大学文科数学试题-大学文科数学试题
2011
年
Translation
1.
Put the following passage into Chinese (37.7 points)
The
investigation
of
competence
is
challenging
because
our
knowledge
of
language
is
both
complex
and
largely
unconscious.
Few
people
capable
of
understanding
this
sentence could give a
linguistic analysis of it, so the question
of
how
such
knowledge
can
be
studied
permits
of
no
easy
answers. Fortunately,
although the knowledge itself is tacit,
the
fruits
of
that
knowledge
are
available
to
both
public
inspection
and
private
introspection:
we
can
observe
the
performance
of
others
or
offer
our
own
intuitions.
The
example of a stroke victim
makes us aware of the complexity
and
subtlety of our language faculty, but not all
mismatchied
between
our
knowledge
and
exercising
of
it
are
so
drastic,
and
even
elementary
oberservation
can
give
us
insight
into
what exactly it is we know when we know
a language. It is
worth emphasizing
that reliance on intuitions is not a retreat
from
the
usual
canons
of
scientific
r igor:
”
intuitions
”
is
simply
another
word
for
“
judgments,
”
with
no
mystical
or
unscientific overtones. There is in
fact no difference between
our
linguistic
judgments
about
sentences
of
our
native
1
language
and
our
visual
judgments
about
illusions,
which
psychologists try to devise theories of
perceptions to account
for. Like wise,
it is simply a fact that we judge the sentence
“
they
are
flying
planes
”
as
ambiguous
and
linguists
try
to
devise theories of
language to explain why.
2.
Put the following passage into English (37.5 points)
你听不到任何谈及信 仰的话，
谁会有那种激情呢？神学痛
苦地坐在哲学的窗边，
巴望着哲学的眷顾，
向哲学大献殷勤。
据说，理解黑格尔很困难，但理
解亚伯拉罕却轻而易举；超
越黑格尔是奇迹，但超越亚伯拉罕却是再简单不过的事。不<
/p>
过我绝对不相信信仰会变成如此下等的东西；恰恰相反，信
仰是最
高级的东西。我同时相信，哲学走得太远了。哲学是
不诚实的，它不应该用自己的东西来
代替信仰，并且蔑视信
仰。哲学不能，也
不应
该为人们的信仰提供依据；它应该好好理解自己，明白
自己能干些什么，而不是随随便便
地把信仰说成虚构的东
西，诱导人们把它放弃。哲学既不是忠实的妻子，又不是勤
勉的姑娘，倒像是一个恶妇，遇见她时，我唯恐避之不及。
信仰是这么
美丽，这么令人向往，我满怀激情去追寻它，它
却越飘越远，这又使我更加满怀剧情地去
追寻它。
Writing:
1.
Write
an
essay
of
about
300
words
on
the
present
2
housing
problem in China (37.5 points)
2.
Is
language
social
or
biological?
Give
an
answer
of
about 300 words to the question. (37.5
points)
2010
年
1.
英译汉
（
37.5
分）
But, as soon as, with an increased ppopulation, it became
possible for men
to choose wives who were not their sisters,
they were bound by the law of love to
do so. Thus, once there
was no
necessity for the old arrangement, it ceased to
have
any moral validity. The reason is
that the grandchildren of
the
first pair could now choose cousins for their
wives, and ,
if they continued to marry
sisters, then not merely tow but
three
relationships
of
love
which
outht
to
be
distributed
would
have
been
concentrated
in
a
single
person,
in
disregard for the duty of each to
respect the right of love to
have
itself
diffused
,
so
that
one
love
may
hod
togetheras
many
persons as possible. For, in this case, one person
would
be
in
relation
to
his
own
children
to
a
brother
and
sister
become man and wife-not
only as father and father-in-law;
and
the children of a brother and sister would be in
relation
to
one
another
not
only
as
brothers
and
sisters,
and
husbands
and
wives,
but
also
as
cousins.
Now,
instead
of
3
conventrating
three
relationships
in
a
single
person,
there
could have been nine relationships of
love diffused over nine
persons, so
that a man could have been linked in love to one
person
as
his
sister,
to
another
as
his
wife,to
a
third
as
his
cousin, to a
fourth as his father, to a fifth a s his uncle, to
a
sixth
as
his
father-in-law,
to
a
seventh
as
his
mother,
to
an
eighth as his aunt,
and to a ninth as his mother-in-law. Thus,
the
love
shich
holds
kindred
together,
instead
of
being
narrowed to a few, could have opened
its arms to embrace a
greater number of
people spread over a far wider area.
2.
汉译英
（
37.5
分）
一旦我们开始认真地把经济现象当做一个整体来考虑，
并
寻求
整个社会的福利，我们就不得不考虑到无产阶级的利
益。从这里出发，我们离宣称“人人
平等”就只有一步之遥
了。
政治经济学这一概念，或以这个名字命名的科学的存在，
严格地说，是一
个彻底的革命纲领。一点也不奇怪，这一概
念很模糊，因为革命纲领通常都是模糊的。的
确，在彻底理
解经济和社会发展前，有很多实践和理论问题需要解决。例
如，如果我们把工人阶级看成低人一等的，或者如果我们不
走那么远，
把工人阶级看成一个尚未准备好享受社会生产成
果的阶级，那么美我们就必须清楚
地说明这一点，并从这一
4
点出发
做进一步的推理。科学最不应该做的就是掩盖真相。
就是说，在我们目前所讨论的问题，
我们不应该说，工人阶
级已经享受到了他们合理追求或期待的那一部分东西。
也不应该毫无根据地乐观地相信，
工人阶级的经济发展状况
已经照顾到所有人的利益了。
Writing
1.
