-
Lecture One
An Overview
?
In the mid-19th century,
fossils were discovered that showed similarities
between human beings and
apes,
indicating that perhaps human beings had evolved
from primates.
the
Mongoloid
Race .
Africa was regarded man's birthplace
due to the human fossils of over three million
years old found
there.
In China, the Wushan Man, whose fossil
remains unearthed in the Wushan County of
Chongqing,
revealed a history of at
least two million years.
The East-Asian area was also a
birthplace of man.
the Old Stone Age (the Paleolithic
Period)
the New Stone Age
(the Neolithic Period)
Archaeologists divided them into the
Huaxia Group, the Eastern Tribe Group, and the
Southern Tribe
Group.
Huang Di’s Mausoleum.
mecca
cypresses
The Yellow
Emperor
(2698-2598 B.C.)
Alternative
Names of China
1. Chixian
Shenzhou (the Sacred Earth and Divine Land)
2. Zhonghua
3. Jiuzhou
(known as the nine administrative divisions
(within the seas)
China
Today
What makes the civilization
unique in world history is its continuity through
over 4,000 years to the
present
century.
National Emblem
?
The National
Anthem
(written by Tian Han; music was
set by Nie Er in 1935)
?
The
National
Flag
(red in color and has 5 yellow
stars): Red symbolizes the spirit of the
revolution;
yellow stars signify the
unity of the people of China under the leadership
of the Chinese Communist party.
?
The PRC is the largest
country
in
area
in
East
Asia
(excluding Russia) and the third
largest in the world by
land-and-sea
area.
People's Republic of
China, is situated in eastern Asia, bounded by the
Pacific in the east. The third
largest
country in the world, next to Canada and Russia,
it has an area of 9.6 million square kilometers,
or
one-fifteenth of the world's land
mass.
It begins
from the confluence of the Heilong and Wusuli
rivers (135 degrees and 5 minutes east longitude)
in the east to the Pamirs west of Wuqia
County in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (73
degrees and 40
minutes east longitude)
in the west, about 5,200 kilometers apart; and
from the midstream of the Heilong
River
north of Mohe (53 degrees and 31 minutes north
latitude) in the north to the southernmost island
Zengmu'ansha in the South China Sea (4
degrees and 15 minutes north latitude), about
5,500 kilometers
apart.
The Constitution of the People’s
Republic of China
is the fundamental
law of the state.
1
The NPC(Na
tional
People’s Congress) is the highest organ of state
power.
The Communist Party
is the sole party in power in China. Apart from
it, there are eight democratic
parties
in China.
The
State
Council,
or
the
Central
People’s
Government
,
of
the
People’s
Repub
lic
of
China
is
the
executive body of the highest organ of
state power and the highest organ of state
administration.
It borders 14 nations
(counted clockwise from south):
Vietnam
,
Laos
,
Myanmar
(Burma),
India
,
Bhutan
,
Nepal
,
Pakistan
Afghanistan
,
Tajikistan
,
Kyrgyzstan
,
Kazakhstan
,
Russia
,
Mongolia
and
North Korea
.
Lecture Two
Marriage, Family and Population
Feudalist Society
?
A.
―The command
of parents
and the good offices of a
go-
between‖
?
B. Marrying one’s own kind
of people.
门当户对
Chinese Traditional Marriage
?
Chinese
marriage
was
systemized
into
custom
in
the
Warring
States
period
(402---221B.C.)
?
It
was
important
to
follow
a
basic
principle
of
Three
Letters
and
Six
Etiquettes
in
the
ancient times.
Three Letters
?
Betrothal Letter
?
Gift letter
?
Wedding Letter
Six Etiquettes
?
1. Proposing
?
2. Birthday matching
?
3. Presenting betrothal
gifts
彩礼
,
聘礼
?
4. Presenting wedding gifts
?
5. Picking a wedding date
?
6. Wedding ceremony
Key Words
?
Good
luck woman
?
Bridal sedan
chair
?
Firecrackers
?
Kowtows
?
Teasing games in the bridal
chamber.
New Criteria after 1949
?
1.
In
1950,
the
first
Marriage
Law
passed
in
China.
In
1980
and
2001,
it
was
revised
twice.
?
2. Main points of the
revised marriage law:
?
A.
free choice of partners, monogamy, equal rights
for the sexes
?
B. Family
planning is practiced.
?
C.
marriage
based
upon
arbitrary
decision
by
any
third
party,
mercenary
marriage,
and
2
any other acts of
interference in the freedom of marriage are
prohibited.
?
D. Adultery
outlawed; property division clarified; domestic
violence punished.
Types of Chinese
family
1. Incomplete/ single parent
family
2. Nuclear family (husband,
wife, unmarried child)
3. Joint family
(two or more nuclear families)
4.
Enlarged family (a nuclear family plus satellites
---widowed parents or distant relatives or
unrelated
persons)
5. DINK
6. Extended family(3+4)
Elements that Characterize the
Traditional Chinese Family:
1. Patrilineal descent (family name,
property, status passes from father to sons to
grandsons);
2.
