六级阅读训练

六级阅读训练

1

Since its foundation in 1954, the United Nations has written into

its major covenants(

契约

) the need to establish minimum ages for

marriage. But the custom of marriage is a highly sensitive cultural

issue, mainly because it is so unpleasantly invol

ved with women’s

rights and societal traditions and practices, and rules on marriage vary

widely between countries. Some countries, particularly in West Africa,

still do not have a legal minimum age for marriage.

In the West, a 13-year- old is still considered a child. Even getting

married in one’s late teens is not usually encouraged because married

life is likely to interfere with a young woman’s education and

consequently restrict opportunities in later life. And there are also

physical dangers in giving birth so young. The World Health Organization

has over the past ten years identified early childbirth as a major cause

of female mortality in many countries.

Under Islamic religious law, the age of consent for sex and marriage

is puberty, which Muslims say is in harmony with the biological

transition from childhood into adulthood. In Muslim countries such as

Saudi Arabia, Iran and Pakistan, the age of puberty at around 13 or 14

is the legal age for marriage, but in

Turkey it is 15, and in Egypt and Tunisia, 18 the same minimum age

as in many Western countries. It is argued that by allowing earlier

marriages, Islamic law is promoting stable relationships, while Western

laws are encouraging promiscuity among young people. In many countries,

the trends of urbanization and education for girls have seen a drop in

the number of child brides. However, early marriages continue to occur

in poor rural areas, where society works very much on personal

arrangement between families, villages and communities. And it does

n’t

only happen in countries

which don’t have a legal minimum age. In India, for example, the

legal age of marriage for a girl is 18 and to a boy, 21. Yet, according

to government statistics, 18 percent of ten to fourteen-year old girls

in the poor, rural state of Rajasthan in the northwest of the country

are married. There are obvious social and economical advantages for

doing this: by marrying off their daughters early, families no longer

have to provide for them and the younger the bride the smaller the

dowry(

嫁妆

), or wedding

price, demanded by the groom’s family.

It is clear, then, that child marriages are connected with poverty,

lack of education and rural customs such as dowries; there don’t tend

to be any child marriages in urban or rich areas. So, unless these real

causes are addressed, it will be extremely hard to

enforce change, even when change is dictated by a country’s

governing body. (451 words)

1. What is the topic of this passage?

A. Child brides. B. Early marriages.

C. Minimum age for marriage. D. Different attitudes towards early

marriages.

2. The word “promiscuity”(Line 9, Para. 3) means__.

A. unstable partnership B. firm partnership C. diverse relationship

D. single relationship

3. ____is likely to marry late.

A. Women from less educated background B. Women from rural areas C.

Women from Islamic countries D. Women from cities

4. Child marriages are NOT related to __________according to the

passage.

A. social position B. rural customs C. personal arrangements D.

religion

5. According to the passage, getting married early does all of the

following EXCEPT__________.

A. reducing a young woman’s education B. limiting a young

woman’s chances

C. causing infant death D. doing harm to a young woman’s health

[

答案

]:BCDAC

2

Are some people born clever, and others born stupid? Or is

intelligence developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely

enough, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our

intelligence is given us at birth, and no amount of special education

can make a genius out of a child born with low intelligence. On the

other hand, a child who lives in a boring environment will develop his

intelligence less than one who lives in rich and varied surroundings.

Thus the limits of a person's intelligence are fixed at birth, but

whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment.

This view, now held by most experts, can be supported in a number of

ways.

It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent something we

are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people, the

closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two

unrelated people at random(

任意的

) from the

population,it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be

completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical (

完全相

同的

) twins they will very likely be as intelligent as each other.

Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have

similar intelligence, and this clearly suggests that intelligence

depends on birth.

Imagine now that we take two identical twins and put them in

different environments. We might send one, for example, to a university

and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find

differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that

environment as well as birth plays a part. This conclusion is also

suggested by the fact that people who live in close contact with each

other, but who are not related at all, are likely to have similar

degrees of intelligence.

