-
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理
(
只考
26
位作家
)
[
英国』
Chapter1
The Renaissance period
（
14
世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴
1.
Humanism is the
essence of the
Renaissance.
人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2.
the Greek and Roman
civilization was based on such a conception that
man is the measure of all things.
人文主义作<
/p>
为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以
“
人
”
为中心，人是万物之灵。
3.
Renaissance
humanists
found
in
then
classics
a
justification
to
exalt
human
nature
and
came
to
see
that
human
beings
were
glorious
creatures
capable
of
individual
development
in
the
direction
of
perfection,
and
that
the
world
they
inhabited was
theirs not to despise but to question, explore,
and enjoy.
人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论
< br>据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供 他们怀
疑，探索以及享受。
4.
Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and
William Shakespeare are the best representatives
of the English humanists.
托马斯
.
摩尔，克利斯朵夫
.
马洛和威廉
.
莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5.
Wyatt introduced the
Petrarchan sonnet into
England.
怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
6.
The first period of the
English Renaissance was one of imitation and assim
ilation.
英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学
习模仿与同化的
阶段。
7.
The
goals
of
humanistic
poetry
are:
skillful
handling
of
conventions,
force
of
language,
and,
above
all,
the
development of a rhetorical plan in
which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument
should all be combined to frame
the
emotional theme and throw it into high relief.
人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气
概，
而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式）
，组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）
与议论都结合起来勾
画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。
< br>
8.
The most famous
dramatists in the Renaissance England are
Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben
Jonson.
文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫
.
马洛，威廉
.
莎士比亚与本
.
约翰逊。
9.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626),
the first important English essayist.
费兰
西斯
.
培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。
(III)William Shakespeare
威
廉
.
莎士比亚
17. The first period of his dramatic
career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI,
Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus
Andronicus;
and
four
comedies:
The Comedy
of
Errors,
The Two Gentlemen
of
Verona, The Taming
of
the
Shrew,
and
Love?s
Labour?s
Lost.
在他戏
剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：
《亨利六世》
，
《理查三世》
，
《泰托斯
.
安东尼》以及四部喜剧：
《错误的戏剧》
，
《维洛那二绅士》
，
《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》
。
18. In the second period, he wrote five
histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts
I and II, and Henry V; six comedies:
A
Midsummer Night?s Dream, The Merchant of Venice,
Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth
Night, and The
Merry Wives of Windsor;
and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Cae
sar.
在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：
《理查
三世》
，
《约翰王》
，
《亨利四世》
，
《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧
《仲夏夜之梦》
，
《威尼斯商人》
，<
/p>
《无事生非》
，
《皆大欢
喜》
，
《第十二夜》
，
《温莎的风流娘儿们》
，还有两部悲剧：
《罗
密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯
.
凯撒》
。
19. Shakespeare?s third
period includes his greatest tragedies and
his
so-called dark comedies. The
tragedies of this period
are Hamlet,
Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra,
Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two
comedies
are
All?s
Well
That
Ends
and
Measure
for <
/p>
Measure.
第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑
色喜剧（或悲喜
剧）
，悲剧有：
《哈姆
雷特》
，
《奥赛罗》
，
《李尔王》
《麦克白》
《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》
《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》
及《克里奥拉那斯》
。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》
。
20. The last period of Shakespeare?s
work includes his principle romantic
tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter?s
Tale and The Tempest; and his two
plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.
最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜
剧：
《伯里克利
》
《辛白林》
《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》
。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》
。
21. Shakespeare?s sonnets are the only
direct expression of the poet?s own feelings.
这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成
果。
22. Shakespeare?s history plays are
mainly written under the
principle that
national unity under a mighty and just sovereign
is a necessity.
莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主
题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。
1
23. In his romantic comedies,
Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward
love and youth, and the romantic elements are
brought into full play.
在他的浪漫
喜剧中，莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春，并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。
24. The successful romantic tragedy is
Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfulness
of love and the spirit of pursuing
happ
iness.
莎翁在其成功的浪漫主义悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》
，颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。
25.
Shakespeare?s
greatest
tr
agedies
are:
Hamlet,
Othello,
King
Lear,
and
Macbeth.
They
have
some
characteristics
in
common. Each portrays some noble hero.<
/p>
莎士比亚的四大悲剧是：
《哈姆雷特》
《
奥赛罗》
《李尔王》
《麦克白》
26. “The King?s government
must be carried on”—
but
carried on for the good of the nation, not for the
pleasure of the
king.“
国王的统治一
定要万古不变
”
----
但是这种流传
百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的，
而不是只为国王自己
服务。
27. Thus, he finds no
way to solve the social problems. In the end, the
only thing he can do as a humanist is to escape
from
the reality to seek comfort in his
dream.
正因如此，他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药，最后，他作为人
文
主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实，从梦幻中找安慰。
28. He holds that literature should be
a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and
should reflect nature and reality.
他认
为文学应该是真善美的结合，应该反映天性与现实。
29. Shakespeare is above all writers in
the past and in the present time.
古往今来，<
/p>
没有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美，
他对
后
世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。
30. Almost
all English writers after him have been influenced
by him either in artistic point of view, in
literary form or in
language.
在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都在艺术观点，文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。
31. Sonnet 18 is one of the most
beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare.
十四行诗第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。
(VI)John Milton
约
翰
.
弥尔顿
44. he was entirely occupied with the
thoughts of fighting for human
freedom.
