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2021年3月3日发(作者：qualification)

Zodiac

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

See also:

Zodiac (disambiguation)

Wheel of the zodiac: This 6th century mosaic pavement in a synagogue incorporates

Greek-Byzantine elements,

Beit Alpha

,

Israel

.

The Earth in its orbit around the

Sun

causes the Sun to appear on the celestial sphere

moving over the

ecliptic

(red), which is tilted with respect to the equator (blue).

In

astronomy

,

the

zodiac

(Greek:

ζ

?

διακ?ρ,

zōdiakos

)

is

a

circle

of

twelve

30°

divisions of celestial longitude that are centered upon the

ecliptic

: the apparent path of

the

Sun

across the

celestial sphere

over the course of the year. The paths of the

Moon

and

visible

planets

also

remain

close

to

the

ecliptic,

within

the

belt

of

the

zodiac,

which

extends

8-9°

north

or

south

of

the

ecliptic,

as

measured

in

celestial

latitude

.

Historically,

these

twelve

divisions

are

called

signs

.

Essentially,

the

zodiac

is

a

celestial coordinate system

, or more specifically an

ecliptic coordinate system

, which

takes the ecliptic as the origin of

latitude

, and the position of the sun at

vernal equinox

as the origin of

longitude

.

Contents

1 Usage

2 History

2.1 Early history

2.2 Hellenistic and Roman era

2.3 Hindu zodiac

2.4 Middle Ages and early modern

period

?

3 The twelve signs

?

4 Zodiacal constellations

?

5 Table of dates

?

6 Precession of the equinoxes

?

7 In modern astronomy

?

8 Mnemonics

?

9 Unicode characters

?

10 See also

?

11 References

?

12 External links

edit

Usage

?

It

is

known

to

have

been

in

use

by

the

Roman

era

,

based

on

concepts

inherited

by

Hellenistic

astronomy

from

Babylonian

astronomy

of

the

Chaldean

period

(mid-1st

millennium BC), which, in turn, derived from an earlier system of lists of stars along

the ecliptic.

[1]

The construction of the zodiac is described in

Ptolemy

's

Almagest

(2nd

century AD).

The term

zodiac

derives from

Latin

zōdiacus

, which in its turn comes from the

Greek

ζ

?

διακ

?

ρ

κ?κλορ

(

zōdiakos

kuklos

),

meaning

of

animals

derived

from

ζ?διον (

zōdion

), the diminutive of ζ

?

ον (

zōon

)

the fact that half of the signs of the classical Greek zodiac are represented as animals

(besides two

mythological hybrids

).

Although

the

zodiac

remains

the

basis

of

the

ecliptic

coordinate

system

in

use

in

astronomy

besides the

equatorial

one, the term and the names of the twelve signs are

today mostly associated with

horoscopic astrology

.

The term

celestial sphere

encompassing

the paths of the planets corresponding to the band of about eight arc degrees above

and below the ecliptic. The zodiac of a given planet is the band that contains the path

of

that

particular

body;

e.g.,

the

of

the

Moon

is

the

band

of

five

degrees

above and below the ecliptic. By extension, the

the band encompassing most

short-period comets

.

[2]

edit

History

Further information:

Former constellations

and

Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning

edit

Early history

Astrology

Background

History of astrology

Astrology

&

astronomy

Sidereal vs. Tropical

Traditions

Babylonian

·

Hellenist

ic

Islamic

·

Western

Hindu

·

Chinese

More...

Branches

Natal astrology

Electional astrology

Horary astrology

Mundane astrology

More...

Categories

Astrologers

Organizations

Astrological texts

Astrological writers

Astrology Portal

?

This box:

view

?

talk

?

edit

Main article:

Babylonian zodiac

Further information:

The

division

of

the

ecliptic

into

the

zodiacal

signs

originates

in

Babylonian

(

< p>
Chaldean

1st millennium BC

, likely during

Median

/

Neo- Babylonian

times

(7th

century

BC),

[3]

The

classical

zodiac

is

a

modification

of

the

catalogue,

which

was

compiled

around

1000

BC.

Some

of

the

constellations

can

be

traced

even

further

back,

to

Bronze

Age

(Old

Babylonian) sources, including

Gemini

Great

Twins

and

Cancer

Crab

from

Crayfish

among

others.

Babylonian

astronomers at some stage during the early 1st millennium BC divided the

ecliptic

into

twelve

equal

zones

of

celestial

longitude

to

create

the

first

known

celestial

coordinate

system:

a

coordinate

system

that

boasts

some

advantages

over

modern systems (such as

equatorial coordinate system

). The

Babylonian calendar

as it

stood

in

the

7th

century

BC

assigned

each

month

to

a

sign,

beginning

with

the

position of the Sun at

vernal equinox

, which, at the time, was depicted as the

Aries

constellation

(

Age of Aries

the first

constellation

is still called

Aries

< p>
equinox has moved away from the Aries constellation

due to the slow precession of the Earth's axis of rotation.