Sacrifice
to
and
veneration
of
ancestors
(eldest
living
male
cares
for
ancestral
tablets
and
is
responsible for ancestral rituals);
3. Legally recognized concubinage
(under the law, a man could have more than one
wife);
4. Large families with several
married brothers living together;
5.
Need for a male heir to continue ancestor
sacrifice;
6. Organization of kinsmen
on the basis of a common patrilineal descent
(
Population policy
Family
planning has been pushed forward as one of the
basic state policies in China.
The basic requirements of family
planning are
late marriage, late
childbirth, fewer births, and better
childcare.
Love and Marriage
Useful Expressions:
早恋
calf-love; puppy-love
一夫一妻制
monogamy
初恋
first love
单相思,暗恋
unrequited love
失恋
be lovelorn; be jilted
黄昏恋
twilight love
媒人
go-
between
,
matchmaker
同性恋
homosexual
(
gay,
lesbian
)
自由恋爱
free courtship
网上恋爱
on-line romance
闪电式恋爱
whirlwind romance
白马王子
Prince Charming
;
Mr. Right
白雪公主
Snow White
断交信
Dear John
抱独身主义的人
celibatarian;
confirmed bachelor/spinster
求婚者
suitor
独身主义
celibacy
订婚礼物
a betrothal gift
包办婚姻
prearranged
marriage
买卖婚姻
mercenary
marriage
跨国婚姻
cross-culture marriage; mixed marriage
3
结婚证
marriage
license
抢婚
marriage by
capture
打离婚
go to
Reno
闪婚
flash
marriage
留守男士
/
女士
grass widower/grass
widow
钻石王老五
diamond bachelor
傍大款
find a sugar
daddy; lean on moneybags
时尚达人
fashion icon
第三者
the third
person(party); the other person;
paramour
二奶
kept woman
包二奶
have(keep) a
concubine(mistress)
小蜜
young mistress
小白脸,吃软饭的:
kept man
外遇
extramarital
relation; have an affair
家庭主男:
house-
husband
广告征婚
advertising for spouse
全职妈妈:
stay-at-
home mom
婚检
premarital check-up
私生子
an
illegitimate child; a love child
漂亮女人
tomato
(俚语)
;
妖娆女子
cheese cake
闪电约会
speed
dating
闪电恋爱
whirlwind romance
乐活族
LOHAS
(
Lifestyle
Of Health And
Sustainability
)
红娘
go-between;
middleman
新新人类:
new-new
generation
白头偕老
remain a
devoted couple to the end of their lives
脚踏两只船的人
two-timer
婚纱摄影
bride photo
旅行结婚
have a
honeymoon trip; destination wedding
裸婚
naked wedding
异地恋
long-distance relationship
灵魂伴侣
soul mate
小白脸
toy boy
骨感美女:
boney beauty
剩女
3S lady
(
single
,
seven
ties, stuck
)
/left girls
型男:
metrosexual man
(泛指那些极度重视外貌而行为
gay
化的直男,型男属于其
中的一种)
Lecture
Three
Culinary Culture
The features of Chinese
Food
Color, Aroma, and Taste
Color refers not only to
the beautiful color of the food, but also to the
layout and design.
Aroma
refers to the fragrant and appetising smell of the
dishes served on the table before eating.
Taste is not only
associated with tasting the food itself, but also
with the appreciation of seasonings and texture.
Cooking Methods
Time and temperature play an important
role in cooking.
They
include
boiling
(
煮
),
stewing
(
煲
/
炖
),
braising
(
烧
/
焖
p>
/
烩
),
frying
(
煎
),
stir-frying
(
炒
),
quick-frying
(
爆
),
deep-frying (
炸
),
frying and simmering (
扒
),
sauté
ing (
快煎
),
simmering (
煨
), smoking
(
熏
), roasting or barbecuing
(
烤
),
baking
(
烘
), steaming
(
蒸
) and scalding
(
白灼
).
Seasonings
Taste mainly
depends on the seasonings.
There are many
tastes
—
salty (salt, soy
sauce), sweet (sugar, honey), sour (vinegar),
pungent (chili, ginger, scallion
葱
),
fragrant
(sesame oil
香油
, coriander
香菜
, wine), prickled
(
麻的
) (prickly ash
花椒
) and tangy (monosodium
glutamate
or MSG
味精
) and bitter (dried
tangerine
陈皮
, bitter apricot
kernel
苦杏仁
).
Yin-
yang
Principle
Each food has its own characteristics
of
yin
or
yang
.
Yin
foods are thin, cooling
and low in calories.
Yang
foods are rich,
spicy, warming and high
in calories. Boiling food makes them
yin
; frying them makes them
yang
.
4
Medicinal Function
In China, people contend that a food
tonic (
食补
) is much better
than a medicine in fortifying one's health.
Based on traditional
Chinese herbal medicine practice, medicinal
cuisine combines strictly processed traditional
Chinese
medicine with traditional
culinary materials to produce delicious food with
health-restoring qualities.