他头脑中充满了为人类自由而战的思想。
45. Milton?s literary achievements can
be divided into three gro
ups: the early
poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and
the great poem.
弥尔顿的文学作品可分为三类
：早期诗作，中期的散文小册子和后期的伟大诗作。
46.
Milton wrote his three major poetical works:
Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agoni
stes.
他的三部伟大诗
作：
《失乐
园》
《复乐园》和《力士参孙》
。
47. The them
e of Paradise
Lost is the“Fall of Man”. In the fall of man Adam
discovered his full humanity.
失乐园的主题是
人类的沉沦。在沉沦之中，亚当发现了自己身上的人性。
48. Milton held that God created all
things out of Himself, including evil.
他
认为上帝是按照他自己的样子造出的世界，
其中也包括罪恶。
49. It opens the way for the voluntary
sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God
in bringing good out of evil.
为基
< br>督自愿献身开辟了道路，这也显示出上帝欲将人类从罪恶与苦难中拯救出来的同情心。
50. In Samson Agonistes, the whole
poem strongly suggests Milton?s passionate longing
that he too could bring destruction
down upon the enemy at the cost of his
own life.
在力士参孙中，整首诗都强烈暗示着弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一
样，以生命为代价，与敌人同归于尽。
51. In his life, Milton shows himself a
real revolutionary, a master poet and a great
prose writer.
弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正
的革命精
神和非凡的诗歌才华。
52. Paradise Lost
:
人类由于理性不强，意志薄弱，经不起考验，暗示英国自产主义革命失败的原因。
【英国】
Chapter2
The Neoclassical
Period(1660-1798)
新古典主义
1.
In short, it was an age
full of conflicts and divergence of
values.
总之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
2.
The eighteenth-century
England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment
or the Age of Reason.
英国的十八世纪
也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。
3.
Its purpose was to enlighten the whole
world with the light of modern philosophical and
artistic ideas.
运动的主旨
便是用当代哲学与
艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
2
4.
Enlighteners
held that rationality or reason should be the
only, the final cause of any human thought and
activities.
They called for a reference
to order, reason and rules.
启蒙者主张理性是任何人思
想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡
秩序，理性及法律。
5.
As a matter of fact,
literature at the time, heavily didactic and
moralizing, became a very popular means of public
education.
其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道
德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
6.
Famous
among
the
great
enlighteners
in
England
were
those
great
writers
like
John
Dryden,
Alexander
Pope,
Joseph Addison and Sir
Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar
essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard
Brinsley
Sheridan, Henry Fielding and
Samuel Johnson.
英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰
.
德莱顿，亚历山大
.
蒲柏，约瑟
夫
.
艾
迪森与理查
.
斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱）
，乔纳森
.
斯威夫特，丹尼尔
.
迪
福，理查
.B.
谢立丹，亨利
.
费尔丁和
塞缪尔
.
约
翰逊。
7.
In
the field of literature, the Enlightenment
Movement brought about a revival of interest in
the old classical works.
在文学领域，启蒙主义运动还使人
们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。
8.
They
believed
that
the
artistic
ideals
should
be
order,
logic,
restrained
emotion
and
accuracy,
and
that
literature
should be judged in terms of its
service to humanity.
他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，
逻辑，
确切及情感控制的基础上，
而文学作品的
价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。
9.
Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and
intellectual art developed.
由此一种温文尔雅，充满灵
性的知识分子文学艺术发
展起来。
10. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws
and rules for almost every genre of literature.
在几乎所有的文学形式中，
新古典主
义者们都
设定了创作的规矩与条框。
11. Drama
should be written in the heroic Couplets (iambic
pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities
of time, space
and
action
should
be
strictly
observed;
regularity
in
construction
should
be
adhered
to,
and
type
characters
rather
than
individuals should be r
epresented.
戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧（抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗）写就；时间
，地点，事件三要
素必须要遵循；写作的规矩必须要遵守，而作品中的人物要代表一类人
，而不是个性化。
12. But it had a
lasting wholesome influence upon English
literature. (
套话
)
但
新古典主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全
面的影响。
13. The poetic techniques and certain
classical graces such as order, good form, unified
structure, clarity and conciseness of
language developed in this period have
become a permanent heritage.
在这一时期出现的诗歌技
巧与古典气质，如秩序，
优美的格式，统一的结构，简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。
14.
The
mid-century
was,
however,
predominated
by
a
newly
rising
literary
form---the
modern
English
novel,
which,
contrary to the
traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a
realistic presentation of life of the common
English people.
十八世
纪中叶，
还兴起一种崭新的文学形式
----
英国现代小说，
这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反，
着重描写英国普通百
姓的生活。
15. Among the
pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson,
Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George
Smollett,
and Oliver Goldsmith.
< br>英国现代小说的先驱有丹尼尔
.
迪福，塞缪尔
.
理查德，亨利
.
费尔丁
，劳伦斯
.
斯泰思，托比亚斯
.
斯摩莱特以及奥立弗
.
哥尔斯密。
16.
From
the
middle
part
to
the
end
of
the
century
there
was
also
an
apparent
shift
of
interest
from
the
classicliterary
tradition to originality and
imagination, from society to individual, and from
the didactic to the confessional, inspirational
and prophetic.
从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末，
还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移，社会描写向个
性描写的转移，说教
向忏悔，鼓励及预示的转移。
17. Gothic
novels---mostly stories of mystery and horror.