26. Which of these sentences best describes the writer's point in

Paragraph 1?

A. To some extent, intelligence is given at birth.

B. Intelligence is developed by the environment.

C. Some people are born clever and others born stupid. D.

Intelligence is fixed at birth, but is developed by the environment.

27. It is suggested in this passage that_______. A. unrelated people

are not likely to have different intelligence B. close relations usually

have similar intelligence C. the closer the blood relationship between

people, the more different they are likely to be in intelligence

D. people who live in close contact with each other are not likely

to have similar degrees of intelligence

28. Brothers and sisters are likely to_______.

A. have similar intelligence B. have different intelligence C. go to

the same university D. go to the same factory

29. In Paragraph 1, the word

intelligence B. life

C. environments D. housing

30. The best title for this article would be_______. A. On

Intelligence

B. What Intelligence Means

C. We Are Born with Intelligence

D. Environment Plays a Part in Developing Intelligence

答案

:

26. D 27. B 28. A 29. C 30. A

3

Homing pigeons are placed in a training program from about the time

they are twenty-eight days of age. They are taught to enter the cage

through a trap and to exercise above and around the loft(

鸽棚

) , and

gradually they are taken away for short distances in willow baskets and

released. They are then expected to find their way home in the shortest

possible time.

In their training flights or in actual races, the birds are taken to

prearranged distant points and released to find their way back to their

own lofts. Once the birds are liberated, their owners, who are standing

by at the home lofts, anxiously watch the sky for the return of their

entries. Since time is of the essence, the speed with which the birds

can be induced to enter the loft trap may make the difference between

gaining a win or a second place.

The head of a homing pigeon is comparatively small, but its brain is

one quarter larger than that of the ordinary pigeon. The homing pigeon

is very intelligent and will persevere to the point of

stubbornness; some have been known to fly a hundred miles off course

to avoid a storm.

Some homing pigeon experts claim that this bird is gifted with a

form of built-in radar that helps it find its own loft after hours of

flight, for hidden under the head feathers are two very sensitive ears,

while the sharp, prominent eyes can see great distances in daytime.

Why do homing pigeons fly home? They are not unique in this inherent

skill; it is found in most migratory birds, in bees, ants, toads, and

even turtles, which have been known to travel hundreds of miles to

return to their homes. But in the animal world, the homing pigeon alone

can be trusted with its freedom and trained to carry out the missions

that people demand.

1. This passage is mainly about_______.

A. homing pigeons and their training

y a homing pigeon B. how to bu

C. protection of homing pigeons against the threat of extinction D.

liberation of homing pigeons

2. According to the passage, what happens to homing pigeons when

they are about a month old?

A. They are kept in a trap.

B. They enter their first race.

C. They begin a training program.

D. They get their wings clipped and marked.

3. According to the passage, the difference between a homing pigeon

and an ordinary one is_______.

A. the span of the wings B. the shape of the eyes C. the texture of

the feathers D. the size of the brain 4. The author mentions all of the

following attributes that enable a homing pigeon to

return home EXCEPT_______.

A. instinct B. air sacs

C. sensitive ears D. good eyes

5. Why does the author mention bees, ants, toads, and turtles in the

last paragraph?

A. To describe some unusual kinds of pets.

B. To measure distances traveled by various animals. C. To compare

their home-finding abilities with those of homing pigeons.

D. To interest the reader in learning about other animals.

答案

1. A 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. C

4

The difference between a liquid and a gas is obvious under the

conditions of temperature and pressure commonly found at the surface of

the Earth. A liquid can be kept in an open container and fill it to the

level of a free surface. A gas forms no free surface but tends to

diffuse throughout the__1__available; it must therefore be kept in a

closed container or held by a gravitational field, as in the__2__of a

planet's atmosphere. The distinction was a __3__feature of early

theories describing the phases of matter. In the nineteenth century, for

example, one theory maintained that a liquid could be

vapor without losing its identity, and another theory__4 __that the two

phases are made up of different kinds of molecules. The theories now

prevailing take a quite different approach by emphasizing what liquids

and gases have in __5 __They are both forms of matter that have no __6

__structure, and they both flow readily.

The fundamental similarity of liquids and gases becomes clearly

apparent when the temperature and pressure are __7__somewhat. Suppose a

closed container __8__filled with a liquid is heated. The liquid expands,

or in other words becomes less dense; some of it evaporates. In contrast,

the vapor above the liquid surface becomes denser as the evaporated

molecules are

__9__to it. The combination of temperature and pressure at which the

densities become __10__is called the critical point.

