-

自考英语(一)课堂笔记(
unit18
)
Text A
Why Are Maps Drawn
with North at the Top
?
本课主要单词
e n.
特征,特色;面貌,相貌
vi.
是
…
的特色,以
…
为特色
vi.
重
要作用;作为主要角色
1
)
The most
important feature of our work is parental involvem
ent.
(我们工作的最重要特
色是父母参与。)
2
)
The island's
chief feature is its
beauty.
(这个岛的主要特色是风景秀丽。)
3
)
He is very
familiar with the geographical features of this
district.
(他对这一地区的地理
特征很熟悉。)
4
)
The boy was
slightly taller than his
father
,
with fine
features.
(
那个男孩比他父亲稍高,
长得眉清目秀。)
5
)
Round-the-clock
service features this
store.
(日夜服务是这家商店的特色。)
6
)
The new type of
car features high speed
,
small size and low cost.
(这种新
型汽车以高
速、小型和低费用为特色。)
7
)
Sea food
features largely in the diet of these people.
(海产在这些人的食物中占重要地
位。)
8
)
He is featuring
in a new
movie.
(他正在一部新片中担任主角。)
adj.
粗糙的;粗暴的;大致的
roughly adv.
粗糙地;大体上,大约
1
)
They journeyed
for days over rough roads.
(他们在崎岖的道路上旅行了数日。)
2
)
His rough
manners annoyed
everybody.
(他粗鲁无礼的态度恼了每一个人。)
3
)
They lived a
rough life in the mountain
village.
(他们在山村里过着简陋的生活。)
4
)
They had a
rough crossing of the English Channel.
(
他们在狂风大浪中越过英吉利海
峡。)
5
)
We should help
them out of the rough
situation.
(我们应该帮助他们走出困境。)
6
)
The young man
closed the door
roughly.
(那个年轻人粗暴地把门关上了。)
7
)
Roughly
speaking
,
this
year's profit increased by 15 percent.
(
粗略地说,今年的利润
增加了
15%.
)
n.
草图;梗概;素描
v.
绘(
…
的)略图;简述
1
)
He drew a rough
sketch showing the position of the entrance.
(
他粗略地画了张草图,
说
明入口处的位置。)
2
)
They only gave
us a sketch of the whole event.
(他们只向我们简
略地介绍了整个事件。
)
3
)
The
first part is a brief sketch of the school's early
history.
(第一部分是该校早期历史的
概述。)
4
)
He sketched a
boy's head on the
sketchpad.
(他在速写簿上画出了男孩头像素描。)
5
)
Mr. Smith
sketched excuses to his guest and left the room hu
rriedly.
(史密斯先生向客人
草草致歉然后匆忙离开房
间。)
ze v.
使局部化;使具地方性;集中
1
)
It
is unlikely to localize this
disease.
(把这种疾病控制在局部地区是不可能的。)
2
)
They failed to
localize the effect of the
disturbance.
(他们没能使动乱的影响局部化。)
3
)
Anger localized
on the new
policy.
(民愤集中在这项新政策上。)
请注意
l
ocalize
是由形容词
local
加动词后缀
-ize
构成的。英语中,这样词很多。比如:
modernize
(现代化),
civi
lize
(使文明化),
socialize
< br>(社会化),
publicize
(公开化)等
等。
g n.
立足处;稳固的地位,基础
1
)
It is difficult
to get a footing on the steep roof.
(要在那
很陡的屋顶上找到立脚处很困
难。)
2
)
He
lost his footing and fell into the
ditch.
(他一失足摔进了沟里。)
3
)
The water was
so deep that she couldn't gain her
footing.
(河水太深,她立不住足。)
4
)
They are on a
friendly footing with their
neighbors.
(他们同邻居们和睦相处。)
5
)
In today's
China
,
women and
men are on equal footing.
(在今天的中国,
男女平等。
)
ont n.
最前线,最主要的位置
1
)
The
company was brought to the forefront of public att
ention.
(那家公司成为公众注意
的重点。)
2
)
He brought the
country to the forefront of world politics.
(他把那个国家推向了世界政
治的最前沿。)
请注意
f
ore-
是一个前缀,
意思是在前面;
预先。
如:
forearm
(前臂)<
/p>
,
forehead
(前额)
,
foresee
(预知),
foretell
(预言),
forecast
(预报)等等。
t v.
