-
英国文学史资料
British Writers and Works
一
.
A
nglo-Saxon
period
贝
奥武夫
:
the
national
epic
of the Anglo-Saxons
Epic:
long
narrative
poems
that
record
the
adventures
or
heroic
deeds
of
a
hero
enacted in
vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and
elevated.
(
主
题严肃，语言庄重
)
e.g. Homer’s Iliad and
Odyssey
Artistic features:
1.
Using
< br>alliteration(
押头韵
)
< br>（该文最大修辞特点，每行第一个词辅
音韵）
Definition of alliteration: a
rhetorical device, meaning some words in a
sentence begin with the same consonant
sound
（辅音）
2.
Using
metaphor
（暗喻，隐喻）
and understatement
Definition
of
understatement:
expressing
something
in
a
controlled
way
Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to
express their
ideas
二
.The Middle Ages
（
Medieval
Ages
）
Geoffery Ch
aucer
杰弗里
?
乔叟
1340(?)~1400
(
首创
“
双韵体
”
，
英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰
·
德莱顿
（
John
Dryden
）
称其为
“
英国诗歌之父
”
The
father of English poetry.
first time to use
‘
heroic couplet
’<
/p>
(
英雄双韵体
) by middle
English
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》
《
The
Canterbury
tales
》
。
It is ____alone who, for the first time
in English literature, presented to us a
comprehensive (
综合
的，广泛的
)realistic picture of the English society of
his time and created a whole gallery of vivid
characters from all walks of life. ( A
)
A. Geoffrey
Chaucer
B.
MatinLuther
C. William
Langland
D. John Gower
writing style:
wisdom, humor, humanity.
①
坎特伯雷故事集：
first time to use
‘
heroic couplet
’<
/p>
(
英雄双韵体
)
by middle English
②
特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德
③
<
The Houseof
Fame>
声誉之宫
Medieval Ages
’
popular Literary form:
Romance(
传奇故事
)
Famous three
：
King
Arthur
Sir Gawain and the Green
Knight
Beowulf
三
.The Renaissance Period
key word:
humanism
(Bacon,
Shakespeare,
Marlowe)
A period of drama and poetry. The
Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream
of the English Renaissance.
Renaissance
: the activity,
spirit, or time of the great revival of art,
literature,
and learning in
Europe
beginning in
the 14th
century and
extending to
the 17th
century, marking the transition from
the medieval to the modern world.
Three historical events of the
Renaissance
–
rebirth or
revival:
1.
new
discoveries in geography and astrology(
占星术
/
学、星座
)
2.
the religious
reformation and economic expansion
3.
rediscovery of
ancient Roman and Greek culture
The
most famous dramatists:
Christopher
Marlowe
William Shakespeare
Ben Johnson.
1
Francis
Bacon
弗兰西斯<
/p>
?
培根
1561~1626
（
散文之父
）
The first English essayist.
（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一
著名论断；近代唯
物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。
）
Philosopher,
scientist,
lay
the
foundation
for
modern
science.
The
first
English
essayist.
Writing
style:
brevity,
compactness&powerfulness,
well-arranging
and
enriching by Biblical allusions,
metaphors and philosophy to
man
’
s reason.
①
<
TheAdvancement
of Learning>
学术的推进
②
<
Essays>
随笔
(famous quotas:
The theme of
Of
Studies
: uses and benefits
of study and different ways
adopted by
different people to pursue studies.
2 Christopher
Marlowe
< br>柯里斯托弗
?
马洛
1564~1
595
“
University Wits
< br>”
(
大学才子派
)
,
the pioneer of English drama
（完善了无韵体
诗。
）
Blank verse:
written in
unrhymed iambic pentameter.
（不押韵的抑扬格
五音步）
Marlowe gave new
vigor to ____ with his
“
mighty
lines
”
( D )
A. the Petrarchan sonnet
B. sestina
C. terzarima
D. blank verse
①
<
The
Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>
浮士德博
士的悲剧（根据德国
民间故事书写成）
②
<
Tamburlaine>
帖木
耳大帝
③
<
The Jew
ofMalta>
马耳他的犹太人
3
William Shakesp
eare
威廉
?
莎士比亚
1564~1616
①
Historical plays:Henry VI
; Henry IV : Richard III Henry
V
；
Richard
II
；
Henry VIII
②
Four Comedies:
皆大欢喜
;
第十二夜
;
狐狸
5Edmund Spenser
埃德蒙
?
斯宾塞
1552~1599
（后人称之为
“
诗人的诗人
”
。
）
< br>The
poets
’
poet.
The
first
to
be
buried
in
the
Poet’s
corner of Westerminster Abbey
Which of the following statements is
not the reason for that Edmund Spenser is famous
for
“
the
poet
’
s
poet
”
? ( B )
A. Spenser
’
s
idealism
B. his struggle for
criteria
C. his love of
beauty
D. his
exquisite melody
①
仙后
(for Queen
Elizabeth)
The theme is not
“
Arms and the
man
”
, but something more
romantic
“
Fierce wars and
faithfull loves
”
.
