-
第四讲
[
考查内容
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词义猜测题
——
上下文中求答案
[
设问方式
]
根据上下文猜测词义是阅读能力的
一部
分，也是高考阅读理解测试中重要的一项。
要做好这类题目
，考生要记住：在完整的语
篇中，单词和词组的意义总是受特定的语境、
上下文限制的，因此考生可以根据上下文，
并利用所掌握的语法、词汇和构词法
等知识
确定它们的意义。词义猜测可以是对一个单
词的意义的推
断，也可以是对一个短语或句
子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，
也可以考查熟词的新义，还可以是对替代词
所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中
，所考
查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，
By
saying that “...” in the first (second ...)
paragraph, the author means that
________.
In Paragraph ..., “...” can
be replaced by
“______”
．
The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ...
is
related to ________.
Which of the following has the closest
meaning to ... (Paragraph
...)
？
As is used
in Line ..., the word “...” refers to
________.
The underlined
sentence in the ... paragraph
而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，
probably
means that ________.
根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的
词
或短语的含义。
词义猜测题
7
大猜词技巧
< br>
要做好词义猜测题，
考生除了必须熟练掌握《考试大纲
》
规定的词汇外，在平时的训练
中还要注意积累生词和短语，<
/p>
掌握构词法的基本知识，
对于各种前、
后
缀的变化形式了然于
心，还要学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。
根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时
短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点
符号，如
逗号后的解释
(
名词同位语
)
、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词
或短语意义的主要
依据。例如：
①
Annealing
is a way of making metal softer by heating it and
then letting it cool very
slowly.
句子给予了
annealing
一个明确的定义，
即“退火”。
②
It will
be very hard but also very brittle
—
that is, it will break
easily.
从
that is(
也就是说
)
后的解释中我们可以了解到，
brittle
是“脆的”意思。
③
The herdsman,_who looks
after sheep, earns about 650
yuan
a year.
定语从句中
looks after sheep
就表明了
herdsman
的词义为“牧人”。
④
The weather in
this area is treacherous;_its sudden changes often
endanger the lives
of sailors.
分号后的句子在解释什么样的天气是
treacherous,
sudden change
与
treacherous
在语义
上相对应，因此含义是“突变的”。
⑤
Some good readers find it
helpful to use their sense to visualize
—
or picture
—
what
they read.
visualize
的意思由破折号后的
picture(
想象
)
给出了说明
，因此含义为“想象”。
⑥
When
President
Torrijos
of
Panama
met
Carter,
he
tried
to
give
him
a
friendly
abrazo
(hug)
．
abrazo
对大多数人来说都很陌生，但由括号内的
hug(
拥抱
)
，我们不难推测
abrazo
也
是“拥抱”的意思。
[
例
]
(2018·
全国卷Ⅰ阅读
C
节选
)
Soon
afterwards,
many
of
those
people
started
settling
down
to
become
farmers,
and
their
languages
too
became
more
settled
and
fewer
in
number.
In
recent
centuries,
trade,
industrialisation,
the
development
of
the
nation-
state
and
the
spread
of
universal
compulsory
education,
especially
globalisation
and
better
communications
in
the
past
few
decades,
all
have
caused
many
languages
to
disappear,
and
dominant
languages
such
as
English,
Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
29
．
Which of the
following best explains “dominant” underlined in
paragraph 2?
A
．
Complex.
C
．
Powerful.
[
分析
]
<
/p>
根据画线词所在句子可知，人类社会发展的很多因素导致许多语言消失，而逐
渐被英语、
西班牙语、
汉语等语言取代，
画线词前后的解释暗示了这些语言逐渐占主导地位，
故选
< br>C
项
powerful (
强大
的，有影响力的
)
。
根据同位关系进行猜测
B
．
Advanced.
D
．
Modern.
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位
关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：
①
They traveled a long way,
at last got to a castle,_a large building in old
times.
同位语部分
“a
large
building
in
old
times”
给出了
castle
的确切词义，即古时候的“城
堡”
。
②
We are on the
night_shift
—
from midnight
to 8 a
．
m.
—
this week.
两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明
night
shift
是“夜班”的意思。
③
The “
Chunnel
”
，
a
tunnel (
隧道
) connecting
England and France, is now complete.
此句中“
a tunnel
(
隧道
) connecting England and
France
”是
Chunnel
的同
位语。
因此，
Chunnel
指的就是
英法之间的海底隧道。
[
例
]
(2016·
全国卷
Ⅰ
阅读
C
节选
)
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell
courier. Since March 2012,
I
'
ve done 89 trips
—
of those, 51
have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem
cells (
干细胞
) in my little box
because I
'
ve got
two ice packs and that
'
s how
long they last. In all, from the time the stem
cells are harvested from a donor
(
捐献者
) to the time they can
be implanted in the patient,
we
'
ve got 72
hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
29
．
Which of the
following can replace the und
erlined
word “courier” in Paragraph 1?
