大学生必知基本文化常识-立冬和冬至的区别
Unit 3
Task 1
【答案】
A.
1) F
2) T
3) T
4) F
5) T
6) T
B.
1) She takes care of the Jotmsons'
children when their mother is sick.
2)
When they got to the theater, they found that the
G movie wasn’t there any more.
The
theater was showing an X-rated movie called
GIRLS
.
3) Since she
didn’t know what X meant, she thought a movie
about
fine for
little
girls.
【原文】
Jack: Did you hear what happened to
Helga? She almost lost her job.
Mary: I didn't know she
had one.
Jack: Well, it's just a part-
time job. Helga takes care of the Jotmsons'
children when
their mother is sick.
Mrs. Johnson hasn't been well lately.
Mary: What happened? Why did Helga
almost lose her job?
Jack: Well, there
was
a children's movie advertised at
the neighborhood
theater last
Saturday. It was one of those G movies,
for general audiences.
Mary: I suppose
Helga took the Johnson children to the movie.
Wasn't that all right?
Jack: Yes, but
here is what happened. When they got to the
theater, they found that the
G
movie
wasn't
there
any
more.
The
theater
was
showing
an
X-rated
movie
called
GIRLS
.
Mary: X-rated
movies are really bad, aren't they?
Jack: They're even worse than R-rated
ones which teenagers aren't supposed to see.
But
Helga
didn't
know
what
X
meant,
and
she
thought
a
movie
about
would
be fine for
little
girls.
Mary: Did the theater let her in?
Jack:
No,
but
Helga
tried
to
make
them
let
her
in.
The
manager
had
to
call
Mrs.
Johnson. That's
how she almost lost her job.
Task 2
【答案】
A.
1) F
2) T
3) T
4) F
5) F
6) F
B.
Judy watched a bit of TV last night. Before the football came on, she switched
over
just to protest, for she couldn’t bear football,
and thus she saw the end of the film
The Graduate
. When the football came on, she turned over to a programme on foxes.
After the foxes, she turned over back
to see who won the football, but only saw the
beginning of the News. Then she packed
up and went to bed.
【原文】
Stuart: What did you do last night
then? Did you work all night?
Judy: Yes, I did some work, but I
watched a bit of TV ... Got to relax, you know.
Stuart: Did you watch the
football?
Judy: No, no I
didn't. I can't bear football.
Stuart: Really?
Judy: Yes. I really hate it. Well,
actually, just before the football came on, I
switched
over just to ... just to
protest.
Stuart: What did you
see then?
Judy: Well, I saw the
programme before ... just the end of a film that
was on before
the football. It looked
quite
good actually. It's a
shame I didn't switch on earlier. It was some kind
of love
story ... with Dustin Hoffman,
you know,
The
erm ...
Stuart:
The Graduate
?
Judy: That's it.
The Graduate
.
Stuart: Yes. I
know. I've seen that. Yes, good film.
Judy: Yes, and nice music. And then,
when the football came on I turned over.
Stuart: Terrible, terrible!
Judy: I hate it! I really can't stand
it.
Stuart: It was a great
game!
Judy: Yes? Who was
playing?
Stuart:
England,
of
course.
What
did
you
see
then,
that
was
more
important
than
football?
Judy: Foxes. Yes, a good
programme on foxes. Yes, they spent ages watching
these
foxes in a house. They were
watching them all night and these
little baby foxes. It was tremendous.
Stuart: Yes, sounds all right.
Judy: Yes, it was
good
—
better than football ... and then, then I turned over, back to
the
other channel to see who
won the football, but I
missed it and I just saw the beginning of the news
and
packed up and went to bed.
Stuart: Well, I'm sorry you missed it.
It was a good game.
Judy: Who
did win?
Stuart: England, of
course. Who do you think? Six nil. Yes.
Judy: Must have been quite good then!
Stuart: Yes, it was good,
actually. It was very good.
Task
3
【答案】
A.
1) b)
2) c)
B.
1) F
2) F
3) F
C.
Topic:
How the movies are produced
Thesis:
There
are
six
basic
steps
that
are
normally
followed
in
the
production
of
a
full-length film.
Steps:
First step
—
finding a property; two types of properties
1) An
original story
e.g.
Star Wars, Back to the Future, Rocky
2) A property from a
novel, play, or musical
e.g.
The Sound of Music, Tess, The Godfather
Second step
—
writing the script; two options
1) The original
writer takes part in the production of the script
2) Directors write the scripts
themselves
【原文】
Good
morning, ladies and gentlemen! Let's start this
introduction to filmmaking
with
a simple question: How many of
you have seen a movie this week?
