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Passage 2

Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.

?

In the eighteenth

—

century one of the first

modern economists,Adam

Smith,thought

that the

“

whole annual produce of the land and labour of every country

”

provided

revenue to

“

three different orders of people:those who live by rent,those who live by

wages,and

those

who

live

by

profit

”

.Each

successive

stage

of

the

industrial

revolution,however,made the social structure more complicated.

?

Many intermediate groups grew up during the nineteenth century between the upper

middle class and the working were small

—

scale industrialists as we ll as

large

ones,small

shopkeepers

and

tradesmen,officials

and

salaried

employees,skilled

and unskilled workers,and professional men such as doctors and s and

peasants continued in all countries as independent groups.

?

During

the

nineteenth

and

early

twentieth

centuries

the

possession

of

wealth

inevitably affected a person

’

s social igent industrialists with initiative

made fortunes by their wits which lifted them into an economic group far higher than

that

of

their

working

—

class

they

lacked

social

training

of

the

upper

class,who despised them as the

“

new rich.

”?

They

often

sent

their

sons

and

daughters

to

special

school

to

acquire

soical

their

children,mixed

with

the

children

of

the

upper

classes,were

accepted

by

them,and

very

often

found

marriage

partners

from

among

the

same way,a thrifty,hardworking labourer,though not clever himself,might save for his

son

enough

to

pay

for

an

extended

secondary

school

education

in

the

hope

that

he

would move in a

“

?

collar

”

occupat ion,carrying with it a higher salary and a

move up in the social scale.

?

In

the

twentieth

century

the

increased

taxation

of

higher

incomes,the

growth

of

the

social

services,and

the

wider

development

of

educational

opportunity

have

considerably

altered

the

social

upper

classes

no

longer

are

the

sole,

or

even

the

main

possessors

of

wealth,power

and

education,though

inherited

social

position still carries considerable prestige.

criterion

did

Adam

Smith

seem

to

go

by

in

his

classification

of

social

groups?