哥特式小说
----
主要讲述恐怖神秘的故事。
18. Jonathan Swift?s A
Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the
best model of satire, not only of the period but
also
in the whole English literary hist
ory.
乔纳森
.
斯威夫特的《一个小
小的建议》被公认为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。
(III)Daniel
Defoe
丹尼尔
.
28. His quick mind, abundant energy and
never-failing enthusiasm always brought him back
on his feet after a fall.
他过人
的才智，充沛的精力，旺盛而持久的热情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。
29. Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story
very much in the spirit of the time, is
universally considered his
masterpiece.
《鲁宾
3
逊漂流记》是一部体现时代精神的游记历险小说，是笛福的代
表作。
30.
In
most
of
his
works,
he
gave
his
praise
to
the
hard-working,
study
middle
class
and
showed
his
sympathy
for
the
downtrodden, unfortunate
poor.
在他大部分作品中，他都表达了对勤劳，坚强的中产阶级的赞誉，以及对破落
不幸的
穷苦人的同情。
31.
Defoe was a very good story-
teller.
笛福很会讲故事。
32. His sentences are sometimes short,
crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling,
which leave on the reader an
impression
of casual narration.
他的语句时而短小干脆，
< br>朴素直白，
时而又气势磅礴，
泼墨如水，
为读者留下了叙述自
由悠闲的印象。
33. His language is smooth, easy,
colloquial and mostly vernacular.
他的措辞简朴
易懂又口语化，有时甚至是俗语方言。
34. There
is nothing artificial in his language: it is
common English at its
beat.
他的语言毫无造作，完全是大众英语。
35. Robinson Crusoe: The novel consists
actually of three parts.
《鲁宾逊漂流记》
：整部小说分为三个部分
The
realistic account of the successful struggle of
Robinson single-handedly against the hostile
nature forms the best part of
the
novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical
eighteenth-century English middle-class man., the
pioneer colonist.
其中对
鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣
的大自然作斗争的描述是小说最精彩的部分。在此，鲁宾逊是真正的英雄：一个典型的英国十八
< br>世纪中产阶级人士。
(IV)Jonathan Sw
ift
乔纳森
.
斯威夫特
36. In 1704 he published two
powerful satires on corruption in religion and
learning, A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the
Books, which established his name as a
satirist.1704
年，
他针对宗教和学术界的腐败出
版了两篇犀利的讽刺小品，
一为
《桶的故事》
< br>，一为《书籍的战斗》
。这两篇作品奠定了他在讽刺作品中的地位。
37. Even today Swift is still
respected as a national hero in Ireland.
直至今日，斯威夫特还被尊为爱尔兰的民族英雄。
38.
In his opinion, human nature is seriously and
permanently flawed. To better human life,
enlightenment is needed.
他认为
人
性永远有着严重的瑕疵，为了使人的生活更美好，人们需要启蒙。
39. In his writings, although he
intends not to condemn but to reform and improve
human nature and human institutions.
在
他的作品中，他提倡的不是谴责，而是采取行为改良人性与人为的机构。
40. His“A Modest Proposal”is
generally taken as a perfect model.
他的《一
个温和的建议》被认为是一篇完善的典范。
41.
Swift is one of the greatest masters of English
prose.
斯威夫特是一名优秀的散文作家。
42.
He
defined
a
good
style
as“proper
words
in
proper
places.”Clear,
simple,
concrete
diction,
uncomplicated
sentence
structure, economy and conciseness of
language mark all his writings---essays, poems and
novels.
他创立了一种良好的文
风，即
< br>“
在恰当的地方用恰当的词
”
。
无论是散文，诗歌，还是小说，简洁，具体，精确，没有复杂的句式永远是他
的写作风格
。
43. Swift?s chief works
are: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books,
The Drapier?s
Letters(
1724-1
725
), Gulliver?s
Travels and
A Modest Proposal.
斯威夫特的作品主要有《桶的故事》
，
《书籍的战斗》
，
《德
拉皮尔的信》
，
《格列佛游记》
和《一
个温和的建议》
。
44.
Gulliver?s Travels: Jonathan?s best fictional
work, the book contains four parts. Its social
significance is great and it
s
exploration into human nature profound.
《格列佛游记》
：是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说，全书分为四卷
，它具有重大
的社会意义，同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。
(V)Henry Fielding
亨利
.
费尔丁
45.
During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had
attempted a considerable number of forms of play.<
/p>
在他戏剧创作生涯里，
费尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式。
46. Of all his plays, the
best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The
Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical
Register for the Year 1736.
他
的作品中最有名的要数《咖啡屋的政治家》
，
《悲剧中的悲剧》
，
《巴斯昆》
，
《
1736
历史年
鉴》
。
47. a“comic epic in
prose,”whose subject is“the true ridiculous”in
human nature.“
散文体喜剧史诗
”
，
主题是人类本性中的
荒唐，对人性进行了真实的讽
刺。
48. The dominating
qualities of the novel are its excellent
character-portrayal, timely entrances and exits,
robustness of tone
and hilarious,
hearty humor.
小说的突出特点是出色的人物刻画，及时的出场退场，笔调
的遒劲及令人会心的幽默。
4
49. “The Great Man,
properly considered, is no better than a great
gangster”
----The History of Jonathan
Wild the Great
从某
种意义上说，伟大的人物无
异于
“
伟大
”
的匪徒
--------
《伟大的乔纳森怀尔德》
。
50. The History of
Tom Jones is a masterpiece on the subject of human
nature.
