphere.

Geochem.

Geophys.

Geosyst.

,

10

,

Q11010

(2009),

doi:10.1029/2009GC002702.

Technical reports

1.

G

.

B.

Shaw,

uses

of

litmus

paper

in

M?

bius

strips

(Tech.

Rep.

CUCS-29-82, Columbia Univ., New York, 1982).

Paper presented at a meeting (not published)

1.

M.

Konishi,

paper

presented

at

the

14th

Annual

Meeting

of

the

Society

for

Neuroscience,

Anaheim,

CA,

10

October

1984.

[sponsoring

organization

should

be

mentioned if it is not part of the meeting name]

Theses and personal communications

1. B. Smith, thesis, Georgetown University (1973).

Passage 2

：

Modern Language Association (MLA) style

The

MLA

Style

Manual

and

Guide

to

Scholarly

Publishing

(2008)

is

the

third

edition

of

The

MLA

Style

Manual

,

first

published

by

the

Modern

Language

Association

of

America

in

1985.

It

is

an

academic

style

guide

widely

used

in

the

United

States,

Canada,

and

other

countries,

providing

guidelines

for

writing

and

documentation

of

research

in

the

humanities,

especially

in

English

studies.

The

MLA's

guidelines

are

also

used

by

over

1,100

scholarly

and

literary

journals,

newsletters, and magazines and by many university and commercial presses, and they

are

followed throughout North

America and in

Brazil, China,

India,

Japan,

Taiwan,

and other countries around the world.

4

Book with one author

Reference: Author last name, First name.

Title

. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year

of publication.

Example: McDonagh, Sean.

Why are we Deaf to the Cry of the Earth.

Dublin: Veritas,

2001.

In-text citation :

(Author Last name page No.)

(Page No.)

Example

In another study (McDonagh 80)….

McDonagh has discussed (80)….

Book with two or three authors

Reference

: Author(s) last name, First name and last author’s First name Last name.

Title

. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Example: McLean, Bethany and Peter Elkind.

The Smartest Guys in the Room: The

Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron

. New York: Portfolio, 2004.

In-text citation:

(Author(s) last name and last author last name page No.)

(Page No.)

Example

Others highlight a different factor (McLean and Elkind 122)….

Bethany and McLean (122) highlight….

Book with an editor

Reference:

Editor

’

s

last

name

and

first

name.

Title.

Place

of

Publication:

Publisher,

Year of publication.

Example:

Booth,

David.

Ed.

Rethinking

Social Development:

Theory,

Research

and

Practice.

Essex: Longman, 1994.

In-text citation:

(Editor

’

s last name page No.)

(Page No)

Example

Another approach (Booth 55) shows….

Booth (55) argues….

Chapter in an edited book

Reference

:

Author(s) last name, First name and last author’s First name Last name.

of

chapter.‖

Title

of

Collection

.

Ed.

Editor(s)

First

name

last

name

and

last

editor

First

name

Last

name.

Place

of

Publication:

Publisher,

Year

of

publication.

Page range.

Example:

Jonson,

Ben.

the

Memory

of

My

Beloved,

the

Author

Mr.

William

Shakespeare.

The

Norton

Anthology

of

Poetry

.

Ed.

Alexander

Allison

et

al.

New

York: Norton, 1983. 239-40.

5

In-text citation:

(Author(s) Last name page No.)

(Page No.)

Example

Another approach (Jonson 239)….

Jonson (239) writes….

Print Journal article

Reference

:

Author(s)

last

name,

f

irst

name

and

last

author’s

first

name

last

name.

Title of Journal

volume. Issue (year): pages.

Example: Mann, Susan.

Journal of Asian Studies

. 59.1

(2000): 835-62.

In-text citation:

(Author(s) last name page No.)

(Page No.)

Example

Another author (Mann 850) argues….

Mann (8

50) argues….

E-journal article

Reference

:

Author(s)

last

name,

f

irst

name

and

last

author’s

first

name

last

name.

Journal title

V

olume. Issue (Year): Page numbers. Database. Web.

Day Month Year accessed.

Example:

Faris,

Marc.

―That

Chicago

Sound:

Playing

with

(Local)

Identity

in

Underground

Rock.‖

Popular

Music

&

Society

27.4

(2004):

429

-454.

EBSCOhost.

Web. 5 April 2011.

In-text citation:

(Author(s) Last name page No.)

(Page No.)

Example

Exploring this topic (Faris 440)….

Faris (440) highlights the role….

Conferences

Reference:

Author(s)

last

name,

f

irst

name

and

last

author’s

first

name

last

name.

―Title of paper.‖ Title of conference proceedings. Place of publication: Publisher, Y

ear.

Pages. Format.

Example:

O’Connor,

John.

a

Greener

Ireland

.

‖

Discovering

Our

Natural

Sustainable

Resources:

Future

Proofing,

University

College

Dublin,

15

–

16

March

2009

. Dublin: Irish Environmental Institute, 2009. 65

–

69. Print.

In-text citation: (Author(s) last name)

Example: According to another source (O’Connor 68)….

Theses

Reference

:

Author

Last

name,

First

name.

―Title.‖

Degree

statement.

6