The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of
Internal Medicine
Cereals
supply men with necessary nutrition, fruit is a
subsidiary, meal is an added benefit and
vegetables are nutritional
enrichment.
A diversified diet helps maintain the function of
the organs.
Guangdong Cuisine
As the climate of Guangdong is hot,
these dishes are fresh, tender and lightly
seasoned. The raw material for Guangdong
cuisine is very rich and includes
snake, leopard cat, and pangolin.
The
most famous snake dish is Dragon and Tiger Locked
in Battle.
Shandong Cuisine
Shandong dishes are usually fresh,
tasty, but not greasy. When meat or seafood is
cooked, only small amounts of cooking
oil and mild spices are used so that
the natural flavor of the food is preserved.
Deep-fried Red-scale Fish
Sauté
ed Pickled Fish Slices
Stir-fried Bean Curd
Yellow
River Carp in Sweet and Sour Sauce
Stewed Sea Cucumber
Dezhou
Braised Chicken
Sichuan Cuisine
It is regarded the most popular of the
four major schools of China’s culinary art. It is
world
-famous for its hot and pungent
flavoring. In fact, it can be sour,
hot, sweet, salty or tongue-numbing.
Spicy Diced Chicken with Peanuts
Dry-fried Shark Fin
Fish-
flavored Eggplant
Sichuan Cuisine
Twice-cooked Pork Slices
Fish-flavored Pork Shreds
Pockmarked Woman’s Bean Curd
Jiangsu-Zhejiang Cuisine
It
is popular in the middle and lower reaches of the
Yangtze River and is characteristically sweet. In
this school of cooking,
cutting
technique and temperature control are emphasized.
Crystal Pork
Simmered Pork
Head
West Lake Fish in Vinegar Sauce
Eight Regional Cuisines
Foods vary from north to south. Tastes
also differ regionally because of the climatic
differences. One popular summary of
Chinese food is ―sweet in the south,
salty in the north, sour in the west and spicy in
the east‖.
Shandong
Cuisine, also known as Lu Cai, is famous for its
qualities of freshness, clear colors, dedication
to fragrance and
pure tastes.
Sichuan Cuisine, also known as Chuan
Cai, is famous for its many flavors, especially
for its hot and pungent flavoring.
Almost every dish has its own unique
taste.
Guangdong Cuisine is known as
Yue Cai (
粤菜
). Tasting clean,
light, crisp and fresh.
It usually has
fowl (
家禽
) and other meats to
produce its unique dishes.
5
Fujian Cuisine, also known as Min Cai,
is noted for its light taste and sweet and sour
flavor.
The cooking puts
great emphasis on choosing the choicest
ingredients, and is thus particularly apt in
preparing seafood
dishes.
Jiangsu Cuisine, also known as Su
Cai,
has characteristically
sweet taste.
It preserves
the food’s original flavor, while emphasizing
strictly choice ingredients, exquis
ite
workmanship, and elegant
shapes.
Zhejiang Cuisine, also
known as Zhe Cai, has won a reputation for
freshness, tenderness, softness, and smoothness in
its
dishes with mellow fragrance.
Anhui Cuisine, also known
as Hui Cai, is highly distinctive not only for its
elaborate choices of cooking ingredients but
also for its strict control of the
cooking process.
Hunan
Cuisine, also known as Xiang Cai, is akin to that
of the chili-rich Sichuan dishes.
It is also characterized by a dense
pungent flavor. Chili, pepper and shallot are
necessities in this cuisine.
Principal Aspects of the Chinese
Culinary Arts
1. Preparation of raw
materials
2. Cutting and seasoning
3. Cooking temperature
4.
Cooking techniques: deep-frying, quick-frying,
stir-frying, roasting, sauté
ing,
simmering, braising, smoking, steaming,
stewing in soy sauce and syrup
Table Manners
Arrangement of seats
At a
formal banquet, the host prepares adequate seating
for the guests. For a large number of guests, the
elderly or people
of high status are
allocated specific seats. Special guests and the
elderly sit on the north side of the table or
directly facing
the
entrance
to
the
room.
The
concept
of
―honored
south,
humble
north‖
is
closely
related
with
traditional
Chinese
etiquette.
Toasts
Once
t
he guests are seated, the host
proposes a toast to the guests whilst saying,
―Drink first to show
respect‖(
先干为敬
).
Then the host and guests empty their
glasses, which are refilled in readiness for the
next of many toasts.
It is
perfectly acceptable to have three toasts
(traditionally signifying friendship) with the
entire company, rather than one
separate
toast
for
every
individual
present.
Some
other
toasts
can
be
offered:
―Toast
for
your
health‖,
―Toast
to
our
friendship‖, etc.
The courses
Serving order is
from cold to hot. Hot entrees
(
主菜
) should be served
starting on the left of the seat across from the
main
guests.
The
meal
then
begins
with
a
set
of
at
least
four
cold
dishes
followed
by
the
main
courses
of
hot
meat
and
vegetable
dishes.
