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美国文学 名词解释前4章

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2021-03-03 22:16
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2021年3月3日发(作者:阿基里斯)


1 What is Puritanism?



Puritanism


was


a


religious


reform


that


arose


within


the


Church


of


England


in the late 16th century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an


offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the 17th to the northern


English


colonies


in


the


new


world---a


migration


that


laid


the


foundation


for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England.


Puritanism, however, was not only a historically specific phenomenon


coincident with the founding of new England, it was also a way of being


in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has


reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, puritans


adhered to the five points of Calvinism as codified at the synod of dort


in 1619:


1) Unconditional election:


the


idea


that God had decreed


at the synod


of


damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world;


2) limited atonement: the idea that Christ died for the elect only;


3) Total depravity: humanity’s utter corruption since the fall;



4) Irresistible grace: regeneration as entirely a work of God, which


cannot be re3sisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing;


5) The perseverance of the saints: the elect, despite their backsliding


and faintness of heart, cannot fall away from grace.


puritanism


American


Puritanism


was


practice


and


belief


of


Puritans.


Puritans


were


the


people


who


wanted


to


purify the Church of England and then were persecuted in England. They came to America for various


reasons. But because they were a group of serious and religious people, they carried a code of value


and a philosophy of life. To them, religion was the most important thing. They accepted the doctrine of


predestination, original sin, total depravity and limited atonement for God’s grace. They also believed


in


hard


working,


piety


and


sobriety.


In


a


word,


American


Puritanism


exerted


great


influences


upon


American thought and literature.




2


Enduring shaping influence on literature



1


dreamed


of


living


under


a


perfect


order


worked


with


courage,


hoped


to


build


an


Eden


of


Garden on earth, faced the worst of life with optimism



2 Contributing to



the development of Symbolism: a technique, widely used .Puritans thought


that all the simple objects existing in the world connoted deep meaning.



3. Influencing the style of literature: simple, fresh, and direct



s sicism(


新古典主义


)



In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a


revival of interest in the old classical works.


2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that


forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the


ancient


Greek


and


Roman


writers


such


as


Homer


and


Virgil


and


those


of


the


contemporary French ones.


3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic,


restrained


emotion


and


accuracy,


and


that


literature


should


be


judged


in


terms of its service to humanity.


American Romanticism(


美国浪漫主义


)



Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement


originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a


heightened i


nterest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s expression


of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of


classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and


conventions. The romantic period in American literature stretches from


the


end


of


the


18th


century


through


the


outbreak


of


the


civil


war.


It


was


an age of great westward expansion, of the increasing gravity of the


slavery question, of an intensification of the spirit of embattled


sectionalism


in


the


south,


and


of


a


powerful


impulse


to


reform


in


the


north.


In literature it was America’s first great creative period, a full


flowering of the romantic impulse on American soil. Although foreign


influences were strong, American romanticism exhibited from the very


outset distinct features of its own. First, American romanticism was in


essence the expression of “a real new experience”and contained “an


alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place”


was radically new and alien. Second, puritan influence over American


romanticism was conspicuously noticeable. Emerging as new writers of


strength and creative power were the novelists Hawthorne, Melville, the


poets


Dickinson,


Whitman,


the


essayists


Thoreau,


Emerson.


These


American


writers had made a


great literary


period by


capturing on their pages the


enthusiasm and the optimism of that dream.



Transcendentalism(


超验主义


)



Transcendentalism is literature, philosophical and literary


movement that flourished in new England from about 1836 to 1860. it is

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