Artistic features:
1.
Using
Spenserian Stanza
Definition of Spenserian
Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc.
Eight
lines
in
iambic
pentameter,
and
last
line
in
iambic
hexameter.
②
牧人日历
The theme is to lament over
the loss of Rosalind.
③
<
Amoretti>
爱情小唱
6 Thomas
More
托马斯<
/p>
?
莫尔
1478~1535
乌托邦
四
.
Revolution
and
Restoration(
资
产阶级革命与王朝复辟
)
The
17th
Century
（
John
Milton
，
Marvell ,
Donne,
Dryden
）
Theme :sex and death
1
John Milton
约翰
?
弥尔顿
1608~1674(
文风：庄严，敬畏
)
（诗人、政论家
;
失明后写《失乐园》
、
《复乐园》
、
《力士参孙》
.
）
a great master of
the blank verse
①
Epics:
失乐园
theme: fall of man
Regained>
复乐园
②
Dramatic poem:
<
Samson Agonistes>
力士参孙
③
论出版自由
为英国人民声辩
④
我的失明
The Metaphysical poet(
玄学派诗人
).
(Marvell ,
Donne,
Dryden)
Milton
和
Bunyan
对比
(1)Milton
A.
was the chief Puritan poet;
B. gave us the only epic
since
Beowulf;
C. voiced the Puritan
ideals for
the
educated class;
(2)Bunyan
A. was the chief Puritan
writer of
prose;
B. gave us the only great allegory ----
The Pilgrim’
s
Progress
;
C. spoke for the
common people.
Metaphysical Poetry(
玄学诗
)
：
Poetry of a group of
17
th
century English poets
whose
verse is characterized by an
intellectually challenging style and extended
metaphors
comparing very dissimilar
things
mysticism in content
and fantasticality in
form(
主题神秘，语言奇特
)
the diction
（用语）
is
simple, the imagery(
意象
) is
from the actual, the form is
frequently
an argument with the poet
’
s
beloved, with god, or with
himself.
（主
题：
love,
religious, thought
）
Artistic features:
1.
Conceits
（狂想，自负，幻想）
or
imagery
奇思妙喻
2.
syllogism
三段论
①
Meditations
沉思录
The Flea
虱子
(Donne)
②
Songs And Sonnets
Holy Sonnets
③
Valediction:
2.
JohnBunyan
约翰
?
班扬
1628~1688
（代表作《天路历程》<
/p>
，宗教寓言，被誉为
“
具有永恒意义的百
科全书
”
，是
英国文学史上里程碑式著
作。与但丁的《神曲》
、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并
列为世界三大
宗教题材文学杰作。
）
Puritan
poet(
清教徒派诗人
)
①
Religionary
Allegory:
<
The
Pilgrim’s
Progress
>
天路历程
五．
The 18th
Century
：
Enlightenment
andNeo-Classical
(Pope,
Swift , Defoe,)
同时为美国独立战争与法国
大革命提供了框架，
并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，
与
音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。
A revival
of
interest
in the old
classical
works,
order, logic,
（秩序，逻辑）
restrained
emotion(
抑制情感
) and
accuracy
The
Age
of
Enlightenment/Reason:
the
movement
was
a
furtherance
of
the
Renaissance
of
the
15
th
and
16
th
centries,
a
progressive
intellectual
movement,
reason(rationality),
equality&science(the 18
th
century)
小说崛起
（
the
rise of English
novel
）
：
In the
mid-century, the newly literary form,
modern English novel
rised
(realistic
novel
现实主义小说
)
Gothic novel
(
哥特式小
说
)
：
mystery,
horror, castles(from middle part to the end of
century)
Characteristics of Neo-Classical
literature
Prose: should be precise ,
direct , smooth ,flexible
Poetry:
should
be
lyrical
,
epical
,
didactic
and
dramatic
and
each
class
should
be
guided by its own principles;
Dram: should be written in the heroic
couplets
1
AlexanderPope
亚历山大
?
蒲柏
1688~1744
（
18
世纪英国最伟大的诗人，
其诗多用
“
英雄双韵体
”
/
“
heroic couplets
”
。
词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。
）
As a representative of the
Enlightenment
，
Pope was one of the first to introduce
rationalism
（理性主义）
to England....
Among the representatives of the
Enlightenment, who was one of the first to
introduce rationalism
to England? ( C )
A. John Bunyan
B. Daniel Defoe
C. Alexander Pope
D. Jonathan Swift
①
<
AnEssay on
Criticism>
批评论
Artistic features:
“
heroic
couplets
”
②
<
The Rape of the
Lock>
卷发遇劫记
③
<
Moral
Essays>
道德论
人论