中国文化概要

Lecture One

An Overview

?

In the mid-19th century, fossils were discovered that showed similarities between human beings and

apes, indicating that perhaps human beings had evolved from primates.

the

Mongoloid

Race .

Africa was regarded man's birthplace due to the human fossils of over three million years old found

there.

In China, the Wushan Man, whose fossil remains unearthed in the Wushan County of Chongqing,

revealed a history of at least two million years.

The East-Asian area was also a birthplace of man.

the Old Stone Age (the Paleolithic Period)

the New Stone Age (the Neolithic Period)

Archaeologists divided them into the Huaxia Group, the Eastern Tribe Group, and the Southern Tribe

Group.

Huang Di’s Mausoleum.

mecca

cypresses

The Yellow Emperor

(2698-2598 B.C.)

Alternative Names of China

1. Chixian Shenzhou (the Sacred Earth and Divine Land)

2. Zhonghua

3. Jiuzhou (known as the nine administrative divisions

(within the seas)

China Today

What makes the civilization unique in world history is its continuity through over 4,000 years to the

present century.

National Emblem

?

The National Anthem

(written by Tian Han; music was set by Nie Er in 1935)

?

The

National Flag

(red in color and has 5 yellow stars): Red symbolizes the spirit of the revolution;

yellow stars signify the unity of the people of China under the leadership of the Chinese Communist party.

?

The PRC is the largest

country

in

area

in

East Asia

(excluding Russia) and the third largest in the world by

land-and-sea area.

People's Republic of China, is situated in eastern Asia, bounded by the Pacific in the east. The third

largest country in the world, next to Canada and Russia, it has an area of 9.6 million square kilometers, or

one-fifteenth of the world's land mass.

It begins from the confluence of the Heilong and Wusuli rivers (135 degrees and 5 minutes east longitude)

in the east to the Pamirs west of Wuqia County in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (73 degrees and 40

minutes east longitude) in the west, about 5,200 kilometers apart; and from the midstream of the Heilong

River north of Mohe (53 degrees and 31 minutes north latitude) in the north to the southernmost island

Zengmu'ansha in the South China Sea (4 degrees and 15 minutes north latitude), about 5,500 kilometers

apart.

The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China

is the fundamental law of the state.

1

The NPC(Na

tional People’s Congress) is the highest organ of state power.

The Communist Party is the sole party in power in China. Apart from it, there are eight democratic

parties in China.

The

State

Council,

or

the

Central

People’s

Government

,

of

the

People’s

Repub

lic

of

China

is

the

executive body of the highest organ of state power and the highest organ of state administration.

It borders 14 nations (counted clockwise from south):

Vietnam

,

Laos

,

Myanmar

(Burma),

India

,

Bhutan

,

Nepal

,

Pakistan

Afghanistan

,

Tajikistan

,

Kyrgyzstan

,

Kazakhstan

,

Russia

,

Mongolia

and

North Korea

.

Lecture Two

Marriage, Family and Population

Feudalist Society

?

A.

―The command of parents

and the good offices of a go-

between‖

?

B. Marrying one’s own kind of people.

门当户对

Chinese Traditional Marriage

?

Chinese

marriage

was

systemized

into

custom

in

the

Warring

States

period

(402---221B.C.)

?

It

was

important

to

follow

a

basic

principle

of

Three

Letters

and

Six

Etiquettes

in

the

ancient times.

Three Letters

?

Betrothal Letter

?

Gift letter

?

Wedding Letter

Six Etiquettes

?

1. Proposing

?

2. Birthday matching

?

3. Presenting betrothal gifts

彩礼

,

聘礼

?

4. Presenting wedding gifts

?

5. Picking a wedding date

?

6. Wedding ceremony

Key Words

?

Good luck woman

?

Bridal sedan chair

?

Firecrackers

?

Kowtows

?

Teasing games in the bridal chamber.

New Criteria after 1949

?

1.

In

1950,

the

first

Marriage

Law

passed

in

China.

In

1980

and

2001,

it

was

revised

twice.

?

2. Main points of the revised marriage law:

?

A. free choice of partners, monogamy, equal rights for the sexes

?

B. Family planning is practiced.

?

C.

marriage

based

upon

arbitrary

decision

by

any

third

party,

mercenary

marriage,

and

2

any other acts of interference in the freedom of marriage are prohibited.