A
．
provider
C
．
collector
B
．
delivery man
D
．
medical doctor
[
分析
]
“
a volunteer stem cell couri
er
”
是
“
P
eter Hodes
”
的同位语；
根
据文中
“
I have 42
hours to carry stem cells
(
干细胞
) in my little
box
”
可知，
Peter Hode
s
的任务就是将捐献者
捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病人，即作者
是干细胞递送员。故选择
B
项。
根据构词法
(
前缀、后缀、派生等
)
进行猜测
<
/p>
在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词
可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：
< br>
①“
Our parties are aimed
for children 2 to 10
，”
Anaclerio said, “and
they
'
re very
interactive
and creative in
that they built a sense of drama based on a
subject.”
文中
inter
active
是由前缀
inter-
(
相互的
)
和
a
ctive(
活动的，
活跃的
)
构成的，
同时根据上
下文的意思可以判断，该
词的含义应是“互动的”。
②
Perhaps, we can see some
possibilities for next fifty years. But the next
hundred?
possibility
是
possible
的同根名词，据此可以判断
poss
ibility
的意思是“可能性”。
[
例
]
(2016·
全国卷
Ⅰ
阅读
D
节选
)
A silence in a conversation may also
show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.
[
分析
]
<
/p>
根据构词法知识我们可知，
un-
为否定
前缀，
-
ness
为名词后缀，
easy(
舒适
)
为
词
根。因此，我们可猜测
uneasiness
为
“
不安；担忧
”
之意。
根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文
章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：
①
The lack of movement caused
the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was
permanent. So the player could never
play the sport again.
从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”可以
推测
permanent
的意思为“永远的，
< br>永久的”。
②
Mary
didn
'
t notice me when I came
into the classroom, because she was completely
engrossed in her reading.
从前
面的结果“当我走进教室时，玛丽没有注意到我”可以推测
engrossed
的意思为
“全神贯注的”。
③
Our vision was obscured by
the trees, so we couldn
'
t
see the lake from our window.
由后面的结果
couldn
'
t see(
看不见
)
可知，我们的视线被树遮挡住
(obscured)
了。
[
例
]
(2018·
全国卷
Ⅱ
阅读
B
节选
)
…
If you have
a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas
and some berries or sliced
fruit.
Ou
t
comes
a
“softserve”
creamy
dessert,
to
be
eaten
right
away.
This
makes
a
fun
activity for a
children
'
s party; they love
feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top
of
the machine and watching the ice
cream come out below.
26
．
What is “a
juicer” in t
he last
paragraph?
A
．
A dessert.
C
．
A
container.
B
．
A drink.
D
．
A machine.
[
分析
]
<
/p>
该段第一句含有一个
if
引导的条件状语
从句，
若满足该条件，
则产生的结果是
第一句的后半句和第二句，
“
you
can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries
or
sliced fruit. Out comes a
‘
soft-
serve
’
creamy dessert, to be eaten right
away.
”
即
“
将冰
冻香蕉和其他莓类、水果片放进去，出来的是奶油状
甜品
”
。由此因果关系可推知
juic
er
指的是榨汁机。故选择
D
项。
根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
文章中的代词
it,
that,
he,
him
或
them
可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中
it
和
that
还
可以指代一
件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的
内容进行总
结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。例如：
①
Like Schmid, the editors of
several self-
published art magazines
also champion (
捍卫
)
found
photographs.
One
of
them,_called
simply
Found,
was
born
one
snowy
night
in
Chicago, when Davy
Rothbard returned to his car to find under his
wiper (
雨刷
) an angry
note intended for someone else
：“
Why
'
s your
car HERE at HER place
？”
them
指的是前面出现的
self-
published art
magazines
。
②
However, the question that
“moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A
growing
number of scientists are
seriously thinking about it.
it
指的是月球人
(moon
people)
所问的问题
(the
question)
。
[
例
]
(2017·
全国卷
Ⅰ
阅读
C
节选
)
…
[2]Despite the
celebrations, though, in the
U
．
jazz audience continues
to shrink
and grow older, and the music
has failed to connect with younger generations.
[3]It
'
s Jason
Moran
'
s job to help change
the Kennedy Center
'
s
artistic adviser
for jazz, Moran hopes
to widen the audience for jazz, make the music
more accessible, and
preserve its
history and culture.
…
29
．
What does the
unde
rlined word “that” in paragraph 3
refer to?
A
．
Jazz becoming
more accessible.
B
．
The production
of jazz growing faster.
C
．
Jazz being less
popular with the young.
D
．
The jazz
audience becoming larger.
[
分析
]
<
/p>
根据语境可知，画线词
that
指代第二
段
“
Despite
the
celebrations,
though,
in
the
U
．
S. the jazz audience
continues to shrink and grow older, and the music
has failed to
connect with younger gene
rations.
”
的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于
老龄化，不
受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选
C
。
根据同义或近义关系进行猜测
在同一
句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意
思相同或相
近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外
一个词的意
思。
[
例
]
(2018·
全国卷
Ⅲ
阅读
D
节选
)
Adults understand what it feels like to
be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume
that more_is_more when it comes to kids
and their belongings? The good news is that I can
help my own kids learn earlier than I
did how to live more with less.
…
32
．
What do the
words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably
mean?
A
．
The more, the
better.
B
．
Enough
is enough.
C
．
More
money, more worries.
D
．
Earn more and
spend more.
[
分析
]
根据该段第一句
“
Adults
understand
what
it
feels
like
to
be
flooded
with
objects.
”
可知，作者认为成年人都理解物质过剩的那种感觉，后面又用反问句提出了问题：
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