Soup
is
served
next
(unless
in
Guangdong
style
restaurant)
with
the
local
staple
food
such
as
rice,
noodles and
dumplings being served last.
Chinese chopsticks
The correct holding of the chopsticks
is to grab the chopsticks in the middle, making
sure that the ends are even.
Bad Table Manner When Using Chopsticks
Rummaging through the food in a dish
with chopsticks for choice pieces;
Sticking chopsticks vertically into a
bowl of rice;
Pointing at people with
chopsticks
Healthy Diet Principles
Food should be diverse, food intake
must be balanced, oil and fat need to be reduced,
rough and refined grains must be
included, table salt should be limited,
sweets need to be reduced, eating and drinking
should be done moderately, and
everyone
should eat three meals a day.
6
Chinese Tea
China has a rich and
sophi
sticated tea culture. The Chinese
have a common saying, ―Seven things in the house:
firewood,
rice, oil, salt, soy sauce,
vinegar and tea‖.
The art
of tea making and drinking evolved through the
dynasties. It focuses on the method of brewing
tea, the drinking
utensils and the
serving etiquette.
The Categories of
Tea
Green Tea
Black Tea
Oolong
Tea
Compressed Tea
Scented Tea
Green tea
is the most natural of all Chinese
teas. It refers to tea made without being
fermented. It’s called green tea
because the tea liquid and tea leaves
are greenish. About 50% of China's teas are green
tea.
西湖龙井
碧螺春
黄山毛峰
Black tea
is fermented before baking. It’s so
named because the tea liquid and tea leaves are
reddish black. It tastes sweet
and can
facilitate the fostering of
yang
energy in the human body and erase the
greasiness of the stomach.
祁红
滇红
川红
Oolong tea sits half way between green
tea and black tea in the sense that it's half-
fermented. Typical oolong tea leaves
are green in the middle and red on the
edges as a result of the process to soften tea
leaves.
冻顶乌龙
大红袍
铁观音
Compressed
tea is made by compressing steamed tea leaves into
molds such as bricks, cakes, columns and other
shapes.
Most Chinese Compressed tea
uses black tea as its base.
Compressed tea can be stored for years
or even decades. Aged
Compressed tea
has a gentle flavor.
Pu’er
Tea
Chinese
Scented tea is a unique class of Chinese tea. It
is made from fragrant flowers. It is subdivided
into flower tea and
scented tea. Flower
Tea is from dried flowers with little processing.
Scented tea is a mixture of green tea with flower
petals. Jasmine Tea
玫瑰花茶
White tea is
non-fermented, non-rubbed, non-scented tea with
natural fragrance. Famous varieties include Silver
Needle
(
白毫银珍
) and
White Peony (
白牡丹
).
Yellow
Tea
has
yellow
leaves
and
yellow
tea
colour.
It's
an
uncommon
class
of
Chinese
tea.
The
flavor
is
mild
and
refreshing.
Three Cups of Tea
(
三杯茶
) of Bai Ethnic Group
Visitors are greeted with this warm and
unique ceremony: they are offered three cups of
tea. The first cup of tea is made
from
local bitter leaves.
It tastes
medicinal. The second looks like soup. It is
made from
walnuts (
核桃
),
cheese and
sugar. It tastes sweet. The
third cup of tea is made by mixing prickly ash,
ginger and Chinese cinnamon
(
肉桂
) with honey
and bitter tea. It is pungent, with a
distinct aftertaste.
What does the
three cups of tea symbolize?
The three
cups of tea are symbolic of the three stages of
one’s life journey: going through all kinds of
hardships, feeling
the joy of life, and
recalling both bitter and happy experience.
(
先苦后甜三回味
)
Ten
Best-known Tea
龙井
dragon
well
,瓜片
melon
slice
,银针
silver
needle
,毛峰
hairy
peak
,毛尖
hairy
point
,猴魁
monkey
head
,云
雾
mist and
cloud
,甘露
sweet
dew
,紫笋
purple bamboo
shoot
,碧螺春
green snail spring
Tea Etiquette
Serving a cup
of tea is more than mere politeness. It is a
symbol of togetherness, a sharing of something
enjoyable, and a
way of showing respect
to visitors. When offered tea, it is considered
polite to at least take a sip.
To offer tea, ask for the preference of
the guests before making the tea. The water should
not be too hot or it will scald the
guests.
When you pour tea,
the rule of ―full cup for wine and half cup for
tea‖ should be observed. Lu Yu
A Complete
Study
of Tea
Chinese
Wine
Wine has a long history in China
and plays an important part in the life of Chinese
people. It is comparable with such
7
daily
necessities as rice, salt, oil and water.
Wine Feasts
―Marriage wine feasts‖
―Arm
-
crossed
wine‖
―Month
-
old wine
feasts‖
―Hundredth
-
day
wine feasts‖
―Longevity wine feasts‖
―Beam
-placed-on-
the-
roof wine feast‖
Drinkers? Wager
Game
Drinkers’
wager game is a particular method in
China to help create more joyous atmosphere while
drinking. In general,
the drinkers’
wager game is used as a penalty to urge drinkers
to drink more, but the chief purpose of the
drinkers’ wager
game is to create a
more cheerful atmosphere.