?

D. Adultery outlawed; property division clarified; domestic violence punished.

Types of Chinese family

1. Incomplete/ single parent family

2. Nuclear family (husband, wife, unmarried child)

3. Joint family (two or more nuclear families)

4. Enlarged family (a nuclear family plus satellites ---widowed parents or distant relatives or unrelated

persons)

5. DINK

6. Extended family(3+4)

Elements that Characterize the Traditional Chinese Family:

1. Patrilineal descent (family name, property, status passes from father to sons to grandsons);

2.

Sacrifice

to

and

veneration

of

ancestors

(eldest

living

male

cares

for

ancestral

tablets

and

is

responsible for ancestral rituals);

3. Legally recognized concubinage (under the law, a man could have more than one wife);

4. Large families with several married brothers living together;

5. Need for a male heir to continue ancestor sacrifice;

6. Organization of kinsmen on the basis of a common patrilineal descent (

Population policy

Family planning has been pushed forward as one of the basic state policies in China.

The basic requirements of family planning are

late marriage, late childbirth, fewer births, and better

childcare.

Love and Marriage

Useful Expressions:

早恋

calf-love; puppy-love

一夫一妻制

monogamy

初恋

first love

单相思，暗恋

unrequited love

失恋

be lovelorn; be jilted

黄昏恋

twilight love

媒人

go- between

，

matchmaker

同性恋

homosexual

（

gay, lesbian

）

自由恋爱

free courtship

网上恋爱

on-line romance

闪电式恋爱

whirlwind romance

白马王子

Prince Charming

；

Mr. Right

白雪公主

Snow White

断交信

Dear John

抱独身主义的人

celibatarian; confirmed bachelor/spinster

求婚者

suitor

独身主义

celibacy

订婚礼物

a betrothal gift

包办婚姻

prearranged marriage

买卖婚姻

mercenary marriage

跨国婚姻

cross-culture marriage; mixed marriage

3

结婚证

marriage license

抢婚

marriage by capture

打离婚

go to Reno

闪婚

flash marriage

留守男士

/

女士

grass widower/grass widow

钻石王老五

diamond bachelor

傍大款

find a sugar daddy; lean on moneybags

时尚达人

fashion icon

第三者

the third person(party); the other person; paramour

二奶

kept woman

包二奶

have(keep) a concubine(mistress)

小蜜

young mistress

小白脸，吃软饭的：

kept man

外遇

extramarital relation; have an affair

家庭主男：

house- husband

广告征婚

advertising for spouse

全职妈妈：

stay-at- home mom

婚检

premarital check-up

私生子

an illegitimate child; a love child

漂亮女人

tomato

（俚语）

；

妖娆女子

cheese cake

闪电约会

speed dating

闪电恋爱

whirlwind romance

乐活族

LOHAS

（

Lifestyle Of Health And Sustainability

）

红娘

go-between; middleman

新新人类：

new-new generation

白头偕老

remain a devoted couple to the end of their lives

脚踏两只船的人

two-timer

婚纱摄影

bride photo

旅行结婚

have a honeymoon trip; destination wedding

裸婚

naked wedding

异地恋

long-distance relationship

灵魂伴侣

soul mate

小白脸

toy boy

骨感美女：

boney beauty

剩女

3S lady

（

single

，

seven ties, stuck

）

/left girls

型男：

metrosexual man

（泛指那些极度重视外貌而行为

gay

化的直男，型男属于其 中的一种）

Lecture Three

Culinary Culture

The features of Chinese Food

Color, Aroma, and Taste

Color refers not only to the beautiful color of the food, but also to the layout and design.

Aroma refers to the fragrant and appetising smell of the dishes served on the table before eating.

Taste is not only associated with tasting the food itself, but also with the appreciation of seasonings and texture.

Cooking Methods

Time and temperature play an important role in cooking.

They

include

boiling

(

煮

),

stewing

(

煲

/

炖

),

braising

(

烧

/

焖

/

烩

),

frying

(

煎

),

stir-frying

(

炒

),

quick-frying

(

爆

),

deep-frying (

炸

), frying and simmering (

扒

), sauté

ing (

快煎

), simmering (

煨

), smoking (

熏

), roasting or barbecuing (

烤

),

baking (

烘

), steaming (

蒸

) and scalding (

白灼

).