费尔丁的代表作《汤姆
.
琼斯：一个弃儿的
故事》主题是对人性的讽刺。
51. the purpose of the novel was not
just to amuse, but to instruct, the object of
novel was to present a faithful picture of life,
“the just copies of human manners,”
with sound teaching woven into their texture, so
as to teach men to know themselves,
their proper-spheres and appropriate ma
nners.
，小说不仅供娱乐，而且更有教育意义，他的小说的主旨是要真实地展
示生活，使之成为
“
人类态度的完整拷贝<
/p>
”
，并将说教巧妙的引入作品，教导人们认识自己，寻求适宜的人
生态度。
52. Fielding has been
regarded by some as“Father of the English
novel,”for his contribution to the establishment
of the form
of the modern novel.
费尔丁被一些人尊为
“
英国小说之父
< br>”
，因为他为现代小说模式的创立作出很大贡献。
53. he was the first to set out , both
in theory and practice, to write specifically
a“comic epic in prose,”the first to
give
the
modern novel its
structure and style.
他第一个在理论与实践上创造了
“
散文体喜剧史诗
”
，并
第一个为现代小说确立了
结构和风格。
54. He“thinks the thought”of all his
characters, so he is able to present not only
their external behaviors but also the
inte
rnal
workings of their m
inds.
作者以角色的口吻去
“
想<
/p>
”
，因此不仅可以表述人物的外在行为，还可深入刻画其内心的思
想
活动。
55.
Fielding?s
language
is
easy,
unlaboured
and
familiar,
but
extremely
vivid
and
vigorous.
His
sentences
are
always
distinguished by
logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully
planed toward an inevitable ending.
费尔丁的
创作语言自然
流畅，通俗易懂，同时又栩栩如生并富有活力，他的句子以逻辑性和韵律性
见长，小说结尾总是水到渠成，顺理成
章。
56. Tom Jones, the novel consists of 18
books. Tom, the titular hero of the story, he
became a national hero, he---honest,
kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and
brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of
animal spirits.
《汤姆
.
琼斯》共
18
卷，汤姆曾一度成为全国人民心中的英雄，他
----
诚实，善良，高尚，忠诚，勇敢，同时也有着易冲动，
鲁莽和野性
难驯的缺点。
57. Tom Jones brings its
author the name of the“Prose Home.”The
pan
oramic view it provides of the 18th-
century English
country.
《汤姆<
/p>
.
琼斯》为费尔丁赢得了
“
散文荷马
”
的盛名，小说为读者提供了一幅英国
18
世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的
全景图。
【英国】
Chapter3
The Romantic Period
(1798-1832)
浪漫主义
1.
This
urgency
was
provoked
by
two
important
revolutions:
the
French
Revolution
of
1789-1794
and
the
English
Industrial Revolution which happened
more slowly, but with Astonishing consequences.
英国面临着新的发展动力：一是
1789-1794
< br>年的法国资产阶级大革命，一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。
2.
In 1832, the Reform Bill
was enacted, which brought the Industrial
capitalists into power.1832
年
“
改革法案
”
在议
会通过并实施。
3.
The
Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or
France, expressed a more or less negative forward
the
existing social.
浪漫主义运动，无
论是在英国，德国还是法国，都表现相互对工业革命时期现存的社会经济制度及城
市资产
阶级的上升的否定态度。
4.
The
Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against
the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century
writers
and philosophers. Where their
predecessors saw man as a social animal, the
Romantics saw him essentially as an individual
in the solitary state.
文学家摒弃了
18
世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调
---
理性，新古典主义文学家认为人是社会性的动物，
而浪漫主义文
学家认为人应该是独立自由的个体。
5.
Thus, we can say that Romanticism
actually constitutes a change of direction from
attention to the outer world of
social
civilization to the inner world of the human spiri
t.
因此，我们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世
界
—
社会文明转移到内部世界
---
人类自己的精神实质。
6.
The Romantic period is an age of
poetry.
浪漫主义时代也是诗歌的时代。
7.
They believed that poetry
could purify both individual souls and the society
.
他们（浪漫主义代表诗人布莱克，华
兹华斯，科勒律治，拜伦
，雪莱及济恩）认为诗歌是医治社会顽疾的良药，可以净化人的灵魂。
5
8.
Wordsworth
defines
the
poet
as
a“man
speaking
to
men,”and
poetry
as“the
spontaneous
overflow
of
powerful
feelings, which originates in emotion
recollected in tranquility
.”
华兹华斯认为诗人是对着广大人民讲话的人，而诗歌是
强烈情感的自发流露，发乎情，止
乎静。
9.
Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is
the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of
disparate elements.
想象是在
全无联系的
各种元素上创立新型整体的一种超凡的官能。
10. The
Romantics not only extol the faculty of
imagination, but also elevate the concepts of
spontaneity and inspiration,
regarding
them as something crucial for true poetry.
< br>浪漫主义者不仅推崇想象，还强调灵感与创作的自发性，认为有这
两种才智才能创
造出真正的诗歌。
11. Romantics also
tend to be nationalistic.
浪漫主义者们还体现了强烈的民
族精神。
12. To the Romantics,
poetry should be free from all rules. They would
turn to the humble people and the common everyday
life for subjects.
浪漫主义诗人却打破这
些格律，他们会在穷苦百姓及日常生活中找寻素材。
13.
