国际企业管理文化战略与行为期末重点复习

Chapter 1

Management:

process of completing activities efficiently and effectively with and through other

people.

Globalization:

the process of social, political, economic, cultural, and technological integration

among countries around the world.

NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement.

FTAA: Free Trade Agreement of the Americas.

FDI: foreign direct investment

Global economic systems:

1.

Market economy

2.

Command economy

3.

Mixed economy

CHAPTER 2

Ideologies:

1.

Individualism:

the political philosophy that people should be free to pursue economic

and political endeavors without constraint.

2.

Collectivism:

the political philosophy that views the needs or goals of society as a whole

as more important than individual desires.

3.

Socialism:

a moderate form of collectivism in which there is government ownership of

institutions, and profit is not the ultimate goal.

Legal and regulatory environment

There are three foundations on which laws are based around the world. Briefly summarized,

these are:

1.

Islamic law:

law

that is derived from interpretation of the Qur’an and the teachings of

the Prophet Muhammad and is found in most Islamic countries.

2.

Common law:

law that derives from English law and is the foundations of legislation in

the United States, Canada, and England, among other nations.

3.

Civil or code law:

law that is derived from Roman law and is found in the non-Islamic

and nonsocialist countries. The law

China

used is civil or code law.

Basic principles of international law:

1.

Sovereignty and sovereign immunity:

principle of sovereignty:

an international

principle of law which holds that governments have the right to rule themselves as they

see fit.

2.

International jurisdiction: which includes

nationality principle, territoriality principle,

protective principle.

Nationality principle:

a jurisdictional principle of international law which holds that

every country has jurisdiction over its citizens no matter where they are located.

Territoriality principle:

a principle which holds that every nation has the right of

jurisdiction within its legal territory.

Protective principle:

a jurisdictional principle of law which holds that every country

has jurisdiction over behavior that adversely affects its national security, even if the

conduct occurred outside that country.

3.

Doctrine of comity:

a jurisdictional principle of law which holds that there must be

mutual respect for the laws, institutions, and governments of other countries in the

matter of jurisdiction over their own citizens.

4.

Act of state doctrine:

a principle which holds that all acts of other governments are

considered to be valid by U.S. counts, even if such acts are illegal or inappropriate

under U.S. law.

5.

Treatment and rights of aliens:

countries have the legal right to refuse admission of

foreign citizens and to impose special restrictions on their conduct, their right of travel,

where they can stay, and what business they may conduct.

6.

Forum for hearing and settling disputes:

this is a principle of U.S. as it applies t

international law. U.S. courts can dismiss cases brought before them by foreigners.

Examples of legal and regulatory issues:

1.

Financial services regulation.

2.

Foreign corrupt practices act (FCPA):

an act that makes it illegal to influence foreign

officials through personal payment or political contributions.

3.

Bureaucratization

Chapter 4

Culture:

acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social

behavior. This knowledge forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behavior.

Characteristics of culture:

1.

Learned.

Culture is not inherited or biologically based; it is acquired by learning

and experience.

2.

Shared:

people as members of q group, organization, or society share culture; it is

not specific to single individuals.

3.

Transgenerational:

culture is cumulative, passed down from one generation to the

next.

4.

Symbolic:

culture is based on the human capacity to symbolize or use one thing to

represent another.

5.

Patterned:

culture has structure and is integrated; a change in one part will bring

changes in another.

6.

Adaptive:

Culture is based on the human capacity to change or adapt, as opposed

to the more genetically driven adaptive process of animals.

Cultural diversity

In overall terms, the cultural impact on international management is reflected by basic

beliefs and behaviors. Here are some specific examples where the culture of a society

can directly affect management approaches:

1.

Centralized vs. decentralized

2.

Safety vs. risk

3.

Individual vs. group

4.

Informal vs. formal

5.

High vs. low organizational loyalty

6.

Cooperation vs. competition

7.

Stability vs. innovation

The model of culture:

There are three layers of culture:

1.

The

implicit, basic, assumptions that guide people’s behavior;

2.

The norms and values that guide the society;

3.

The explicit artifacts and products of the society.

Values in culture

Values: basic convictions that people have regarding what is right and wrong, good and bad,

important and unimportant.

Hofstede’s cultural dimensions:

1.

Power distance

:

the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations

accept that power is distributed unequally.

Lower-power-distance:

generally be decentralized and have flatter organization structure;

High-power-distance:

have a large proportion of supervisory personnel, centralized and have a

thinner structure.

2.

Uncertainty avoidance:

the extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and

have created beliefs and institution that try to avoid these.

High-uncertainty- avoidance:

have a great deal of structuring of organizational activities, more

written rules, less risk taking by managers, lower labor turnover, and less ambitious employees.

Low-uncertainty- avoidance:

less structuring of activities, fewer written rules, more risk taking

by managers, higher labor turnover, and ambitious employees.

3.

Individualism; the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only.

Hofstede found that wealthy countries have higher individualism scores and poorer countries

and regions higher collectivism.

4.

Masculinity:

a cultural characteristic in which the dominant values in society are success,

money, and things.

Femininity:

a cultural characteristic in which the dominant values in society are caring for

others and the quality of life.

5.

Time orientation: present vs. future

6.

Indulgence restraint

Trompenaar’s

cultural dimensions

1.

universalism vs. particularism

universalism:

the belief that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere in the world

without modification.

Particularism:

the belief that circumstance dictate how ideas and practices should be

applied and that something cannot be done the same everywhere.

2.

Individualism vs. communitarianism

Communitarianism:

refers to people regarding themselves as part of a group.

3.

Neutral vs. emotional:

Neutral culture:

culture which emotions are held in check.

Emotional culture:

culture in which emotions are expressed openly and naturally.

4.

Specific vs. diffuse:

Specific culture:

culture which individuals have a large public space they readily share with

others and a small private space they guard closely and share with only close friends and

associates.

Diffuse culture:

culture which public space and private space are similar in size and

individuals guard their public space carefully, because entry into public space affords entry

into private space as well.

5.

Achievement vs. ascription:

Achievement culture;

culture which people are accorded status based on how well they

perform their functions.

Ascription culture:

culture which status is attributed based on who or what a person is.

6.

Time: present vs. future.

7.

The environment: inner-directed environment vs. outer- directed environment.

8.

Cultural patterns or clusters.

Globe’s cultural dimensions:

1.

Uncertainty avoidance

2.

Power distance

3.

Societal collectivism

4.

In-group collectivism

5.

Gender egalitarianism

6.

Assertiveness

7.

Future orientation

8.

Performance orientation

9.

Human orientation

Chapter 6

Organizational culture:

shared values and beliefs that enable members to understand their soles in

and the norms of the organization.

Characteristic:

1.

Observed behavioral regularities

2.

Norms

3.

Dominant values

4.

Philosophy

5.

Rules

6.

Organizational climate

Dimensions of corporate culture:

1.

Motivation: activities vs. outputs

2.

Relationship: job vs. person

3.

Identity: corporate vs. professional

4.

Communication: open vs. closed

5.

Control: tight vs. loose

6.

Conduct:

conventional vs. pragmatic

Four steps that are used in the process of mergers or acquisition:

1.

The two groups have to

establish the purpose,

goal, and focus on their merger;

2.

Develop mechanism

to identify the most important organizational structure and management

roles;