企图、试图
n.
企图、试图
1
)
I
didn't attempt the last question in the
exam.
(我没有试图去做试卷的最后一题。)
2
)
He attempted to
keep his parents in the dark about what had happen
ed.
(他试图使父母对
所发生的事一无所知。)
3
)
George had
succeeded on his fourth attempt.
(乔治要游过湖
有困难,但他在第四次尝
试时终获成功。)
4
)
He made no
attempt to solve the
problem.
(他没有试图解决问题。)
n v.
把
……
弄平;变平
1
)
He flattened
the paper cups.
(他把纸杯压平了。)
2
)
The hurricane
flattened the
forest.
(飓风夷平了森林。)
3
)
Her questions
completely flattened
me.
(他的问题把我完全击垮了。)
请注意
f
latten
是由形容词
flat
加动
词后缀
-en
构成的。
-en
是英语中十分常用的动词后缀,
可以用在形容词后面也可以用
在名词后面。
如:
br
oaden
(加宽)
,
weaken<
/p>
(削弱)
,
sharpen
(使锋利),
frighten
(使
……
害怕),
lengthen
(加
长),
heighten
(加高)等等。
nce n.
提及;参考;证明书(或人),推荐信(或人)
1
)
There is on
further reference to him in her
diary.
(她在日记中没有进一步提到他。)
2
)
Keep this
dictionary on your desk for easy reference.
(把这本词典放在你书桌上,以备
随时查阅。)
3
)
My professor
gave me a good reference.
(
我的
教授给我写了一封德才兼优的推荐信。
)
请注意
r
eference
是由动词
refer
加名词后缀
-ence
构成的。
-en
ce
也是常见的名词后缀,
如:
dif
ference
(区别),
conference
(会议),
preference
(偏爱),
transference
(转移)等
等。<
/p>
ate
v.
计算;估计;认为;想要
calculation n.
计算;估计
1
)
I
calculated that we would arrive at
6.
(我估计我们六点钟到。)
2
)
The
number of votes will be calculated in the late
afternoon.
(选票将在傍晚时计数。)
3
)
You have to
calculate the advantages and disadvantages before
making a decision.
(在作
出决定前你得估
量事情的利弊。)
4
)
She calculates
to go next month.
(她想下个月去。)
5
)
He made an
error in his
calculation.
(他在计算中出了差错。)
6
)
By his
calculation
,
we
will be there in an
hour.
(据他估计,我们一小时后到那儿。)
e adj.
未认识到的,不知道的
我们已经学过
aware
这个词的用法,
unaware
是
aware
的反义词,用法与
aware
差不多。
1
)
She seemed
unaware of what was happening around her.
(她似乎没有意识到周围正在
发生的一切。)
2
)
I was unaware
that I had hurt
him.
(我没有意识到我伤害了他。)
3
)
He was unaware
of the serious
consequence.
(他没有认识到后果的严重性。)
ate=orient v. <
/p>
使适应;给
……
定向
orientation
n.
定向;方位;熟悉;情况介绍
1
)
You
should produce things orientated to people's needs
.
(你应该生产适应人们需要的东
西。)
2
)
He oriented
himself by finding a familiar landscape.
(他找了一处熟悉的景色来确定自
己所处的方位。)
3
)
The discussion
helped me orient myself to the new language.
(讨论帮助我适应新的语
言。)
4
)
It took him a
long time to orient
himself.
(他花了很长时间熟悉环境。)
5
)
The winding
trail caused them to lose their orientation.
(弯弯曲曲的小径使他们迷失方
向。)
6
)
College
freshmen receive two days of orientation.
(大学新生用两天时间听取学校情况
介绍。)
oriented adj. <
/p>
以
……
为目的的;重视
< br>……
的
export-oriented
industries
(外向型工业)
an education-
oriented family
(一个重视教育的家庭)
test-oriented
teaching and
learning
(以应试为目的的教学)
ble adj.
不可移动的;坚定不移的
这个词的词根是
move
,
-able
是形容词后缀;
im-
是反义词前缀,通常在
m
,
p
开首的单
词前。如:
impassable
(无法通过的),
import
able
(可进口的),
immedicable
(无法医治的)
等等。
1
)
Father was
immovable in his
opinions.