[4]

Knowledge

of

the

Babylonian

zodiac

is

also

reflected

in

the

Hebrew

Bible

.

E.

W.

Bullinger

interpreted the creatures appearing in the books of

Ezekiel

and

Revelation

as the middle signs of the four quarters of the Zodiac,

[5][6]

with the Lion as

Leo

, the

Bull is

Taurus

, the Man representing Aquarius and the Eagle representing Scorpio.

[7]

Some authors have linked the

twelve tribes of Israel

with the twelve signs.

Martin

and

others have argued that the arrangement of the tribes around the

Tabernacle

(reported

in the

Book of Numbers

) corresponded to the order of the Zodiac, with

Judah

,

Reuben

,

Ephraim

,

and

Dan

representing

the

middle

signs

of

Leo,

Aquarius,

Taurus,

and

Scorpio, respectively.

[8][9]

Such connections were taken up by

Thomas Mann

, who in

his novel

Joseph and His Brothers

attributes characteristics of a sign of the zodiac to

each tribe in his rendition of the

Blessing of Jacob

.

edit

Hellenistic and Roman era

The 1st century BC

Dendera zodiac

(19th-century engraving)

The

Babylonian

star

catalogs

entered

Greek

astronomy

in

the

4th

century

BC,

via

Eudoxus of Cnidus

and others. Babylonia or

Chaldea

in the Hellenistic world came to

be

so

identified

with

astrology

that

wisdom

became

among

Greeks

and

Romans

the synonym of

divination

through the

planets

and

stars

.

Hellenistic astrology

originated

from

Babylonian

and

Egyptian

astrology

.

Horoscopic

astrology

first

appeared in

Ptolemaic Egypt

. The

Dendera zodiac

, a relief dating to ca. 50 BC, is the

first known depiction of the classical zodiac of twelve signs.

Particularly

important

in

the

development

of

Western

horoscopic

astrology

was

the

astrologer

and

astronomer

Ptolemy

,

whose

work

Tetrabiblos

laid

the

basis

of

the

Western

astrological

tradition

.

Under

the

Greeks,

and

Ptolemy

in

particular,

the

planets, Houses, and signs of the zodiac were rationalized and their function set down

in a way that has changed little to the present day.

[10]

Ptolemy lived in the 2nd century

AD,

three

centuries

after

the

discovery

of

the

precession

of

the

equinoxes

by

Hipparchus

around 130 BC, but he ignored the problem by dropping the concept of a

fixed celestial sphere and adopting what is referred to as a

tropical coordinate system

instead.

edit

Hindu zodiac

The

Hindu zodiac

uses the

sidereal coordinate system

, which makes reference to the

fixed

stars.

The

Tropical

zodiac

(of

Mesopotamian

origin)

is

divided

by

the

intersections of the

ecliptic

and

equator

, which shifts

in

relation

to the backdrop of

fixed

stars

at

a

rate

of

1°

every

72

years,

creating

the

phenomenon

known

as

precession of the equinoxes

. The Hindu zodiac, being sidereal, does not maintain this

seasonal alignment, but there are still similarities between the two systems. The Hindu

zodiac

signs

and

corresponding

Greek

signs

sound

very

different,

being

in

Sanskrit

and

Greek

respectively,

but

their

symbols

are

nearly

identical.

For

example,

dhanu

means

and

corresponds

to

Sagittarius,

the

and

kumbha

means

of signs is taken to suggest the possibility of early interchange of cultural influences.

edit

Middle Ages and early modern period

The zodiac signs as shown in a 16th-century woodcut

A 17th-century fresco from the

Cathedral of Living Pillar

in

Georgia

depicting

Christ

within the Zodiac circle

The High Middle Ages saw a revival of

Greco-Roman magic

, first in

Kabbalism

and

later

continued

in

Renaissance

magic

.

This

included

magical

uses

of

the

zodiac,

as

found, e.g., in the

Sefer Raziel HaMalakh

.

The

zodiacal

symbols

are

Early

Modern

simplifications

of

conventional

pictorial

representations of the signs, attested since Hellenistic times. The symbols are encoded

in

Unicode

at positions U+2648 to U+2653 in the

Miscellaneous Symbols

block.

edit

The twelve signs

Main article:

Astrological sign

What

follows

is

a

list

of

the

twelve

signs

of

the

modern

zodiac

(with

the

ecliptic

longitudes of their first points), where 0°

Aries is understood as the vernal equinox,

with

their

Latin, Greek,

Sanskrit,

and

Babylonian names (but note that the Sanskrit

and the Babylonian name equivalents denote the constellations only, not the tropical

zodiac signs). Also, the

The Latin names are standard English usage.

Sy

L

Lati

№

mb

on

n

ol

g.

nam

English

translation

Greek

name

Sanskrit

name

Sumero- Babylonian name

[11]