Seasonings

Taste mainly depends on the seasonings.

There are many tastes

—

salty (salt, soy sauce), sweet (sugar, honey), sour (vinegar), pungent (chili, ginger, scallion

葱

),

fragrant (sesame oil

香油

, coriander

香菜

, wine), prickled (

麻的

) (prickly ash

花椒

) and tangy (monosodium glutamate

or MSG

味精

) and bitter (dried tangerine

陈皮

, bitter apricot kernel

苦杏仁

).

Yin- yang

Principle

Each food has its own characteristics of

yin

or

yang

.

Yin

foods are thin, cooling and low in calories.

Yang

foods are rich,

spicy, warming and high in calories. Boiling food makes them

yin

; frying them makes them

yang

.

4

Medicinal Function

In China, people contend that a food tonic (

食补

) is much better than a medicine in fortifying one's health.

Based on traditional Chinese herbal medicine practice, medicinal cuisine combines strictly processed traditional Chinese

medicine with traditional culinary materials to produce delicious food with health-restoring qualities.

The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine

Cereals supply men with necessary nutrition, fruit is a subsidiary, meal is an added benefit and vegetables are nutritional

enrichment. A diversified diet helps maintain the function of the organs.

Guangdong Cuisine

As the climate of Guangdong is hot, these dishes are fresh, tender and lightly seasoned. The raw material for Guangdong

cuisine is very rich and includes snake, leopard cat, and pangolin.

The most famous snake dish is Dragon and Tiger Locked in Battle.

Shandong Cuisine

Shandong dishes are usually fresh, tasty, but not greasy. When meat or seafood is cooked, only small amounts of cooking

oil and mild spices are used so that the natural flavor of the food is preserved.

Deep-fried Red-scale Fish

Sauté

ed Pickled Fish Slices

Stir-fried Bean Curd

Yellow River Carp in Sweet and Sour Sauce

Stewed Sea Cucumber

Dezhou Braised Chicken

Sichuan Cuisine

It is regarded the most popular of the four major schools of China’s culinary art. It is world

-famous for its hot and pungent

flavoring. In fact, it can be sour, hot, sweet, salty or tongue-numbing.

Spicy Diced Chicken with Peanuts

Dry-fried Shark Fin

Fish- flavored Eggplant

Sichuan Cuisine

Twice-cooked Pork Slices

Fish-flavored Pork Shreds

Pockmarked Woman’s Bean Curd

Jiangsu-Zhejiang Cuisine

It is popular in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and is characteristically sweet. In this school of cooking,

cutting technique and temperature control are emphasized.

Crystal Pork

Simmered Pork Head

West Lake Fish in Vinegar Sauce

Eight Regional Cuisines

Foods vary from north to south. Tastes also differ regionally because of the climatic differences. One popular summary of

Chinese food is ―sweet in the south, salty in the north, sour in the west and spicy in the east‖.

Shandong Cuisine, also known as Lu Cai, is famous for its qualities of freshness, clear colors, dedication to fragrance and

pure tastes.

Sichuan Cuisine, also known as Chuan Cai, is famous for its many flavors, especially for its hot and pungent flavoring.

Almost every dish has its own unique taste.

Guangdong Cuisine is known as Yue Cai (

粤菜

). Tasting clean, light, crisp and fresh.

It usually has fowl (

家禽

) and other meats to produce its unique dishes.

5

Fujian Cuisine, also known as Min Cai, is noted for its light taste and sweet and sour flavor.

The cooking puts great emphasis on choosing the choicest ingredients, and is thus particularly apt in preparing seafood

dishes.

Jiangsu Cuisine, also known as Su Cai,

has characteristically sweet taste.

It preserves the food’s original flavor, while emphasizing strictly choice ingredients, exquis

ite workmanship, and elegant

shapes.

Zhejiang Cuisine, also known as Zhe Cai, has won a reputation for freshness, tenderness, softness, and smoothness in its

dishes with mellow fragrance.

Anhui Cuisine, also known as Hui Cai, is highly distinctive not only for its elaborate choices of cooking ingredients but

also for its strict control of the cooking process.

Hunan Cuisine, also known as Xiang Cai, is akin to that of the chili-rich Sichuan dishes.

It is also characterized by a dense pungent flavor. Chili, pepper and shallot are necessities in this cuisine.

