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主谓一致详解
【基础知识】
主谓一致指“人称”和
“数”方面的一致关系。对大多数人来说,
往往会在掌握主语和随后的谓语动词之间的一
致问题上遇到困难。一
般情况下,主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则支配:
语法一致原则
(grammatical concord)
意义一致原则
(notional concord)
就近原则
(principle
of proximity)
(一)语法一致原则
用作主语的名词词组中心词和谓语动词在单、
复数形式上的一致,
就
是语法一致。也就是说,如果名词中心词是单数,动词用单数形式;
p>
如果名词中心词是复数,动词用复数形式。例如:
This table is a genuine antique.
Both parties have their own
advantages.
Her job has something to
do with computers.
She wants to go
home.
They are divorcing each other.
Mary was watching herself in the
mirror.
The bird built a nest.
Susan comes home every week-end.
(二)意义一致原则
有时,
主语和谓语动词的一致关系取
决于主语的单、
复数意义,
而不
是语法
上的单、复数形式,这样的一致关系就是意义一致。例如:
Democratic
government
gradually
take
the
place
of
an
all-powerful monarchy.
A barracks was attacked by the
guerilla.
Mumps is a kind of
infectious disease.
The United States
is a developed country.
It is the
remains of a ruined palace.
The
archives was lost.
This pair of
trousers costs fifty dollars.
(三)就近原则
有时,谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语。
例如:
Either my grandsons or their father is coming.
No one except his daughters agree with
him.
Mary and her sisters are baking a
cake.
Neither Richard nor I am going.
二、以集合名词做主语的主谓一致问题
有
些
集
p>
合
名
词
,
ommittee,council,crew,crowd,family,gang,gov
ernment,group,mob
,staff,team, union
等,在意义上是复数,但在语法形式上是单数,
这类名词作主语的主谓一
致问题往往遵循“语法一致”或“意义一
致”原则。例如:
The committee has/have decided to
dismiss him.
A council of elders
governs the tribe.
The present
government is trying to control inflation.
The school staff are expected to
supervise school meals.
(一)通常作复数的集体名词
包括
police,people, cattle,
militia, vermin
等,这些集体名词
通常用作复
数。
例如:
The British
police have only very limited powers.
The militia were called out to guard the
borderland.
It seems the cattle on the
sides of the dikes were the only
living
creatures in these desolate surroundings.
(二)通常作不可数名词的集体名词
通常作不可数名词的集体名词,包括
poultry,foliage
,
machinery,
equipment,furniture,
mercha
ndise
等
,
这类名词后的动词用单
数形式。
例如:
Poultry is
expensive at this time of year.
That
green foliage was restful.
The
merchandise has arrived undamaged.
All
the machinery in the factory is made in China.
The suite of furniture he bought was
of contemporary style.
The equipment
of the photographic studio was expensive.
(三)可作单数也可作复数的集体名词
可作单数也可作复数的集体名词
,<
/p>
包括
audience, committee, crew,
family,
government,jury
等。
例如:
The
audience
was/were
enthusiastic
on
the
opening
night
of
the
play.
The committee has/have decided to
dismiss him.
The jury is/are about to
announce the winners.
The government
has/have discussed the matter for a long time.
三、
a committee,
etc of +
复数名词的主谓一致问题
如果主语是由
a
committee of /a panel of /a (the) board of
+
复数名词构成,随后的动词通常用单数。
例如:
A committee of twelve men is to discuss the
matter.
A panel of experts has
considered the situation.
The board of
managers is responsible for the firm.
四、以
-s
结尾的名词作主语的主谓一
致问题
英语可数名词的规则复数形
式是在词尾加
-s
或
-es
,
但是有一些以
-s
结尾
的名词并不是可数名词。它们用法多样,造成了实际使用上的困
难,以下详述了以
-s
结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。
(一)以
-s
结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题
< br>(二)以
-s
结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题
p>
(三)以
-s
结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题
(四)以
-ics
< br>结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题
(五)其它以
-s
结尾的名词的主谓一致问题
(一)以
-s<
/p>
结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题
以
-s
结
尾<
/p>
的
疾
病
名
称
作
主
语
的
主
谓
一
致
问
题
,
如
:
arthritis,bronchitis,dia
betes,mumps,phlebitis,rickets,
这类以
-s
结尾的疾病名称作主语时,谓语动词通常用作单数。
例如:
Arthritis causes great pain in the
joints of the patient.
The diabetes is
a kind of chronic disease.
Measles
usually occurs in children.
Phlebitis
is a swollen condition of the blood vessels.
(二)以
-s
结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题
< br>以
-s
结尾的游戏名称作主语时,谓语动词通常用作单数
。
例如:
Darts is basically a easy game.
Marbles is not confined to children.
Skittles is not fashionable nowadays.
Draughts is not very difficult to
learn.
但当
Darts
p>
,
Marbles
等的意义为游戏器具而非
游戏名称时,谓语动
词通常用作复数。
例如:
Three darts are thrown at each turn.
All nine skittles were brought down by the good
throw.
(三)以
-s
结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题
<
/p>
某些以
-s
结尾的地理名称,
如果是国名,
如
the
United
States
,
the
Netherlands
等,因其是单一政治实体,所以谓语动词用作单数。
例如:
The United States was hit by the Great
Depression in 1930s'.
In
early
January
1996
the
Netherlands
was
hit
by
its
worst
storm
since
1976.
但如果是群岛、山脉、
海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语,谓语动词用作
复数。
例如:
The West Indies are commonly divided into two
parts.
The Himalayas have a
magnificent variety of plant.
The
Straits
of
Gibraltar
have
not
lost
their
strategic
importance.
The Niagara Falls are perhaps the most
splendid waterfall in
the world.
(四)以
-ics
< br>结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题
某
些
以
-ics
结
尾
的
学
科
名
称
作
主
语
时
,
如
physics,mathematics,mechanics,
optics,
acoustics,
politics
statistics,
economics, linguistics,
athletics
等
,
谓语动词通
常用作单数。
例如:
Physics is a fundamental subject in science.
The third world economics is
promising.
Acoustics studies the
science of sound.
Mathematics is an
interesting subject.
Athletics is a
required course for students of all grades.
但如果这类名词表示学科以外的其它含义,可作复数用。
例如:
Athletics have been greatly encouraged at this
college.
The acoustics of the new
concert hall are perfect.
The
economics of the project are still at issue.
(五)其它以
-s
< br>结尾的名词的主谓一致问题
A.
以
-s
结尾的由两部分组成的物体名称作主语
英语中有一些通常以
-
s
结尾的由两部分组成的物体名词,如
glasses,
pincers,pliers,scissors, shorts,suspenders,trouser
s
等,这类名词做主语,如果不带“一把”、“一副”等单位词,谓语
< br>动词通常用复数。
例如:
Mary's
glasses are new.
John's trousers are
black.
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