Write an essay of around 300 word on the question of
“
what
is
basic
to
marrige,
love
or
money?
”
(37.5
points)
2.
What
measures
have
been
taken
by
the
Chinese
government
to
create
job
opportunities
in
the
present
economic crisis? And
make comments on one or two of
the
measures. (37.5 points)
2009
年
1.
英译汉
（
35
分）
There is a capitalist principle which nobody wants to pay
attention to
which says that if I borrow money from you, it is
my responsibility to pay it back and it
is your risk if I don
’
t
pay it back. That is the capitalist
principle . But nobody even
conceives
of that posssibility.
Suppose
we
were
to
follow
that.
Take
Indonesia,
for
example.
Right now its economy is crushed by the fact that
5
its debt is
something like 140 percent of its GDP. Trace that
debt
back.
It
turns
out
that
the
borrowers
were
something
like
a
hundred
or
two
hundred
people
around
the
military
dictatior
ship
that
we
supported.
The
lenders
were
international
banks.
A
lot
of
that
debt
has
been
by
now
socialized
through
the
IMF,
which
means
taxpayers
in
the
North who fund the IMF are responsible.
What happened to the money? They enriched themselves.
There
is osme capital export and some development. But
the
people who borrowed the money are
not held responsible for
it. It is
the people of Indonesia who have to pay it off. And
that means living under
crushing austerity programs, severe
poverty and suffering. In fact it is a
hopeless task to pay off
the debt that
they did not borrow.
What about the lenders? The lenders are protected from
the
risk.
That
is
one
of
the
main
functions
of
the
IMF,
to
provide free risk insurance to people
who lend and invest in
risk loans. They
earn high yields because there is a lot of risk,
but they don
’
t have to take the risk, because it is socialize. It
is
transferred
in
various
ways
to
Northern
taxpayers
through the IMF and other devices, like
Brady Bonds. The
whole system is one in
which the borrowers are release from
6
the
responsibility.
That
is
transferrred
to
the
impoverished
mass
of
the
population
in
their
own
countries.
And
the
lenders
are
protected
from
risk.
These
are
ideological
choices, not
economic ones.
2.
汉译英（
40
分）
最沉重的负荷——假如有个恶魔在某一天或某个夜晚闯
进你最难耐的孤寂中，并对你说：
“你现在和过去的生活，
就是你今后的
生活。它将周而复始，不断重复，绝无新意。
你生活中的每一种快乐、痛苦、思想、叹息
，以及一切大大
小小，无法言说的事情都会在你身上重复，而且均以同样的
顺序降临??”
你听了 这话是否会瘫倒在地呢？你是否会咬牙切齿，
咀咒
这个口出狂言的恶魔呢
？你在以前或许经过这样的时刻，
那
时你的回答是：
“你 真是神明，我从未听到过比这更神圣的
话呢！
”倘若这种想法压倒了你， 恶魔就会改变你，说不定
会把你碾得粉碎。
“你是否还要这样回答，并且 一直这样回
答呢？”
这是人人都必须回答的问题，
也是你 最沉重的负荷！
或者，你无论对自己还是对人生，均安于现状，放弃去追求
比这最终的永恒更为热烈的东西呢？
Writing
1.
Write an essay of about 300 words on
How and why
you value your life.
(35 points)
7
2.
Write an essay of about 350 words on
International
Financial Crisis a
nd China
’
s Economy.
(40 points)
2008
年
1.
英译汉
（
37.5
分）
Language has a magical property: when we speak or write
we craft what we
have to say to fit the situation ro context in
shich we are communicating. But at the
same time, how we
speak or write
creates that very situation or context. It seems,
then, that we fit our language to a
situation or context that
our language,
in turn, helped to create in the first place.
This is rather like the
“
chicken and egg question
”
: Which
comes
first? The situation we are in? Or the language we
use?
Is this
“
a committee
meeting
”
because we are speaking or
acting
this
way
or
are
we
speaking
and
acting
this
way
because this is
a committee meeting? After all, if we did not
speak and act in certain ways committee
meeting could not
exist;
but
then,
if
institutions,
committees
and
committee
meeting did not already exist, speaking
and acting this way
would
be
nonsense.
The
answer
here
is
that
this
magical
propety
is
real
and
language
and
institutions
”
boot
strap
”
each
other
into
existence
in
a
reciprocal
process
through
time.
8
Another
way
to
look
at
the
matter
is
this:
we
always
actively
use
spoken
and
written
language
to
ceate
or
build
the world of activities and
institutions around us. However,
thanks
to
the
working
of
history
and
culture,
we
often
do
this
in more or less routine ways.
2.
汉译英
（
37.5
分）
习惯是人生的最好的指导。
只有这条原则可以使我们的经
验有益于我们，
并且使我们期待将来有类似过去的一串事情
发生。如果没有经验的影响，那我们除了当下呈现于记忆和
感官的事情以外，完全不
知道别的事情。我们将永远不会知
道如何用自己的手段来达到我们的目的，
我们将永远不会运
用我们的自然能力来产生任何结果。如果这样，一切行动都
会停止，大部分的思维也会停止。
Writing
：
1.
“
Belief is knowledge
”
Make a comment of about 250
words on this statement. (35
points)
2.
Argue,
in
about
300
words,
For
or
Against
the
statement
“
language
is
a
social
phenomenon
”
(40
points)
2007
年
1.
英译汉
（
35
分）
One
reason
for
the
persistence
of
the
discussion
between
9