B. case C. prominent D. held E. equal F. partially A. added

I. space J. lifted K. G. example H. previous

permanent L. particularly M. extended N. raised O. common

答案

:

I. I 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. O 6. K 7. N 8. F 9. A 10. E

5

In today's world, insurance plays a vital role in the economic and

social welfare of the entire population. The wish to guard against

dangers to life and property is basic to human nature. By using various

kinds of insurance, society has been able to reduce the effects of such

hazards.

Nowhere is insurance more important than in the management of a

business. In many instances, losses in a small firm can mean the

difference between growth and failure, vitality and stagnation (

停

滞

).Very few small businesses have even a portion of the financial

resources available to larger enterprises.

Frequently, they must operate on a very slight margin if they hope

to stay in business. And thus, they are particularly sensitive to

unexpected losses.

Without enough insurance, what happens to such a firm when the owner

dies or is suddenly disabled? When a fire breaks out and destroys the

firm's building or stock? When an employee is found to have stolen

company funds? When a customer is awarded a liability judgment for an

accident? Too often, the business is forced to the wall, its future

operations drastically curbed; sometimes, it is damaged beyond repair,

its ability to continue completely crushed.

Almost always, a small businessman would find it impossible to

handle the full burden of his potential risk. The amount of money he

would have to set aside to cover possible losses would leave him nothing,

or almost nothing, to run his business with. If loss were to occur which

he could repair by using his reserve fund, what assurance would he have

that another loss

—

the same

kind or different

—

might not occur next week, next month? But then

he would have no reserve fund and little likelihood of staying in

business at all.

1. This selection deals mainly with_______.

A. the relation between insurance and society

B. accidents and losses

C. business failures

D. the importance of insurance to business

2. In Paragraph 3,

A. driven to despair B. staying in a strong position

C. doing well D. climbing up

3. The author thinks that_______.

A. accidents always happen

B. a businessman should take risks

C. businesses should have adequate insurance

D. insurance is a social welfare project

4. Adequate insurance will do all of the following EXCEPT that it

will_______.

A. free some business funds B. add to benefits for employees

C. relieve some management problems D. provide for unexpected

incidents

5. The word

A. checked B. advanced

C. expanded D. disturbed

答案

:

1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A

6

Giving Credit Where Credit Is Not Due

The big identity-theft bust last week was just a taste of what's to

come. Here's how to protect your good name.

HERE'S THE SCARY THING about the identity-theft ring that the feds

cracked last week: there was nothing any of its estimated 40,000 victims

could have done to prevent it from happening. This was an inside job,

according to court documents. A lowly help-desk worker at Teledata

Communications, a software firm that helps banks access credit reports

online, allegedly stole passwords for those reports and sold them to a

group of 20 thieves at $$60 a pop. That allowed the gang to cherry-pick

consumers with good credit and apply for all kinds of accounts in their

names. Cost to the victims: $$3 million and rising.

Even scarier is that this, the largest identity-theft bust to date,

is just a drop in the bit bucket. More than 700,000 Americans have their

credit hijacked every year. It's one of crime's biggest growth markets.

A name, address and Social Security number--which can often be found on

the Web--is all anybody needs to apply for a bogus line of credit.

Credit companies make $$1.3 trillion annually and lose less than 2% of

that revenue to fraud, so there's little financial incentive for them to

make the application process more secure. As it stands now, it's up to

you to protect your identity.

