青花瓷

Blue and white porcelain

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Blue and white

(disambiguation)

.

Blue and white porcelain-ware with a depiction of a

Chinese dragon

from

the late

Ming Dynasty

Blue

and

white

wares

(

Chinese

:

青花

;

pinyin

:

qīng

huā

;

literally

flowers

designate

white

pottery

and

porcelain

decorated

under

the

glaze

with a blue

pigment

, generally

cobalt oxide

. The decoration is commonly

applied by hand, by

stencilling

or by

transfer-printing

, though other

methods of application have also been used.

Contents

[

hide

]

?

1 Origin and development

o

1.1 Tang and Song blue-and- white

o

1.2 14th century development

o

1.3 Evolution of blue and white ware

?

1.3.1 14th century

?

1.3.2 15th century

?

1.3.3 16th century

?

1.3.4 17th century

?

1.3.5 18th century

?

?

?

?

?

2 Influences

o

2.1 Influences on Islamic pottery

o

2.2 Influences on European porcelains

?

2.2.1 Early influences

?

2.2.2 Direct Chinese imitations

?

2.2.3 Patterns

3 See also

4 Notes

5 References

6 External links

[

edit

] Origin and development

Islamic

tin- glazed

earthenware

,

with

blue

and

white

decoration,

Iraq

,

9th

[1]

century. The Arabic

calligraphy

is

ghibta

, i.e.

The technique of

cobalt blue

decorations seems to have come from the

Middle-East in the 9th century through decorative experimentation on

white ware.

[2]

Cobalt blue pigments were excavated from local mines in

central

Iran

from

the

9th

century,

and

then

were

exported

as

a

raw

material

[3]

to China.

The

blue-and-white

technique

was

fully

developed

in

China

with

porcelain

technology in the 14th century.

[4][2]

On some occasions, Chinese blue and

white wares also incorporated Islamic designs, as in the case of some

Mamluk brass works which were converted into blue and white Chinese

porcelain designs.

[3]

[

edit

] Tang and Song blue-and-white

Early

Chinese

blue

and

white

porcelain,

manufactured

circa

1335,

that

is

about the Yuan dynasty period

Jingdezhen

.

The

first

Chinese

blue

and

white

wares

were

as

early

as

the

ninth

century

in

Henan

province

,

China

;

although

only

shards

have

been

discovered.

Tang

period

blue- and-white is even rarer than

Song

blue-and-white and was

unknown before 1985.

[5]

The Tang pieces are not porcelain however, but

rather

earthenwares

with

greenish

white

slip,

using

cobalt

blue

pigments

which probably originated in the Middle- East.

[5]

The only three pieces of

complete

blue

and

white

in

the

world

were

recovered

from

Indonesian

[6]

Belitung

shipwreck in 1998 and later sold to

Singapore

.

[

edit

] 14th century development

In

the

early

14th

century

mass-production

of

fine,

translucent,

blue

and

white porcelain started at

Jingdezhen

, sometimes called the

porcelain

capital

of

China.

This

development

was

due

to

the

combination

of

Chinese

techniques and

Islamic

trade.

[7]

The new ware was made possible by the

export

of

cobalt

from

Persia

(called

Huihui

qing

,

回回青

,

b lue

[7]

combined

with

the

translucent

white

quality

of

Chinese

porcelain.

Cobalt

blue

was

considered

as

a

precious

commodity,

with

a

value

about

twice

that

[7]

[7]

of

gold.

Motifs

also

draw

inspiration

from

Islamic

decorations.

A

large

portion

of

these

blue-and-white

wares

was

then

shipped

to

Southwest-Asian

[7]

markets through the

Muslim

traders based in

Guangzhou

.

Chinese

blue

and

white

porcelain

was

once-fired

:

after

the

porcelain

body

was dried, decorated with refined cobalt-blue pigment mixed with water

and applied using a brush, coated with a clear glaze and fired at high

temperature.

From

the

16th

century,

local

sources

of

cobalt

blue

started

to be developed, although Persian cobalt remained the most expensive.

[7]

Production of blue and white wares has continued at

Jingdezhen

to this

day. Blue and white porcelain made at Jingdezhen probably reached the

height

of

its

technical

excellence

during

the

reign

of

the

Kangxi

emperor

of the

Qing Dynasty

(reigned 1661 to 1722).

[

edit

] Evolution of blue and white ware

[

edit

] 14th century

Further information:

Jingdezhen ware

The

true

development

of

blue

and

white

ware

in

China

started

with

the

first

half

of

the

14th

century,

when

it

progressively

replaced

the

century-long

tradition of bluish-white ware, or

Qingbai

. The main production center

was in

Jingdezhen

,

Jiangxi Province

.

?

Early

blue

and

white

ware,

first

half

of

14th

century,

Jingdezhen

.

?

Blue and white vase (1271-1368), Jingdezhen, unearthed in

Jiangxi

Province

.

?

Blue and white plate,

Jingdezhen

, (1271-1368).

?

Blue and white jar,

Jingdezhen

, (1271-1368).

[

edit

] 15th century

With

the

advent

of

the

Ming

Dynasty

in

1368,

blue

and

white

ware

was

shunned

for

a

time

by

the

Court,

especially

under

the

Hongwu

and

Yongle

Emperors,

as being too foreign in inspiration.

[7]

Blue and white porcelain however

came

back

to

prominence

with

the

Xuande

Emperor,

and

again

developed

from

that time on.

[7]

?

Blue and white bowl,

Jingdezhen

,

Ming

Yongle

(1403-1424).

?

Blue and white jar, Jingdezhen, Ming

Yongle

(1403-1424).

?

Blue and white vase, Jingdezhen, Ming

Yongle

(1403-1424).

?

Blue and white, Ming

Xuande

(1426-1435).

[

edit

] 16th century

Some

blue

and

white

wares

of

the

16th

century

were

characterized

by

Islamic

influences,

such

as

the

ware

under

the

Zhengde

Emperor

(1506

–

1521),

which

[8]

sometimes bore

Persian

and

Arabic

script.

?

Blue and white jar with

Persian

characters, Ming

Zhengde

(1506-1521).

?

Blue

and

white

porcelain

box,

with

Arabic

and

Persian

inscriptions,

Zhengde (1506-1521).

?

Blue and white vase, Ming

Wanli

(1573-1620).