The two major novelists of the Romantic period are
Jane Austen and Walter Scott.
浪漫主义时期的代表小
说家有简
.
奥
斯汀与沃尔特
.
司各特
.
14.
Jane Austen?s view of life is a totally realistic
one.
简
.
奥斯汀对生活抱有完全的
现实主义
.
15. The major theme of
Jane?s novels is love and marriage
toward which she holds on a practical
idealism---love should be
justified by
reason and disciplined by self-control. She
chooses to stay within the tiny field that she
knows best., she has
become
a
popular
classic
and
has
been
admired
for
her
wit,
her
common-
sense,
her
insight
into
characters
and
social
relati
onships.
简
.
奥斯汀作品的主
题为爱情与婚姻
,
对于这个主题
,
奥斯汀抱有一种较为实际的理想主义
---
爱情必须有
理智及道德准则的约束
,
她
的作品的背景都很小却都是她熟知的
,
她的智慧
,
常识及对人物和人际关系深刻的洞察受到
了大批读者
的喜爱
.
16. Walter Scott showed
a keen sense of political and traditional forces
and of their influence on the individual. He is
the
first major historical novelist.
司各特表现出对政治与传统的力量及它们对个人的影响深刻的洞察力。他是英国文学史
上第一位重要的历史小说家。
17.
Gothic
novel,
a
type
of
romantic
fiction
that
predominated
in
the
late
eighteenth
century,
its
principal
elements
are
violence, horror, and the supernatural.
哥特式小说也是浪漫主义运动的一部分，它盛行于浪漫主义前期的
18
世纪末。
这种小说的主要题材是暴力，恐怖及对超自然力
（鬼神）的描写。
(I)William Blake
威廉
.
布莱克
18.
He
was
often
misunderstood
by
other
people,
who
would
regard
him
as
gifted
but
mad.
He
was
recognized
only
posthumously.
他经常遭到旁人误解，认为他是个天才，又是个疯子，他去世后才被人发掘出来并一举成名。
< br>
19. Childhood is central to Blake?s
concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of
Experience, and this concern gives the
two books a strong social and
historical reference.
他的两步诗集《天真之歌》和《经验之歌
》中，童年是布莱克主要描
述的中心，这个描述中心使作品富有社会与历史性的参考价值
。
20.
Blake?s
Marriage
of
Heaven
and
Hell
marks
his
entry
into
maturity.
It
plays
the
double
role
both
as
a
satire
and
a
revolutionary
p
rophecy.
布莱克的《天堂与地狱的结合》一诗标志着他创作上的成熟，并担负了
讽喻与革命预言的两
重角色。
21.
The“marriage,”to Black, means the reconciliation
of then con
traries, not the
subordination of the one to the other.
婚
姻
对布莱克意味着矛盾的调和，而并非一方从属于另一方。
22. Blake felt bound to declare that“I
know that This World is World of Imagination &
Vision”and that“The Nature of my
work
is visionary or imaginative.”
布莱克热切得宣布：<
/p>
“
我认为人世凡尘是一个充满想象与幻想的世界，
我的作品也如
人世凡尘一样充满想象与幻觉。
”
23. Blake writes his poems in
plain and direct
language.
布莱克的语言直白朴素。
24. Symbolism in wide rang is also a
distinctive feature of his
poetry.
大范围地使用象征手法也是他作品的鲜明特征。
(II)William Wordsworth
威廉
.
华兹华斯
25.
The poet Robert Southey as w
ell as
Coleridge lived nearby, and the three men became
known as the“Lake Poets”.
诗人
骚
塞
,
科勒律治也居住在同一地城
,
三人并称为
”
湖畔诗人
”
。
26. In 1842
he received a government pension, and in the
following year he succeeded Southey as Poet
Laureate.1842
年政
6
府为他发了津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为了
“
桂冠诗人
”
。
< br>
27
. According to the
subject, Wordsworth?s short poems can be
classified into two group: poems about nature and
poems
about human life.
按照主题，
华的短诗可分为两大类：关于自然的和关于人类生活的。
28. Wordsworth is regarded as
a“worshipper of nature.”
华被称为
”
大自然的膜拜者
”
。
29. Wordsworth thinks that common
life is the only subject of literary interest. The
joys and sorrows of the common people
are his themes.
华认为普通人的普通生活应是
文学的主题，她的作品大多描述普通百姓的喜怒哀乐。
30.
His works contain“The Solitary Reaper”,“To a
Highland Girl”,”The Old Cumberland Beggar”and“The
Ruined Cottage”.
他的作品包括《孤独的收割者》
，
《致高地姑娘》
，
《老坎伯兰的
乞丐》和《被摧毁的茅屋》
。
31.
In
its
daring
use
of
subject
mater
and
sense
of
then
authenticity
of
the
experience
of
the
poorest,“Resolution
and
Independence”is the
triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in
the Lyrical
Ballads.
通过大胆运用这样
的主题，
同时
对贫苦人民生活经历的描写拥有极大的可信度，<
/p>
“
革命与独立
”
则成为《抒情歌谣集》中成功的结论，这在英国诗歌
历史上也是第一次。
32. Wordsworth is a poet in memory
of the past .
华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人。
33. Wordsworth?s deliberate simplicity
and refusal to decorate the truth of experience
produced a kind of pure
and profound
poetry which no other poet has ever equ
aled.