(父亲的意志坚定不移。)
2
)
He didn't
expect that he would face an immovable audience.
(他没料到他将面对一群不
动情的观众。)
3
)
What are you
going to do with this immovable pillar
?
(这根移动不了的柱子你打算怎
么处理?)
ement n.
安排;布置;整齐
arrange v.
安排;布置
1
)
Have you made
all the arrangements for the conference
?(你为会议做好所有安排了
吗?)
2
)
He
wants to make sure that everything is in neat arra
ngement.
(他想确保一切都整整齐
齐。)
3
)
She didn't want
to after the arrangement of furniture in the room.
(她不想改变房间里家
俱的位置。)
4
)
I will make
arrangements for a car to meet you at the airport.
(我将安排一辆汽车去机场
接你。)
5
)
The librarian
is arranging the books on the shelf.
(
图书管理员正在整理架子上的图书。
)
6
)
Don't
worry
,
I will
arrange the dinner for
you.
(别急,我为你们安排晚餐。)
7
)
They have
arranged for us to visit the Confucius Temple tomo
rrow.
(他们已安排我们明
天游夫子庙。)
8
)
I have arranged
for the goods to be delivered to your door.
(
我已为你安排好送货上门。
)
ere v.
干涉;妨碍,干扰
1
)
We
have no rights to interfere in the internal
affairs of other countries.
(我们无权干涉他
国内政。)
2
)
Don't interfere
in other people’s
business.
(不要干预他人的事情。)
3
)
Misty weather
interfered with the
contact.
(雾天妨碍了联络。)
4
)
He has done
nothing that directly interfered with the actions
of the others.
(
他没做任何直
接妨碍他人行动的事。)
ance n.
一致;符合
1
)
Education is
carried out in accordance with the government's po
licy.
(
教育在依据政府的
政策实
施。)
2
)
In accordance
with your request I am sending her the letter expr
ess.
(根据你的要求,我
准备给她发特快信。)
3
)
I am in
accordance with him in this
matter.
(在这件事上,我同他是一致的。)
ce n.
信赖;依靠
rely v.
依赖;相信
1
)
She
placed complete reliance on her husband's
judgment.
(她完全相信她丈夫的判断。)
2
)
Self-reliance
is necessary if you want to achieve anything.
(如果你想有所成就,自力更
生是很必要的。)
3
)
He is a man to
be relied on.
(他是一个可以信赖的人。)
4
)
You can always
rely on him
,
he
won't fail you.
(你可以永远信任他,他不会让你失
< br>望的。)
5
)
We can rely on
our children to do such work.
(这样的工作我们可以
放心地让孩子们去
做。)
ul adj.
合法的;正义的;正当的
请注意区别
right
和
强调同事实没有偏差,
r
ightful
指事物符合道德或法律
的约束。
1
)
He regained his
rightful place on the English throne.
(他
恢复了应属于他的英国王位。
)
2
)
The
rightful heir should obtain his rightful inheritan
ce.
(合法的继承人应获得其合法的
继承权。)
3
)
It is the right
approach to the command of
grammar.
(这是掌握语法的正确途径。)
4
)
I believe what
he said is
right.
(我相信他说的是对的。)
本课简介
今天,
地
图上上为北标示在我们的眼里极其自然。
很难想像出会有一幅不以上为北的地
图。但是当我们试图去了解地图绘制的历史时,我们会有超乎想像的发现。
世界上古老的地图绘于公元前
3800
年。几个世纪以后,是古希腊人开始用相对科学的
方式来绘制地图,其最杰出的先驱是托勒密。古巴
比伦人以扁平的圆盘状来展现地球,而
托勒密则以球状来展现地球。
鉴于当时人们的知识的状态,
托勒密在绘制地图时也出了种种
< br>差错,但是他是标示地图的上方为
北方的第一人。
到了中世纪,
欧洲教会严重阻碍了科
学的发展。
因为耶路撒冷是基督教的圣地,
于是地
图的上方便改换为东方。
直到十四世纪,
由于贸易的
发展,
以及人们对指南针的日益加剧的
依赖,北方终又成为地图
的上方。
本课主要句型
it is hard to visualize a
map that does not feature north at the
top
,
but this was
not
always so.