General games
Ladies
attending banquets may play general games such as
telling jokes, solving riddles and passing down a
flower to the
beats of a drum
(
击鼓传花
).
Literary
games are more popular with scholars and
intellectuals, since their education equips them
with the knowledge to
compete. They
play it by composing poems, solving word puzzles
and guessing riddles.
Contestant game Archery, arrow
pitching, chess, dice throwing
(
掷骰子
), finger guessing and
animal betting are contest
games.
Touhu
(
投壶
) is an ancient banquet
game where the host and guests throw chips
(
筹
) into a pot. The winner
is the one
with the greatest number of
chips thrown in, and the loser is required to
drink as a forfeit.
Alcohol and Social
Activities
Alcohol and Arts
Alcohol drinks,
more than any other beverages, has had a great
impact on Chinese artists as it seems that many of
them
have produced their best
masterpieces in a state of drunkenness. After
drinking the mysterious liquid, many famous poets,
such as Li Bai and
Du Fu, left us many masterpieces.
Alcohol and Business
In China, alcohol plays an integral
role in social life. Drinking effectively serves
to deepen and strengthen the bonds of
friendship. Drinking is always used as
a way to relieve misunderstanding and animosity no
matter how tense the situation
is.
Alcohol and Health
Chinese people believe that moderate
drinking is good for their health. Many Chinese do
sip a little alcohol periodically to
maintain their vitality and health.
Some even soak traditional Chinese medicine in
liquor to achieve a better effect.
Lecture Four
Chinese Education
To enrich
your family, there is no need to buy good land:
Books hold a thousand
measures of grain.
富家不用买良田,书中自有千钟粟。
For an easy life, there is no need to
build mansion:
In books are
found houses of gold.
安房不用架高梁,书中自有黄金屋。
When you go out, do not be upset if no
one follows you:
In books
there will be a crowd of horses and
carriages.
8
出门莫恨无随人,书中车马多如簇。
If you wish to marry, don't be upset if
you don't have a go-between:
In books there are girls with faces
like jade.
娶妻莫恨无良媒,书中有女颜如玉。
A young man who wishes to be somebody
will devote his time to the Classics.
He will face the window and read.
男儿欲逐平生志,六经勤向窗前读。
The
Song Emperor, Zhenzong
《劝学诗》
(
宋真宗赵恒
968-1022)
The very democratic nature of Chinese
education--i.e., that it offered a path of upward
mobility to anyone who
could
survive
the
rigors
of
study
and
examinations--was
established
from
the
first
by
Confucius
himself.
A
traditional saying
attributed to him states that
their
hands will serve.
hardship had
challenged the lives of millions for countless
millennia.
Six Arts :
Rites/rituals( ritual and rules); music
(ceremonial music and ritual dances); archery;
chariot-riding/
charioteering;
history/writing/calligraphy; mathematics/
computation
Five Confucian
classics
: Book of Odes, History,
Ritual, Change, and The Spring and Autumn Annals
Four Books
?
The Great Learning
?
The Doctrine of
the Mean
?
The
Confucian Analects
?
The Works of Mencius
Development
Private School
Thriving in the Spring and Autumn Period
Recommendation through
Observation in the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220)
The Nine Grades of Rank in the Regime
System in the Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties
Imperial Examination as the
Main Form of Education
Origin of Imperial Examination in Sui
Dynasty
Radication in the Tang Dynasty
Innovation in Education System
Full-Bloom in the Ming
Dynasty
The
provincial
and
metropolitan
examiners
tested
only
'eight-legged'
essays
(eight-part
essays)
and
people
easily
realized that the quality of that sort
of essay was the key to achieving a pass.
The four most reputed ?shu
yuan?
in Northern Song were named
Bailudong
白鹿洞
Institute of Jiangxi,
Songyang
嵩阳
Institute
Yingtianfu
应天府
Institute of Henan
9
Yuelu
岳麓
Institute of Hunan.
Declination in the Qing
Dynasty
Confucius and Education
1. I teach everyone without making
distinctions.
2. The young are to be
respected and feared. How do we know that future
generation will not be as good as the
present?
3. An official with energy to
spare should learn; a scholar with energy to spare
should work as an official.
g (the way)
is not so good as liking it; liking is not so good
as finding joy in it.
国人必知的
5
句《论语》经典
1
、有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎。
2
、四海之内皆兄弟也。
3
、己所不欲,勿施于人。
4
、德不孤,必有邻。
5
、礼之用,和为贵。
The most valuable thing brought about
by the use of the rites is harmony.