The good news is that there are plenty of steps you can take. Most

credit thieves are opportunists, not well-organized gangs. A lot of them

go Dumpster diving for those millions of

mailings that go out every day. Others steal wallets and return them,

taking only a Social Security number. Shredding your junk mail and

leaving your Social Security card at home can save a lot of agony later.

But the most effective way to keep your identity clean is to check

your credit reports once or twice a year. There are three major credit-

report outfits: Equifax (at ), Trans- Union

() and Experian (). All allow you to order

reports online, which is a lot better than wading through voice-mail

hell on their 800 lines. Of the three, I found TransUnion's website to

be the cheapest and most comprehensive--laying out state- by-state prices,

rights and tips for consumers in easy-to-read fashion.

If you're lucky enough to live in Colorado, Georgia, Maryland,

Massachusetts, New Jersey or Vermont, you are entitled to one free

report a year by law. Otherwise it's going to cost $$8 to $$14 each time.

Avoid services that offer to monitor your reports year-round for about

$$70; that's $$10 more than the going rate among thieves. If you think

you're a victim of identity theft, you can ask for fraud alerts to be

put on file at each of the three credit-report companies. You can also

download a theft-report form at /idtheft, which, along

with a local police report, should help when irate creditors come

knocking. Just don't expect justice. That audacious help-desk worker was

one of the fewer than 2% of identity thieves who are ever caught.

is the trend of credit-theft crime?

[A]Tightly suppressed. [B]More frightening. [C]Rapidly increasing.

[D]loosely controlled.

expression “inside job”(Line 6, Paragraph 1) most probably

means _________.

[A]a crime that is committed by a person working for the victim [B]a

crime that should be punished severely

[C]a crime that does great harm to the victim [D]a crime that poses

a great threat to the society

creditors can protect their identity in the following way

except _________.

[A]destroying your junk mail [B]leaving your Social Security card at

home

[C]visiting the credit-report website regularly [D]obtaining the

free report from the government

is it easy to have credit-theft?

[A]More people are using credit service. [B]The application program

is not safe enough.

[C]Creditors usually disclose their identity. [D]Creditors are not

careful about their identity.

is the best title of the text?

[A]The danger of credit-theft [B]The loss of the creditors

[C]How to protect your good name [D]Why the creditors lose their

identity

答案

:CADBC

7

Opinion polls are now beginning to show that,whoever is to blame and

whatever happens from now on,high unemployment is probably here to

means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available

employment more widely.

But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions

about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the

norm? Should we not rather encourage many ways for self-respecting

people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can

work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to

revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and

the office, as centers of production and work?

The industrial age has been the only period of human history in

which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age

may now becoming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns

which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought.

But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work.

Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic

freedom.

Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and

18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them

of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for

themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and

removed work from people’s homes. Later, as transport improved first by

rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their

places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all

connection

with their home lives and the places in which they live.

Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In preindustrial

times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and

village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to

paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and families to his

wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and

restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.

It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment

became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were

excluded

—

a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and

more retired people want to live active lives.

All this may now have to change.

The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away

from the idealist goal creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical

task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs.

is the main idea of the passage?

A) Employment became widespread in the 17th and 18th centuries.

B) Unemployment will remain a major problem for industrialized

nations.

C) The industrial age may now be coming to an end.

D) Some efforts and resources should be devoted to helping more

people cope with the problem of unemployment.

of the following was NOT mentioned as a factor contributing

to the spread of employment?

A) The enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries.B) The development

of factories.

C) Relief from housework on the part of women.D) Development of

modern

means of transportation.

can be inferred from the passage that____.

A) most people who have been polled believe that the problem of

unemployment may not be solved within a short period of time

B) many farmers lost their land when new railways and factories were

being constructed

C) in preindustrial societies housework and community service were

mainly carried out by women

D) some of the changes in work pattern that the industrial age

brought have been reversed

does the word “daunting” in the third paragraph mean?

A) Shocking B) InterestingC) Confusing D) Stimulating

of the following is NOT suggested as a possible means to

cope with the current situation?

A) Create situations in which people work for themselves.

B) Treat employment as the norm.

C) Endeavor to revive the household and the neighborhood as centers

of production.