Principal Aspects of the Chinese Culinary Arts

1. Preparation of raw materials

2. Cutting and seasoning

3. Cooking temperature

4. Cooking techniques: deep-frying, quick-frying, stir-frying, roasting, sauté

ing, simmering, braising, smoking, steaming,

stewing in soy sauce and syrup

Table Manners

Arrangement of seats

At a formal banquet, the host prepares adequate seating for the guests. For a large number of guests, the elderly or people

of high status are allocated specific seats. Special guests and the elderly sit on the north side of the table or directly facing

the

entrance

to

the

room.

The

concept

of

―honored

south,

humble

north‖

is

closely

related

with

traditional

Chinese

etiquette.

Toasts

Once t

he guests are seated, the host proposes a toast to the guests whilst saying, ―Drink first to show respect‖(

先干为敬

).

Then the host and guests empty their glasses, which are refilled in readiness for the next of many toasts.

It is perfectly acceptable to have three toasts (traditionally signifying friendship) with the entire company, rather than one

separate

toast

for

every

individual

present.

Some

other

toasts

can

be

offered:

―Toast

for

your

health‖,

―Toast

to

our

friendship‖, etc.

The courses

Serving order is from cold to hot. Hot entrees (

主菜

) should be served starting on the left of the seat across from the main

guests.

The

meal

then

begins

with

a

set

of

at

least

four

cold

dishes

followed

by

the

main

courses

of

hot

meat

and

vegetable

dishes.

Soup

is

served

next

(unless

in

Guangdong

style

restaurant)

with

the

local

staple

food

such as

rice,

noodles and dumplings being served last.

Chinese chopsticks

The correct holding of the chopsticks is to grab the chopsticks in the middle, making sure that the ends are even.

Bad Table Manner When Using Chopsticks

Rummaging through the food in a dish with chopsticks for choice pieces;

Sticking chopsticks vertically into a bowl of rice;

Pointing at people with chopsticks

Healthy Diet Principles

Food should be diverse, food intake must be balanced, oil and fat need to be reduced, rough and refined grains must be

included, table salt should be limited, sweets need to be reduced, eating and drinking should be done moderately, and

everyone should eat three meals a day.

6

Chinese Tea

China has a rich and sophi

sticated tea culture. The Chinese have a common saying, ―Seven things in the house: firewood,

rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, vinegar and tea‖.

The art of tea making and drinking evolved through the dynasties. It focuses on the method of brewing tea, the drinking

utensils and the serving etiquette.

The Categories of Tea

Green Tea

Black Tea

Oolong Tea

Compressed Tea

Scented Tea

Green tea

is the most natural of all Chinese teas. It refers to tea made without being fermented. It’s called green tea

because the tea liquid and tea leaves are greenish. About 50% of China's teas are green tea.

西湖龙井

碧螺春

黄山毛峰

Black tea

is fermented before baking. It’s so named because the tea liquid and tea leaves are reddish black. It tastes sweet

and can facilitate the fostering of

yang

energy in the human body and erase the greasiness of the stomach.

祁红

滇红

川红

Oolong tea sits half way between green tea and black tea in the sense that it's half- fermented. Typical oolong tea leaves

are green in the middle and red on the edges as a result of the process to soften tea leaves.

冻顶乌龙

大红袍

铁观音

Compressed tea is made by compressing steamed tea leaves into molds such as bricks, cakes, columns and other shapes.

Most Chinese Compressed tea uses black tea as its base.

Compressed tea can be stored for years or even decades. Aged

Compressed tea has a gentle flavor.

Pu’er

Tea

Chinese Scented tea is a unique class of Chinese tea. It is made from fragrant flowers. It is subdivided into flower tea and

scented tea. Flower Tea is from dried flowers with little processing. Scented tea is a mixture of green tea with flower

petals. Jasmine Tea

玫瑰花茶

White tea is non-fermented, non-rubbed, non-scented tea with natural fragrance. Famous varieties include Silver Needle

(

白毫银珍

) and White Peony (

白牡丹

).

Yellow

Tea

has

yellow

leaves

and

yellow

tea

colour.

It's

an

uncommon

class

of

Chinese

tea.

The

flavor

is

mild

and

refreshing.