华兹华斯对简洁朴素的风格的追求，对粉饰真实的厌恶使他的诗歌具有别
人无法企及的纯净与深远之美。
34.
he maintained that the scenes and events of
everyday life and the speech of ordinary people
were the raw material of
which poetry
could and should be made.
他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握
真实素材的来源，
他的创作理论的核心便是普
通人的生活经历，
普通人的词汇语言都是诗人应该也能够汲取的素材。
35.
William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the
English romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of
the period.
华兹华斯
是英国诗歌史上的精英，是浪
漫主义时期的杰出代表。
36. The most
important contribution he has made is that he has
not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of
the growing
inner self, but also
changed the course of English poetry by using
ordinary
speech of the
language and by advocating a
return
to
nature.
他对诗歌的巨大贡献在于开启了现代诗歌，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号
召人们回
归自然。
(V)Percy Bysshe Shelley
柏
.
比
.
雪莱
57.
He
held
a
lifelong
aversion
to
cruelty,
injustice,
authority,
institutional
religion
and
the
formal
shams
of
respectable
society,
condemning war, tyranny and exploitation.
他一生都在执著的反抗社会上的残忍与不公，强权与宗教，战争与
剥削。
58.
He realized that
the evil was also in man?s
mind.
他认为罪恶还存在于人的思想。
59. One of Shelley?s greatest political
lyrics is“Men of England. The poem was later to
become a rallying song of the British
Communist Party.”
雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗
是
“
致苏格兰人民
”
< br>，这首诗在宪章运动时期成为广大工人的战歌。
60.
Best of all the well-
known lyric pieces
is Shelley?s“Ode to the West Wind”; here Shelley?s
rhapsodic and declamatory
tendencies
find a subject perfectly suited to them.
雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属
“
西风颂
”
，这首诗语气狂热，宜于诵读。
61.
“If
Winter
comes,
can
Spring
be
far
behind?”The
poem
is
written
in
the
terza
rima
form
Shelley
derived
from
his
reading of Dante.“
如果冬天已经来临，春
天还会远吗？
”
诗人引用了文艺复兴时期意大利诗人但丁的三行
诗节隔句押
韵法。
62.
Shelley?s greatest achievement is his
four
-act poetic drama, Prometheus
Unbound
，
The play is an
exultant work in praise
of
humankind
?s potential, and Shelley
himself recognized it as“the most perfect of my pr
oducts.”.
雪莱最有造诣的作品是
他的四幕诗剧《解放
了的普罗米修斯》
，它赞扬了人类自身的潜力，雪莱认识它是自己最出色的作品。
63.
Like
Blake,
he has
a
reputation
as
a
difficult
poet:
erudite,
imagistically
complex,
full
of
classical
and
mythological <
/p>
allusions.
像布莱克一样，由于不同于其他人，他是个
备受推崇的诗人，他的作品博学，具有深厚文化底蕴，含有丰
富的典故和神灵的暗示。<
/p>
(VII)Jane Austen
简
.
奥斯汀
7
75.
Her
first
novel,
Sense
and
Sensibility,
tells
a
story
about
two
sisters
and
their
love
affairs:
Pride
and
Prejudice, the most
popular of her novels, deals with five Bennet
sisters and search for suitable husbands;
and Northanger Abbey.
她的处女作《理
智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历；
《傲慢与偏见》是她最
著名的作品，
讲述了贝内特一家五位姐妹寻找如意郎君的过程；
《诺觉寺》
讽刺了
18
世纪流行的哥特
式骑士抒情诗。
76.
Mansfield Park presents the antithesis of
worldliness and unworldliness Emma gives the
thought over
self-deceptive vanity; and
Persuasion contrasts the true love with the
prudential calculations.
《曼斯菲尔德花
< br>园》表现了世俗与非世俗的并存；
《爱玛》对自欺欺人的虚荣心给予了反思；
《劝告》将真挚爱情与精
打细算进行了对照。
77. She holds the ideals of the
landlord class in politics, religion and moral
principles; and her works show
clearly
her firm belief in the predominance of reason over
passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners
and clear-sighted judgment over the
Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.<
/p>
她主张地主阶级应
在政治及社会生活中占主导地位，而她的作品也
表现了她强调的理智高于情感，责任心、礼节、公正
高于浪漫与个人主义的观点。
78.
And
in
style,
she
is
neoclassicism
advocator,
upholding
those
traditional
ideas
of
order,
reason,
proportion and
gracefulness in novel writing.
在写作风格上，她提
倡新古典主义，坚持理性，秩序，典雅
的原则。
79. Austen
’
s main
literary concern is about human beings in their
personal relationships.
奥斯汀的创作主题
< br>总与个人的生活及人际关系有关。
80. It is
her conviction that a man
’
s
relationship to his wife and children is at least
as important a part of his
life as his
concerns about his belief and career.
她确
信一个人与自己妻子，儿女的关系最起码同他生命的
另一半
--
-
事业，信仰
---
同样重要。
81. plots are all restricted
to the provincial life of the late 18th-century
England, concerning three or four
landed gentry families with their daily
routine life.
奥斯汀的写作素材十分狭窄。主题，角色，社会背景
及情节都离不开
18
世纪英国的乡村中产阶级
生活，总是三，四口之家的日常生活。
82.
ride
and
Prejudice,
originally
drafted
as
“
First
Impressions
”
in
1796,
is
the
most
delightful
of
Jane
Austen
’
s works.