D) Encourage people to work in circumstances other than normal

working conditions.

答案

:DCAAB

8

No one should be forced to wear a uniform under any circumstance.

Uniforms are demanding to the human spirit and totally unnecessary in a

democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears

one has no value as an individual but only lives to function as a part

of a whole. The individual in a uniform loses all self-worth.

There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a person a

sense of identification with a larger, more important concept. What

could be more important than the individual himself? If an organization

is so weak that it must rely on cloth and buttons to inspire its members,

that organization has no right to continue its existence. Others say

that the practice of making persons wear uniforms, say in a school,

eliminates all envy and competition in the matter of dress, such that a

poor person who cannot afford good-quality clothing is not to be

belittled by a wealthy person who wears expensive quality clothing.

Those persons conveniently ignore such critical concepts as freedom of

choice, motivation, and individuality. If all persons were to wear the

same clothing, why would anyone strive to be better? It is only a short

step from forcing everyone to drive the same car, have the same type of

foods. When this happens, all incentive to improve one’s life is

removed. Why would parents bother to work hard so that their children

could have a better life than they had when they know that their

children are going to be forced to have exactly the same life that they

had?

Uniforms also hurt the economy. Right now, billions of dollars are

spent on the fashion industry yearly. Thousands of persons are employed

in designing, creating and marketing different types of clothing. If

everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be

unnecessary. Sales persons would be superfluous as well; why bother to

sell the only items that are available? The wearing of uniforms would

destroy the fashion industry, which in turn would have a ripple effect

on such industries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising,

newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in

business. One entire information and entertainment industry would

collapse.

author’s primary purpose in writing this passage was to ____.

A)plead for the abolishment of uniforms

B)show that uniforms are not possible in a democratic society

C)advocate stronger governmental controls on the wearing of uniforms

D)convince the reader that uniforms have more disadvantages than

advantages

does the author discuss forcing everyone to buy the same car

or eat the same food?

A) To show that freedom of choice is absolute.

B) To show that the government has interfered too much in the lives

of individual.

C) To suggest what would happen if uniforms became compulsory.

D) To predict the way the society will be in the next few

generations. of the following statements is NOT true according

to the author? A) The person who wears a uniform has no self-worth.

B) Wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a

larger concept.

C) Uniforms will hurt one entire information and entertainment

industry. D) Envy and competition are incentive to improve one’s life.

word “superfluous” (Para. 3) most probably means ____.

A) indispensable B) availableC) surplus D) supplementary

next paragraph in this passage might discuss____.

A) the positive effects of wearing uniformsB) more negative effects

of wearing uniforms

C) alternative to wearing uniformsD) the legal rights of those not

wishing to wear uniforms

答案

:DCBCB

8

A strange thing about humans is their capacity for blind rage. Rage

is presumably an emotion resulting from survival instinct, but the

surprising thing about it is that we do not deploy it against other

animals. If we encounter a dangerous wild animal - a poisonous snake or

a wild cat - we do not fly into a temper. If we are unarmed, we show

fear and attempt to back away; if we are suitably armed, we attack, but

in a rational manner not in a rage. We reserve rage for our own species.

It is hard to see any survival value in attacking one’s own, but

if we

take account of the long competition, which must have existed between

our own subspecies and others

like Neanderthal man - indeed others still more remote from us than

Neanderthal man - human rage becomes more comprehensible.

In our everyday language and behavior there are many reminders of

those early struggles. We are always using the words “us and them”.

“Our” side is perpetually trying to do down the “other” side. In

games we

artificially create other subspecies we can attack. The opposition

of “us” and “them” is the touchstone of the two

-party system of

“democratic” politics. Although there are no very serious

consequences to many of these modern psychological representations of

the “us and them” emotion, it is as well to remember that the

original

aim was not to beat the other subspecies in a game but to exterminate it.