Three Cups of Tea (

三杯茶

) of Bai Ethnic Group

Visitors are greeted with this warm and unique ceremony: they are offered three cups of tea. The first cup of tea is made

from local bitter leaves.

It tastes medicinal. The second looks like soup. It is

made from

walnuts (

核桃

), cheese and

sugar. It tastes sweet. The third cup of tea is made by mixing prickly ash, ginger and Chinese cinnamon (

肉桂

) with honey

and bitter tea. It is pungent, with a distinct aftertaste.

What does the three cups of tea symbolize?

The three cups of tea are symbolic of the three stages of one’s life journey: going through all kinds of hardships, feeling

the joy of life, and recalling both bitter and happy experience. (

先苦后甜三回味

)

Ten Best-known Tea

龙井

dragon well

，瓜片

melon slice

，银针

silver needle

，毛峰

hairy peak

，毛尖

hairy point

，猴魁

monkey head

，云

雾

mist and cloud

，甘露

sweet dew

，紫笋

purple bamboo shoot

，碧螺春

green snail spring

Tea Etiquette

Serving a cup of tea is more than mere politeness. It is a symbol of togetherness, a sharing of something enjoyable, and a

way of showing respect to visitors. When offered tea, it is considered polite to at least take a sip.

To offer tea, ask for the preference of the guests before making the tea. The water should not be too hot or it will scald the

guests.

When you pour tea, the rule of ―full cup for wine and half cup for tea‖ should be observed. Lu Yu

A Complete

Study of Tea

Chinese Wine

Wine has a long history in China and plays an important part in the life of Chinese people. It is comparable with such

7

daily necessities as rice, salt, oil and water.

Wine Feasts

―Marriage wine feasts‖

―Arm

-

crossed wine‖

―Month

-

old wine feasts‖

―Hundredth

-

day wine feasts‖

―Longevity wine feasts‖

―Beam

-placed-on- the-

roof wine feast‖

Drinkers? Wager Game

Drinkers’

wager game is a particular method in China to help create more joyous atmosphere while drinking. In general,

the drinkers’ wager game is used as a penalty to urge drinkers to drink more, but the chief purpose of the drinkers’ wager

game is to create a more cheerful atmosphere.

General games

Ladies attending banquets may play general games such as telling jokes, solving riddles and passing down a flower to the

beats of a drum (

击鼓传花

).

Literary games are more popular with scholars and intellectuals, since their education equips them with the knowledge to

compete. They play it by composing poems, solving word puzzles and guessing riddles.

Contestant game Archery, arrow pitching, chess, dice throwing (

掷骰子

), finger guessing and animal betting are contest

games.

Touhu (

投壶

) is an ancient banquet game where the host and guests throw chips (

筹

) into a pot. The winner is the one

with the greatest number of chips thrown in, and the loser is required to drink as a forfeit.

Alcohol and Social Activities

Alcohol and Arts

Alcohol drinks, more than any other beverages, has had a great impact on Chinese artists as it seems that many of them

have produced their best masterpieces in a state of drunkenness. After drinking the mysterious liquid, many famous poets,

such as Li Bai and

Du Fu, left us many masterpieces.

Alcohol and Business

In China, alcohol plays an integral role in social life. Drinking effectively serves to deepen and strengthen the bonds of

friendship. Drinking is always used as a way to relieve misunderstanding and animosity no matter how tense the situation

is.

Alcohol and Health

Chinese people believe that moderate drinking is good for their health. Many Chinese do sip a little alcohol periodically to

maintain their vitality and health. Some even soak traditional Chinese medicine in liquor to achieve a better effect.

Lecture Four

Chinese Education

To enrich your family, there is no need to buy good land:

Books hold a thousand measures of grain.

富家不用买良田，书中自有千钟粟。

For an easy life, there is no need to build mansion:

In books are found houses of gold.

安房不用架高梁，书中自有黄金屋。

When you go out, do not be upset if no one follows you:

In books there will be a crowd of horses and carriages.

8

出门莫恨无随人，书中车马多如簇。

If you wish to marry, don't be upset if you don't have a go-between:

In books there are girls with faces like jade.

娶妻莫恨无良媒，书中有女颜如玉。

A young man who wishes to be somebody will devote his time to the Classics.

He will face the window and read.