Contributions of Confucius made to
education:
1.
a
pioneer in running private schools
2.
invented the
elicitation method nearly 100 years earlier than
the Socratic dialectic method
3.
the first to
challenge the spoon-feeding method of teaching
4.
advocated
equality between teacher and student and
encouraged students to form opinions of their own
5.
idea of
teaching according to the
students
’
aptitude
Important years:
In the
reform of 1898, the
―eight
-
part essay‖ was
abolished.
In 1905, the
whole Civil Service Examination System was
abandoned.
Education Today in China
9-year compulsory education
China's
education
system
is
composed
of
4
components,
i.e.
basic
education,
occupational/polytechnic
education,
common higher
education and adult education
.
Common higher education
comprises of
junior college
,
bachelor
,
master
and
doctoral degree
programs.
Useful words and expressions:
义务教育
compulsory
education
远程教育
distance learning
普通教育
liberal
education
;
general education
全日制教育
full-time
education
业余教育
spare-time education
10
职业教育
vocational
education
;
professional
education
函授教育
postal
education
;
correspondence
education
继续教育
further
education
;
continuing
education
应试教育
exam-centered
education
;
exam-oriented
education
素质教育
quality-based
education
;
education for all-
round development
民办高校
non-governmental university
希望工程
Hope-Project
春蕾计划
Spring Buds Program
贵族学校
exclusive
school
;
school
for the nobility
寄宿学校
boarding school
在职培训
in-service training
教师资格证书
certificate of the
teacher
;
Teachers’
Qualification Regulations
导师制
tutorial system
院士
academician
启发式教学
heuristic education; method of
elicitation
填鸭式教学
cramming;
forced-feeding method of teaching; method of spoon
feeding
电化教学
(
视听
p>
) audio-visual education
兼职
concurrent post
教案
teaching plan;
lesson plan
博士生
doctor degree students
教务处
Department of
Education Affairs; office of Students
博士后
post-
doctorates
读博
PhD pursuiters
在职研究生
on-job/in-
service/mid-career/part-time postgraduate
文凭热
diploma/degree craze
校友
alumnus; school fellows
大专生
junior
college students
中专生
technical school students
贫困生
poor college
students; poverty-stricken students; cash-strapped
students
一
/
二
/
三
/
四年级学生
freshman/ sophomore/ junior/
senior
必修课
required courses;
compulsory courses
课件
courseware
选修课
electives; optional courses
复合型人才
compound
talents
假学位
/
文凭
/
毕业证书
fake degree/
diploma/ certificate
母校
alma
mater
终生学习
lifelong
learning
胎教:
fetal education
学历门槛
academic threshold
逃学
play hooky
高考
the National College
Entrance Examines
录取分数线
admission scores
微博
Microblog
学术界
academic circle
11
哈证族
certificate maniac
入园难
kindergarten
crunch
上课开小差
zone out
万事通
know-it-all
毕业典礼
commencement
散伙饭
farewell dinner
毕业旅行
after-graduation trip
死记硬背
cramming
很想赢
be hungry
for success
电脑游戏迷:
gamer
Lecture Five
Literature
Chapter One
Mythology
Shan
Hai Jing
is a unique encyclopedia
generally believed to be collectively compiled
before the Qin
Dynasty. It recorded
fragments of myths.
Mythology contains
factual historical events and vice versa.
History
before
China’s
Spring
and
Au
tumn
Period
(774-476B.C)
was
largely
a
history
derived
from
mythology.
Reply to Li Shuyi
?
I lost my proud
Poplar and you your willow,
?
Poplar and
willow soar to the Ninth Heaven.
?
Wu Gang, asked
what he can give,
?
Serves them a laurel brew.
?
The lonely moon
goddess spreads her ample sleeves,
?
To dance for
these loyal souls in infinite space.
?
Earth suddenly
reports the tiger subdued,
?
Tears of joy pour forth falling as
mighty rain.
According to the contents:
A. Man
’
s Battle
to Survive the Forces of Nature
?
Pan
Gu
’
s Separation of Heaven
and Earth
?
Nu
Wa
’
s Repairing the Sky
?
Yi Shooting
Down Nine of the Ten Suns
?
The Foolish Old Man Who Removed the
Mountain
B
.
Man
’
s Indomitable
Spirit in the Face of His Adverse Destiny
?
Jinwei trying
to Fill up the Sea with Twigs and Pebbles
12
?
Kua Fu Ran
After the Sun
C
.
The Spirit to
Struggle Against Unjust Rulers
?
Xin Tian
Wielded His Shield and Broad Axe
?
Gun Stole
Productive Soil to Dam up Floods
D
.
In Praise of
Creation and Origin of Life
Chapter Two
Poetry, Prose, Drama and Fiction
Four main
periods of Chinese literature development :
Classical:
pre
—
late Qing
Modern: 1840
—
May
4
th
, 1919
Revolutionary:
1919
—
1949
Contemporary:
1949
—
present
Classical Chinese Literature refers to
the literature of a period of three thousand years
from the beginning
of Chinese history
to the Opium War of 1840.
.
?
Pre-Qin Literature
?
Literature of Qin and Han
Dynasty(221B.C---220 A.D)
?
