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简答题
A1.
（评估
风险的方法）
Four methods of
analyzing economic risk
:
1)
The quantitative
approach
定量分析
This
measure is arrived by
assigning
different weights
to economic variables
in order
to
produce
a
composite
index
复
合
指
标
used
to
monitor
the
country’s
creditworthiness
over
time
and
to
make
comparison
with
other
countries.A
drawback
of
this
approach
is
that
it
does
not
make
into
account
different stages
of
development among the countries it
compares.
2)
The qualitative
approach
定性分析
It
evaluates
a
country’s
economic
ris
k
by
assessing
the
competence
能力
of
its
leaders
and
analyzing
the
types
of
policies
they
are
likely
to
implement
执行
.This
approach
entails
使成为必要
a subjective
（个人的）
assessmen
t by the researcher
in
the
process
of
interviewing
those
leaders and
projecting
the
future
directions
of
economy.
3)
The
checklist approach
Relies
on
a
few
easily
measureable
and
timely
criteria
标准
believed
to
reflect
or
indicate changes in the
creditworthiness of the country.
4)
A
combination of both approaches
Not
any
single
approach
can
provide
a
comprehensive
economic
risk
profile
of
a
country, so they use a
combination of approaches.
A2.
经济风险（
economic
risks
）
A
country’s
level
of
economic
development
generally
determines
its
economic
stability
and,
therefore,
its
relative
risk
to
a
foreign
firm.
A
country’s
ability
or
intention
to meet its
financial obligation determines its economic risk.
The economic
risk incurred
by a foreign corporation usually falls into one of
two main categories.
The government abruptly
changes its domestic monetary or fiscal policies
The government decides to
modify its foreign-investment policies
The latter
situation would threaten the company’s
ability to repatriate
（遣返）
its
earnings and
would
create
a
financial
or
interest-rate
risk.
Furthermore,
the
risk
of
exchange-
rate volatility
（挥发性）
results in currency translation
exposure (
货币换
算风险
)
to the firm when the balance sheet of the entire
corporation is
consolidated
统一的
and may cause a negative cash flow from
the foreign subsidiary.
A3.
Project GlOBE Culture
Dimensions (
文化维度
)
GLOBE: Global Leadership
Organizational Behavior Effectiveness
gender
differentiation,
uncertainty
avoidance
（不确定规避）
,
power
distance,
institutional collectivism versus
individualism, and in-group collectivism.
1)
Assertiveness
:
This
dimension
refers
to
how
much
people
in
a
society
are
expected
to
be
tough(
坚韧的
),
confrontational
（对抗的）
,
and
competitive
versus
modest and
tender
（脆弱的）
.
Highly
assertive
:
Greeze,
Austria
and
Germany
(value
competition
and
a
can-do
attitude)
Less
assertive
:
New
Zealand
Sweden
瑞典
and
Japan
(prefer
warm
and
cooperate
relations and
harmony)
2)
Future
orientation:
this
dimension
refers
to
the
level
of
importance
a
society
attaches
（依附）
to future-oriented behaviors such as
planning and investing in the
future.
High
: Netherlands,
Switzerland and Singapore (are inclined to save
for the future and
have a longer time
horizon for decisions)
Low:
Poland, Russia and Argentina (tend to plan more in
the shorter term and place
more
emphasis on instant gratification)
3)
Performance
orientation:
this dimension measures
the importance of performance
improvement and
excellence
（优秀）
in
society and refers to whether or not people
are encouraged to
strive
（争取）
for
continued improvement.
High
:
Singapore,
Hong
Kong
SAR,
New
Zealand and
the
United
States
(tend
to
take
initiative and have a sense of urgency
and the confidence to get things done)
Low
:
Russia,
Argentina,
Greeze
and
Italy
(they
hold
other
priorities
ahead
of
performance,
such
as
tradition,
loyalty,
family
and
background
and
they
associate
competition as defect)
4)
Humane
orientation
:
this
dimension
measures
the
extent
to
which
a
society
encourages and rewards people for being
fair, altruistic
（无私的）
,
generous, caring,
and kind.
High
:
Philippines,
Ireland,
Malaysia,
and
Egypt.
(focus
on
sympathy
and
support
for
weak, paternalism and
patronage are important, and people are usually
friendly and
tolerant and value
harmony)
Low
: Spain, France
and former
West Germany (give more
importance to power and
material
possessions, as well as self-enhancement)
A4.
p.115
Comparative Management in Focus Communicating with
Arabs
At
the
core
of
Middle
Eastern
culture
are
friendship,
honor,
religion,
and
traditional hospitality.
中东文化
的核心是友谊、荣誉、宗教以及传统的热情。
Women
play little or no role in business and
entertainment.
Other nonverbal taboos
include
showing
the
s
oles
of
one’s
feet and
using
the
left(
unclear)
hand
to
eat
or
pass
something.
In
a
discussion,
slouching
in
a
seat
or
learning
against
a
wall
communicates
a
lack
of
respect.
Compared
to
the
direct,
linear
fashion
of
American communication, Arabs tend to
meander
Negotiate with Arabs
Most Arabs, following Islamic
tradition, use mediators to settle disputes.
1). Use
affective appeals based on emotions and subjective
feelings.
2).more
interested
in
long-term
relationships
and
are
more
likely
to
make
concessions.
3).have a
casual approach(
随便的态度
) to
deadline
4
．
Have
the necessary prestige to be listened to.
A5
电子通信
Modern technology can provide support
for the negotiating process, though it can’t
take the place of the essential face-
to-face ingredient in many instances.
Negotiation support systems (NSS) can
provide support for the negotiation process in
the following ways:
?
Increase the
likelihood that an agreement is reached when a
zone of agreement
exists (solutions
that both parties would accept)
?
Decreasing the
direct and indirect
costs
of
negotiations, such as costs caused by
time delays (strikes, violence), and
attorney’s fees, among others
?
Maximizing
the
chances
for optimal
outcomes
Bad
?
不适合重要的活动
?
不利于建立关系
?
没有
body language
A6
美日谈判风格差异（
P141-1
42
）
law, Civil law and Islamic law(P18)
Under
common
law
,
used
in
the
United
States
and
twenty-six
other
countries
of
English origin or influence,
past court
decisions
（法院判决）
act as
precedents
（判
例）
to the
interpretation
（解释）
of the law and to common custom.
Civil
law
is
based
on
a
comprehensive set
of
laws
organized
into
a
code
（法典）
.
Interpretation
of
these
laws
is
based
on
reference
to
codes
and
statues.
About
seventy countries,
predominantly in Europe (e.g., France and
Germany), are ruled by
civil law, as is
Japan.
In Islamic
countries, such as Saudi Arabia, the dominant
legal system is
Islamic law
is
based
on
religious
beliefs,
it
dominates
all
aspects
of
life.
It
followed
in
approximately
twenty-seven
countries
and
combines,
in
varying
degrees,
civil,
common, and
indigenous law.
B
8
.
Hofstede’s
Value Dimensions
（价值维度）
i.
Power
distance,
is
the
level
of
acceptance
by
a
society and the unequal
distribution of power in institutions.
High: Malaysia, Philippines and Mexico
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