《傲慢与偏见》原名《第一印象》是奥斯汀最出色的作品。
83. Our first impression, according to
Jane Austen, are usually wrong.
奥斯汀认为人的第
一印象总是有失
偏颇的。
84.
The structure of the novel is exquisitely deft,
the characterization in the highest degree
memorable, while
the irony has a
radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere.
85. The works of Jane
Austen, at
once delightful
and profound, are
among the
supreme
achievements
of
English literature. With
trenchant
observation
and in
meticulous
detail,
she presents
the quiet,
day-to-day
country life of the upper-middle-class
English.
奥斯汀的著作令人愉悦并有深意，是英国文学史上巨大的
成就。她通过犀利细致的观察，向我们展现了平和的英国乡村中产阶级的日常生活全貌。
86. Her characteristic theme is
that maturity is achieved through the loss of illu
sions.
其典型的主旨是成熟，
实在错误的幻想打破后获得
的。
87. Because of her
sensitivity to universal patterns of human
behavior, Jane Austen has brought the English
novel, as an art of form, to its
maturity, and she has been regarded by many
critics as one of the greatest of
all n
ovelists.
由于她人类行为的普遍模式十分敏感，
奥斯
汀使英国小说走向成熟，
众多评论家都认为她
是英国最出色的小
说家之一。
【英国】
Chapter 4
The Victorian
Period(1836-1901)
维多利亚时期
1.
Common
sense
and
moral
propriety,
which
were
ignored
by
the
Romanticists,
again
became
the
predominant preoccupation in literary w
ork.
道德和常理这些被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题，又回到了
文学主流中来。
2.
Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater, both
notorious advocators of the theory
of
“
art for
art
’
s
sake.
”唯美
8
主义者奥斯卡．王尔德与沃尔特．培特都极力推崇“为了艺术
而艺术”的观点。
3.
Utilitarianism was widely accepted and
practiced.
实用主义大行其道。
4.
The
poetry
of
this
period
was
mainly
characterized
by
experiments
with
new
styles
and
ways
of
expressio
n.
这个时期的诗歌具有风格标新，表达立异的特点。
5.
Victorian
literature,
in
general,
truthfully
represents
the
reality
and
spirit
of
the
age.
The
high-
spirited vitality, the down to earth earnestness,
the good-matured humor and unbounded imagination
are all unprecedented.
维多利亚时期
文学，
真实地反映了时代的现实与精神，
其中体现出的高度的活
力，
脚踏实地的精神，善意的幽默与无羁无绊的丰富联想都是空前的。
< br>
(I)Charles
Dickens
查尔斯．狄更斯
6.
Soon
The
Posthumous
Papers
of
the
Pickwick
Club
appeared
in
monthly
installments.
It
is
once
lifted him into a position of fame and
fortune.
很快《皮克威克外传》也出版了，这使狄更斯一度名利双
收。
7.
Dickens is one of the greatest critical
realist writer of the Victorian Age.
狄更斯
是伟大的批判现实
主义作家。
8.
The best he can do seems to try to
retain an optimism with wishful thinking.
他所能做的只是保持
一种充满希望的乐观主义。
9.
Whatever his limitations,
this man is loved and admired by the millions, not
only for the practical
reform his works
have helped to bring about but also for that heart
which is ready to love and sympathize.
不
管狄更斯有何局限性，
他都深受人民大众喜爱，
不仅因为他的作品促进社会改良，
更因为他那颗善良
博
爱之心。
10.
In his works, Dickens sets out a full
map and a Large-scale criticism of the nineteenth
century England,
particularly
London.
在他的作品中，狄更斯对１９世纪的英国，特别是伦敦做出了全面地
描绘及大量
的批评。
11.
His
early
works
contain
Oliver
Twist,
Nicholas
Nickleby,
The
Pickwick
Paper(legal
fraud),
David
Copperfield and Martin Chuzzlewit.
他的早期作品包括《雾都孤儿》
，
《尼古拉斯．尼
克尔比》
，
《皮克威
克外传》
（合法欺骗）
，
《大卫．科波菲尔》和《马丁．
瞿述伟》等等。
12. This youthful
brightness and optimism is also manifest in the
constant jokes and laughter.
作者青年时期
的这种明朗与乐观还体现在作品的幽默与笑料中。
13.
His
later
works
contain
A
tale
of
two
Cities,
Bleak
House,
Little
Dorrit,
Hard
Times
and
Great <
/p>
Expectations.
后期作品包括《双城记》
，
《荒凉山庄》
，
《小多
利特》
，
《艰难时世》和《远大前程》
。
14. Charles Dickens is a
master story-
teller.
狄更斯具有惊人的讲故事能力。
15. Dickens
’
works
are also characterized by a mingling of humor and
pathos.
狄更斯的作品还有一个特
点，是将幽默与哀伤的
泪水交汇起来。
16. Sometimes
Dickens seems so anxious to wring an extra tear
from the audience that he indulges himself
in excessive sentimental melodrama and
spoils the story.
有时狄更斯会将作品写的令读者潸然泪下，但由<
/p>
于他过于注重悲情的渲染，有时会破坏故事的连贯性。
17. Charles Dickens is one of the
greatest Victorian writers, and his name one of
those to be remembered
forever.
< br>狄更斯是英国文学史上能与莎士比亚齐名的文学巨人，他的作品与人格都将永远留在人民心
中。
(II)The Bronte
Sisters
布朗蒂姐妹（只考察
Charlotte
Bronte
）
18.
Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, and their gifted
sister Anne Bronte came from a large family of
Irish
origin.
夏洛蒂
.
布朗蒂，艾米丽
.
布朗蒂，安妮
.
布朗蒂三姐妹出生于爱尔兰裔的大户人家。
19. Charlotte
’
s
second novel, Jane Eyre, won immediate success
when it appeared in 1847. In the same year,
Emily
’
s single
and unique work Wuthering Heights and
Anne
’
s Agnes Grey were also
published.
夏洛蒂
的第二部小说《简爱》问世后立即
大获成功。同年，艾米丽唯一的小说《呼啸山庄》与安妮的《阿格
尼斯
< br>.
格雷》也相继发行。
9
20.
Charlotte
’
s
works
are
all
about
the
struggle
of
an
individual
consciousness
towards
self-realization,
about
some
lonely
and
neglected
young
women
with
a
fierce
longing
for
love,
understanding
and
a
full,
happy
life.
夏洛蒂的作品主题几乎都是个人自觉地为实现自我价值而奋
斗，都是有关一些孤独而卑微
的少女对爱情，理解与完整幸福的生活的强烈渴求。
21. In her mind,
man
’
s life is composed of
perpetual battle between sin and virtue, good and
evil.
在她看来，
人生就是一场永不停息的罪恶与美德的斗
争。
22. All her
heroines
’
highest joy arises
from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness
overcome.
她小
说中的女主人公最大的快乐都来自一些
自我牺牲后或个人弱点被战胜后获得的幸福。
23. She
is a writer of realism combined with romanticism.
On one hand, she presents a vivid realism picture
of
the
English
society
by
exposing
the
cruelty,
hypocrisy
and
other
evils
of
the
upper
classes,
and
by
showing the misery and suffering of the
poor. On the other hand, her writings are marked
throughout by an
intensity of vision
and passion.
她还是集现实主义与浪漫主义于一身的作家。一方面，她真实
生动的再
现了英国上流社会的残酷，
虚伪及其他丑恶现象以及下
层贫苦人民的不幸。
另一方面，
她的笔下充盈
< br>这美好的情与景。
24. Jane Eyre:
It is noted for its sharp criticism of the
existing society. The success of the novel is also
due to
its introduction to the English
novel the first governess heroine.
《简爱》<
/p>
：
它以对当时社会尖锐的批评而闻
名于世
。小说的成功在于它在英国小说史上第一次成功的塑造出了家庭教师的女主人公形象。
25. The vivid description of her
intense feelings and her thought and inner
conflicts brings her to the heart of
the
audience.
小说通过
对简热烈的情感，思想以及内心冲突的生动描写，向读者展示出了一幅心灵画
卷。
26. Wuthering Heights: It is
the story about two families and an intruding stra
nger.
《
呼啸山庄》
讲的是两个<
/p>
家庭与一个外来者的故事。
(VI)Thomas Hardy
托马斯
.
哈代
42. his
last two novels: Tess of the
D
’
Urbervilles and Jude the O
bscure.
他的最后两部小说是《德伯家的
苔丝》与《无名
的裘德》
。
43. His
best local-colored works are his later ones, such
as The Return of the Native, The Trumpet Major,
The Mayor of Casterbri
dge,
The Woodlanders, Tess of the D?Urbervilles and
Jude the Obscure. These works,
known as
“novels of character and
environment
,
”
are
the most representative of him as both a
naturalistic
and a critical realist wri
ter.
他晚年的作品最富地方色彩，如《还乡》
，
《号兵长》
，
《卡斯特桥市长》
< br>，
《林
地居民》
，
《德伯家的苔丝》与《无名的裘德》这些作品便是著名的“角色与环境为纲的小说”
< br>，最好
的代表了作者自然主义与批判主义的写作特点。
44. Tess, a simple, innocent and
faithful country girl. She finally becomes a
victim of the modern society.
苔
丝，一个单纯忠诚的乡村女孩，她最后成为了现代社会的牺牲品。
45. Hardy is often regarded as a
transitional
writer.
哈代常被认为是一位承前启后的作家。
46.
In
his
works,
man
is
shown
inevitably
bound
by
his
own
inherent
nature
and
hereditary
traits
which
prompt
him
to
go
and
search
for
some
specific
happiness
or
success
and
set
him
in
conflict
with
the
environment.
哈代作品中的人物都不可避免的屈从
于自身的天性或遗传的品质，促使他追求某一种幸
福成功，从而又使自己陷入与环境的冲
突中。
47. He is a meditative
story-teller or
romancer.
他是个善于深入思考的故事家。
48. They are not only individual cases
but also universal
truth.
他们不仅个别的例子，还是普遍的真理。
49. Their plight is not just their own;
it applies to any one, any age. And finally, all
the works of Hardy are
noted
for
the
rustic
dialect
and
a
poetic
flavor
which
fits
well
into
their
perfectly
designed
architectural
structures.
他们（小说中的人物）的故事不仅是他们自身的经历，而且具有相当的普遍性。最后，哈
代的作品结构完美，语言极富乡土气息与诗情画意。
50.
Tess of the
D?Urbervilles: The
re she meets Angel
Clare, son of a clergyman. It is a fierce attack
on the
hypocritical morality of the
bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into
the country and destruction of
the
English peasantry towards the end of the century.<
/p>
《德伯家的苔丝》
：苔丝远离故土，外出谋生，与牧
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