Literature of the Wei, Jin,
Southern and Northern Dynasties9220---581)
?
Literature of the Tang
Dynasty(618---907)
?
Literature of the Song
Dynasty(960-1279)
?
Literature of the Yuan
Dynasty(1271---1368)
?
Literature of the Ming and
Qing Dynasties(1368
—
1840)
?
Han: prose
Tang:
poetry
Song: ci or lyrics
Yuan: zaju or miscellaneous drama
Ming and Qing: Fiction
The
Book of Songs
(
《诗经》
) and
Poetry
of the South
(
《楚辞》
) are regarded as the
two peaks of China’s
earliest
literary.
The Book of Songs
,
the earliest anthology of 305 poems, which may be
dated from 11
th
to
the 6
th
century
B.C during the Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn
period.
Songs
风
,
Odes
雅
,
Hymns
颂
?
Li Sao/ Lament
,
consisting of 373 lines, is the longest lyrical
poem in ancient Chinese literary history.
?
Qu
Yuan
(
339-278B.C
)
?
p>
Li
Sao
and
The
Book
of
Songs
are
representatives
of
ancient
Chinese
Yuan
(
339-278B.C
)
the earliest known famous Chinese poet
Li Sao
and
The
Book of Songs
are
representatives of ancient Chinese
poetry.
Sorrow after
Departure
《离骚》
Ask
Heaven
《天问》
Nine
Elegies
《九章》
Nine
Songs
《九歌》
The
prose in the pre-Qin period includes historical
prose (
历史散文
) and
philosophical prose (
诸子散文
).
13
Historical prose
?
The
Book of History
《尚书》
?
Spring and Autumn
Annals
《春秋》
?
Zuo’
s Commentary
《左传》
?
Intrigues of the Warring
States
《战国策》
?
Discourses of
the States
《国语》
Philosophical prose
?
Lao Zi
(
Dao De
Jing
)
, Mo Zi, Mencius,
Zhuang Zi, The Analects of Confucius
Han Dynasty
Literature flowered again
during the Han Dynasty. Traditional poetry and
prose forms, especially the
fu prose
poems
, flourished. But the most notable
achievement came with the reactivation of the Yueh
Fu,
or Music Bureau, in 125 BC. This
agency was founded in the previous century to
collect traditional songs.
One of its
achievements was the compiling of folk songs and
ballads. The most outstanding folk ballad of
the period, about AD 200, was
`
Southeast the Peacock
Flies
'. It tells of the tragedy of a
young married
couple who committed
suicide as the result of the cruelty of the
husband's mother.
The
masterpiece
of
the
period
was
the
`shiji',
meaning
Records,
of Sima
Qian. It was completed in about 85 BC and took 18
years to produce.
It
contains
a
record
of
events
and
personalities
for
the
previous
2,000
years.
The
text is divided into 130 chapters with more than
520,000 words. It was
the first attempt
at a national history in China, and it set the
pattern for
the histories of dynasties
in the following centuries.
yuefu
folk songs
(
汉乐府民歌
)
It features five-character lines and
reflects the reality and life of lower-class
working people.
Outstanding
Yuefu
Folk songs
Southeast the
Peacock Flies
《孔雀东南飞》
The Ballad of
Mulan
《木兰诗》
Literature of the Wei
,
Jin
,
Southern and
Northern Dynasties
The Joke
Forest
----
China’s first
collection
of
jokes
《笑林》
Literary
Mind
and
Carving
of
Dragons
(
Carving
a
Dragon
at
the
Core
of
Literature
)
《文心雕龙》
----
China’s
first book on literary
criticism
,
was written by Liu
Xie
刘勰
.
The
major
poet
of
this
era
was
Tao
Yuanming
(365-427).
His
verse
was
in
a
plain
style
that
was
imitated
by poets long after. He was a master of the five-
word line and has been called the first of China's
great nature poets because most of his
writings deal with rural activities. Although he
was essentially a
Taoist, his work also
showed elements of Confucianism and Buddhism.
Tang Dynasty
14
Two of the
greatest poets in all Chinese literature lived
during the
Tang
Dynasty
: Li Po (701-762) and
Tu Fu (712-770).
The Four Literary
Eminences
Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Luo
Binwang, and Lu Zhaolin
王勃、
杨炯
、
骆宾王、
卢照邻
Chinese
prose also underwent a stylistic reform during the
T'ang period. The major change was
brought about by Han Yu (768-824). At
his death he was honored with the title
Thinking in the Silent
Night
《静夜诗》
Hard is the Road to Shu
《蜀道难》
Dreaming of
Sightseeing in the Tianmu
Mountains
《梦游天姥吟留别》
―Three officers‖
(
三吏
)
?
The Xin’an
Officer
《新安吏》
?
The Shihao
Officer
《石壕吏》
?
Officer at Tongguan
Pass
《潼关吏》
?
―Three Partings‖
(
三别
)
?
Parting of the Newly-
wed
《
新婚别》
?
Parting of the
Old
《
垂老别》
?