It
doesn't
matter
if
it
was
at
the
theater
or
just
on
your
own
TV
...
Uhhuh,
just
as
I
thought,
almost all of you have.
Of course, most of us love the movies
—
the magic, the escape that they provide,
but
most of us rarely stop to
think about
the process
of making a movie. Just what
does it take to get that movie from the
idea stage to the final product? What are the
decisions that must be made? What
problems are encountered? Exactly how does a
movie studio go about making a movie?
These are precisely the topics that we will be
exploring today.
There
are
six
basic
steps
that
are
normally
followed
in
the
production
of
a
full-length film. I'll outline them for
you.
The
first
step
is
rather
obvious--to
make
a
film
you
must
have
an
idea..,
a
story...some topic for the project. The
studio must find a property. That's a key word,
folks
—
property, p-r-o-p- e-r-t-y. You all know the common meaning of this word, of
course,
but
in
filmmaking
the
word
has
a
very
specific
meaning.
A
property is the story on which the
movie will be based. Okay, it's the story on which
the movie is based. You are probably
wondering why we call it a property. Well, it
belongs to someone; it is that person's
sometimes for quite a large sum of
money.
There are basically two kinds of properties. The first is an original story that has
never appeared anywhere
before
—
never been in a book, or magazine, or another film.
In other
words, the story is intended from the very
beginning to be made into a movie.
Star Wars
is one good example of this type of property
—
you do remember that
famous science fiction film, don't you?
Another example is
Back to the Future
—
oh,
and
also
Rocky
.
All
of
these
were
based
on
a
story
written
only
for
the
purpose
of
making a movie.
Actually
though,
the
majority
of
properties,
for
famous
films
at
least,
come
from novels, plays, or
musicals that are already published. Examples of
this type of
property
include
The
Sound
of
Music
,
which
was
originally
a
play,
Tess
,
a
famous
novel, and
The Godfather
, which was also first a novel.
Okay, that's step number one
—
finding a property.
Well, now we have the property.
The next step is
to prepare a script
from
that
property. This part of the process can
take several months or sometimes even a year or
more.
It's
quite
a
lengthy
and
time-consuming
process.
During
this
time,
the
scriptwriter,
producer, and director usually work very closely
with each other.
Recently, there has been a trend to also have the original writer
—
the original
property
owner
—
take
part
in
the
production
of
the
script.
This
means
that
if
the
property
is
taken
from
a
book
or
play,
the
original
author
of
the
book
or
play
is
involved in writing the script. This is
a good trend, I think. Who could possibly know
the story better or understand it more
clearly than its original creator?
Another option, however, is for directors to write scripts themselves. This often
occurs because
scriptwriters are not only responsible for the
dialog, but they also must
specify
what
kind
of
camera
shots
they
want
used.
For
instance,
in
all
scenes,
and
especially
long scenes that don't have any dialog, the
scriptwriter must describe what
the
camera should focus on, what should be in the
center of the shot, what mood the
image
should present.
Directors have much more experience with camera work and
often
prefer to write the script themselves for this
reason.
So that's step number two
—
writing the script.
Task 4
【答案】
A.
1) a)
2) a)
B.
1) F
2) F
3) T
C.
Topic:
How movies are produced
Thesis:
There
are
six
basic
steps
that
are
normally
followed
in
the
production
of
a
full-length film.
Steps:
Third step
—
casting the film; two types of casting
1) Building
the movie around a famous star
Advantages: A famous star is a great
asset to the film. It attracts fans
automatically.
Financial
success
of
the
movie
depends
on
how many
people come to see it.
Disadvantages:
Famous
star
are
very
expensive.
They
take
attention
away from the story
itself. They distract the audience.
2)
Casting movies with unknown actors and actresses
Advantages:
Movie
centers
around
the
story
itself.
Make
the
movie
more believable.
Fourth
step
—
filming the movie; done in two types of places
1)
Soundstages
—
both pictures and dialogs are recorded.
2) Partially
filmed on location
—
in a real setting.
Note: all the scenes with a
big star can done first, or all the scenes shot at
the
same location can be filmed at the
same time.
【原文】
Okay,
now
the
script
is
finished
and
approved,
and
we
are
ready
for
the
next
step
—
a very critical step indeed
—
the casting of the film.
The
success
or
failure
of
a
movie
can
depend
on
the
ability
of
the
actors
and
actresses
to
convince
us
that
they
really
are
the
characters
that
they
are
portraying.
The
producer and the director must choose the cast
very, very carefully. This step of
choosing
the
actors
and
actresses
is
called
casting.
Got
it?
Casting
is
choosing
the
actors and
actresses, the cast of the movie.
There
are,
in
general,
two
types
of
casting.