The readiness with which humans allow themselves to be regimented

has permitted large armies to be formed, which, taken together with the

“us and them” blind rage, has le

d to destructive clashes within our

subspecies itself. The First World War is an example in which Europe

divided itself into two imaginary subspecies. And there is a similar

extermination battle now in Northern Ireland. The idea that there is a

religious basis for this clash is illusory, for not even the Pope has

been able to control it. The clash is much more primitive than the

Christian religion, much older in its emotional origin. The conflict in

Ireland is unlikely to stop until a greater primitive fear is imposed

from outside the community, or until the combatants become exhausted.

31.A suitable title for this passage would be____.

A) Why Human Armies Are FormedB) Man’s Anger Against Rage

C) The Human Capacity for RageD) Early Struggles of Angry Man

ing to the author, the surprising aspect of human anger

is____.

A) its lengthy and complex developmentB) a conflict such as is now

going

on in Northern Ireland

C) that we do not fly into a temper more oftenD) that we reserve

anger

for mankind

passage suggests that____.

A) historically, we have created an “us” versus “them” society

B) humans have had a natural disinclination toward formal grouping C)

the First World War is an example of how man has always avoided

domination

D) the emotional origin of the war in Ireland is lost in time

the passage we can infer that ____.

A) the artificial creation of a subspecies unlike us is something

that never happens

B) games are psychologically unhealthy

C) any artificially created subspecies would be our enemy

D) the real or imagined existence of an opposing subspecies is

inherent in man’s activities

author believes that a religious explanation for the war in

Northern Ireland is____.

A) founded in historical fact B) deceptiveC) apparent D) probably

accurate

答案

:CDADB

9

The first way we can approach language is as a phenomenon of the

individual person. It is concerned with describing and explaining

language as a matter of human behavior. People speak and write; they

also evidently read and understand what they hear. They are not born

doing so; they have to acquire these skills. Not everybody seems to

develop them to the same degree. People may suffer accidents or diseases,

which impair their performance. Language is thus seen as part of human

psychology, a particular sort of behavior, the behavior, which has as

its principal, function that of communication.

The trouble with the term “behavior” is that it is often taken to

refer

only to more or less overt, and describable, physical movements and

acts. Yet part of language behavior-that of understanding spoken or

written language, for example-has little or no physically observable

signs. It is true we can sometimes infer that understanding has taken

place by the changes that take place in the other person’s behavior.

When someone has

been prohibited from doing something, we may infer that he has

understood the prohibition by observing that thereafter he never behaves

in that way. We cannot, of course, be absolutely sure that his

subsequent behavior is a result of his understanding; it might be due to

a loss of interest or inclination. So behavior must be taken to include

unobservable activity, often only to be inferred from other observable

behavior.

Once we admit that the study of language behavior involves

describing and explaining the unobservable, the situation becomes much

more complicated, because we have to postulate some set of processes,

some internal mechanism, which operates when we speak and understand. We

have to postulate something we can call a mind. The study of language

from this point of view can then be seen as a study of the specific

properties, processes and states of the mind whose outward

manifestations are observable behavior; what we have to know in order to

perform approach to language, as a phenomenon of the

individual, is thus principally concerned with explaining how we

acquire language, and its relation to general human cognitive systems,

and with the psychological mechanisms underlying the comprehension and

production of speech; much less with the problem of what language is for,

that is, its function as communication, since this necessarily involves

more than a single individual.

is the best title for this passage?

A) Language as Means of Communication.B) Language and Psychology.

C) Language and the Individual.D) Language as a Social Phenomenon.

ing to the passage, which of the following statements is

NOT true?

A) Language is often regarded as part of human psychology.

B) People develop language skills of different degrees as a result

of different personal experiences.

C) Language is a special kind of psychological behavior that is born

with an individual.

D) People learn to speak and write through imitation and training.

does the term “behavior” in the second paragraph

especially refer to in this passage?

A) It refers to observable and physical movements and acts.

B) It refers to the part of language behavior that involves

understanding or interpretation.

C) It refers to both the overt and the unobservable language

behaviors in communicating.

D) It refers to acts of speaking and writing.

does “internal mechanism”(Line 3,

Para. 3) mean?