男儿欲逐平生志，六经勤向窗前读。

The Song Emperor, Zhenzong

《劝学诗》

(

宋真宗赵恒

968-1022)

The very democratic nature of Chinese education--i.e., that it offered a path of upward mobility to anyone who

could

survive

the

rigors

of

study

and

examinations--was

established

from

the

first

by

Confucius

himself.

A

traditional saying attributed to him states that

their hands will serve.

hardship had challenged the lives of millions for countless millennia.

Six Arts :

Rites/rituals( ritual and rules); music (ceremonial music and ritual dances); archery; chariot-riding/

charioteering; history/writing/calligraphy; mathematics/ computation

Five Confucian classics

: Book of Odes, History, Ritual, Change, and The Spring and Autumn Annals

Four Books

?

The Great Learning

?

The Doctrine of the Mean

?

The Confucian Analects

?

The Works of Mencius

Development

Private School Thriving in the Spring and Autumn Period

Recommendation through Observation in the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220)

The Nine Grades of Rank in the Regime System in the Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties

Imperial Examination as the Main Form of Education

Origin of Imperial Examination in Sui Dynasty

Radication in the Tang Dynasty

Innovation in Education System

Full-Bloom in the Ming Dynasty

The

provincial

and

metropolitan

examiners

tested

only

'eight-legged'

essays

(eight-part

essays)

and

people

easily

realized that the quality of that sort of essay was the key to achieving a pass.

The four most reputed ?shu yuan?

in Northern Song were named

Bailudong

白鹿洞

Institute of Jiangxi,

Songyang

嵩阳

Institute

Yingtianfu

应天府

Institute of Henan

9

Yuelu

岳麓

Institute of Hunan.

Declination in the Qing Dynasty

Confucius and Education

1. I teach everyone without making distinctions.

2. The young are to be respected and feared. How do we know that future

generation will not be as good as the present?

3. An official with energy to spare should learn; a scholar with energy to spare should work as an official.

g (the way) is not so good as liking it; liking is not so good as finding joy in it.

5

句《论语》经典

1

、有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎。

2

、四海之内皆兄弟也。

3

、己所不欲，勿施于人。

4

、德不孤，必有邻。

5

、礼之用，和为贵。

The most valuable thing brought about by the use of the rites is harmony.

Contributions of Confucius made to education:

1.

a pioneer in running private schools

2.

invented the elicitation method nearly 100 years earlier than the Socratic dialectic method

3.

the first to challenge the spoon-feeding method of teaching

4.

advocated equality between teacher and student and encouraged students to form opinions of their own

5.

idea of teaching according to the students

’

aptitude

Important years:

In the reform of 1898, the ―eight

-

part essay‖ was abolished.

In 1905, the whole Civil Service Examination System was abandoned.

Education Today in China

9-year compulsory education

China's

education

system

is

composed

of

4

components,

i.e.

basic

education,

occupational/polytechnic

education,

common higher education and adult education

.

Common higher education comprises of

junior college

,

bachelor

,

master

and

doctoral degree

programs.

Useful words and expressions:

义务教育

compulsory education

远程教育

distance learning

普通教育

liberal education

；

general education

全日制教育

full-time education

业余教育

spare-time education

10

职业教育

vocational education

；

professional education

函授教育

postal education

；

correspondence education

继续教育

further education

；

continuing education

应试教育

exam-centered education

；

exam-oriented education

素质教育

quality-based education

；

education for all- round development

民办高校

non-governmental university

希望工程

Hope-Project

春蕾计划

Spring Buds Program

贵族学校

exclusive school

；

school for the nobility

寄宿学校

boarding school

在职培训

in-service training

教师资格证书

certificate of the teacher

；

Teachers’ Qualification Regulations

导师制

tutorial system

院士

academician

启发式教学

heuristic education; method of elicitation

填鸭式教学

cramming; forced-feeding method of teaching; method of spoon feeding

电化教学

(

视听

) audio-visual education

兼职

concurrent post

教案

teaching plan; lesson plan

博士生

doctor degree students

教务处

Department of Education Affairs; office of Students

博士后

post- doctorates

读博

PhD pursuiters

在职研究生

on-job/in- service/mid-career/part-time postgraduate

文凭热

diploma/degree craze

校友

alumnus; school fellows

大专生

junior college students

中专生

technical school students

贫困生

poor college students; poverty-stricken students; cash-strapped students

一

/

二