The
first
and
the
most
common
approach
is
to
build
the
movie
around
a
famous
star.
It
is
obvious
that
having
a
well-recognized name in the
cast
is
a
great
asset to
the film.
Having
someone, like
Tom Cruise, Meryl Streep, or
Harrison Ford will automatically attract large
numbers
of their fans to the movie. And
of course, the financial success of the movie
depends
on how many people come to see
it.
Now, there is also a second type of casting, and it has worked very well at times.
Although
it
is
true
that
top
stars
can
attract
audiences,
they
are
also
very,
very
expensive.
With
this
in
mind,
some
producers
and
directors
cast
their
movies
with
unknown actors and actresses,
concentrating on who fits the part the best, not
who has
the biggest name.
Actually, this approach, as I said, can work quite well because sometimes a big
star
can
actually
take
attention
away
from
the
story
itself.
In
other
words,
the
stars
distract the audience! The audience
focuses on the star, not on the story. One example
of this second type of casting is
the movie
E. T.
, which is,
in
fact,
one of the most
popular movies of all time.
Unknown child actors and actresses were hired and the movie centered around
the
story
itself.
The
producer
and
director
probably
thought
that
unknown
actors
would make the movie more
believable. A big star might actually hurt that
movie.
Well, on to the next step.
After
the
casting
has
been
completed,
the
fourth
step,
filming
the
movie,
can
begin.
Filming
any
kind
of
major
motion
picture
usually
takes
about
six
to
eight
months.
Now,
you
might
not
know
this,
but
filming
rarely
takes
place
in
the
same
order
as
the
story.
The
reason
for
shooting
in
a
different
time
order
is
that
all
the
scenes with a big star can be done
first, or all the scenes shot at the same location
can
be filmed at the same time. So what
happens is this: The order scenes are filmed in
and
the
order
they
appear
in
the
movie
are
almost
always
completely
different.
It
would be inconvenient and costs would
increase dramatically if scenes were filmed in
the order that we see them in the
finished movie.
The
filming
itself
is
done
in
two
types
of
places.
The
first
is
studio
buildings
called soundstages.
They were given this name because both pictures
and dialogs are
recorded there. These
soundstages can be made to appear like almost
anything
—
from
a
fourteenth-century town to a small hotel room.
In
addition
to
soundstages,
most
movies
are
partially
filmed
on
location
—
in
a
real
setting.
On
location
means
that
the
actors,
actresses,
film
crew,
and
other
necessary personnel must travel to a
place like, maybe, a South American jungle or
downtown Paris, or wherever, for
filming certain scenes.
This makes the movie more interesting and realistic. Indoor scenes can easily be
filmed on a soundstage, but
scenes that require extensive use of outdoor
scenery or
use famous places as
backgrounds must be done on location to be
realistic.
As you can imagine, the
costs of filming on location are enormous. People
and
equipment
must
be
flown
to
the
place,
living
accommodations
must
be
found,
and
food
has
to
be
provided
for
a
large
number
of
people.
There
are
lots
of
practical
problems like these. The added realism
of filming on location adds a lot of expense to
a film.
Task
5
【答案】
2) we
never fond it difficult to occupy our spare time
3) We used to enjoy civilized pleasures
4) All our free time is regulated by TV
5) It demands and obtains absolute
silence and attention
6) Whole
generations are growing up addicted to it
7) It is a universal pacifier
8) rubbishy commercials or spectacles
of sadism and violence
9) vast
quantities of creative work
10) they
can’t keep pace with the demand and maintain high
standards as we
ll
11)
becomes
a
village,
is
reduced
to
preliterate
communities,
utterly
dependent
on
pictures and
the spoken word
12) It encourages
passive enjoyment
13) It cuts us off
from the real world
14) from
communicating with each other
15) how
totally irrelevant television is to real living
【原文】
“Yes, but what
did we use to do before there was television?” How
often we hear
statements like this!
Television hasn’t been with us all that long, but
we are already
beginning
to
forget
what
the
world
was
like
without
it.
Before
we
admitted
the
one-eyed monster into our homes, we
never fond it difficult to occupy our spare time.
We used to enjoy civilized pleasures.
For instance, we used to have hobbies; we used
to
entertain
our
friends
and
be
entertained
by
them;
we
used
to
go
outside
for
our
amusements
to
theatres,
cinemas,
restaurants
and
sporting
events.
We
even
used
to
read
books and listen to music and broadcast talks
occasionally. All that belongs to the
past. Now all our free time is
regulated by the “goggle box”. W
e rush home or gulp
down
our
meals
to
be
in
time
for
this
or
that
programme.
We
have
even
given
up