Parting of the
Homeless
《无家别》
The
Old Charcoal Seller
《卖炭翁》
Song of Eternal Sorrow
《长恨歌》
Song
of
A
Pipa Player
《琵琶行》
Song Dynasty
?
Song lyrics took on two
different styles. One is characterized by its
grace, the other its boldness and
forcefulness.
Delicately
Restrained School
Heroic and
Unrestrained School
Spring Morning
This spring morning in bed
I
’
m lying,
Not to
awake till birds are crying.
After one
night of wind and showers,
How many are
the fallen flowers?
By Meng Hao-ran
A Tranquil Night
Before my
bed a pool of light----
Can it be
hoarfrost on the ground?
Looking up, I
find the moon bright;
15
Bowing, in homesickness
I
’
m drowned.
By Li Bo
A Farewell Song
No dust is raised on pathways wet with
morning rain;
The willows by the tavern look so fresh
and green.
I would ask you to drink a
cup of wine again;
West of the Sunny Pass no
more friends will be seen.
By Wang Wei
Out of the Great Wall
The
yellow sand uprises as high as white cloud;
The lonely town is lost amid the
mountains proud.
Why should the Mongol
flute complain no willows grow?
Beyond
the Gate of Jade no vernal wind will blow.
By Wang Zhi-huan
Yuan Dynasty
The first, and
probably the greatest, playwright of classical
theater was Guan Hanqing (1241?-1320?),
author of about 60
plays.
Snow in Midsummer
Wang
Shifu (1250-1337?) wrote one of the best dramas of
the period, `
Romance of the
Western Chamber
', a work that is still
popular.
16
Ji Junxiang
?
The Orphan of Zhao
Ming and Qing Dynasties
?
The Tale of the
Lute
---Gao Ming
?
The Peony Pavilion
---Tang
Xianzu
?
The Peach Blossom Fan
---Kong
Shangren
?
The
Palace of Eternal Youth
---Hong Sheng
The Romance of the Three
Kingd
oms
Outlaws of the
Marsh
Journey to the West
Gol
d Vase
Plum
Strange Stories from a Chinese
Studio
'.
Dream
of the Red Chamber
Modern
Literature
(
1840---
1919
)
The Best-
known Poets
?
Gong Zizhen(1792-1840)
?
Huang
Zunxian(1848-1905)
?
Liu Yazi(1887-1958)
The Four
Great Novels of Exposure
Exposure of
the Official World
by Li Boyuan
The Travel of Lao Can
by Liu E
Strange
Events of the Last Twenty Years
by Wu Jianren
A Flower in an
Ocean of Sea
by Zeng
Pu
17
Leading Translators
?
Yan Fu
(
1854-1921
)
?
On the Origin
of Species
by Charles Darwin
?
Lin Shu
(
< br>1852-1924
)
?
Camellia
Uncle Tom’
s Cabin
b
y
Harriet Beecher Stowe
New
Literary Movement
?
On
May
4,
1919
an
anti-imperialist,
anti-feudal
revolutionary
movement
broke
out,
marking the beginning
of a revolutionary literature.
?
The aims of the May
4
th
Movement were to
criticize Confucianism and promote science,
democracy and writing in the
vernacular, and this directly helped the
development of the
new literary
movement.
?
Eight
great writers of the 20th century
Lu Xun, Guo Moruo, Mao Dun, Ba Jin,
Laoshe, Cao Yu, Shen Congwen and Ai
Qing
18
Leading Figures
?
Lu
Xun(1881-
1936)’s
collections
of
essays:
Call
to
Arms,
Wandering
;
short
story;
The
True Story of Ah Q
----immortal work in
the history of modern Chinese literature.
?
Guo
Morou(1892-1978):
The
Goddesses
---outstanding example of
modern Chinese
poetry.
Chinese League of Left-Wing Writers
?
左翼作家联盟
?
In order to
wage more effective struggles against the
Kuomingtang reactionaries, led
by
the
Communist
Party,
the
organization
was
established
in
March,
1930
in
Shanghai.
Other Important
Works
?
?
?
?
?
?
Midnight
---Mao
Dun(1896-1981)
Camel
Xiangzi
---Lao She(1899-1966)
Trilogy of Love
:
F
og
,
Rain
,
Lightening
Trilogy of the
Turbulent Currents: The Family, Spring,
Autumn
---Ba Jin(1904-2005)
T
hunderstorm
;
Sunrise
---Cao Yu(1910-1996)
The Death of a
Star
---Tian Han(1898-1968)
Talks at the Yan?an Forum on Literature
and Art
?
He
emphasized
that
art
must
serve
the
people,
mainly
the
workers,
peasants
and
soldiers.
?
He explained
the relationship between art and politics and
between art and life.
?
1942
Works Inspired by
Talks
?
?
?
?
?
19
The Marriage
of Young Blacky
Rhymes of Li Youcai
The Sun Shines over the Sanggan River
The Hurricane
Wang Gui and
Li Xiangxiang
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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