-
Unit1?
TextA
There?was?
once?a?town?in?the?heart?of?America?where?all?life
?seemed?to?live?in?harmony?
with
i ts
surroundings.?The?town?lay?in?the
m idst?of?a
checkerboard
of
prospe rous?farms,?with?
fields?
of?
< p>grain?and?
hillsides?
of?
orchards?
where,?
in?
spring, ?
white?
clouds?
of?
bloom ?
drifted?
above?
the?
green?
fields.?
In?
autumn,?
oak?
and?
maple?
and?
birch?
set?
up?
a?
blaze?< /p>
of?
color?
that?
flame
d?
and?flickered?
across?
a?
backdrop?of?
pines.?Then?
foxes?bar ked?
in?
the?
hills?
and?< /p>
deer?
silently?crossed?the?fields,
?half?hidden?in?the?mists?of?the?fall?mornings.?
从前在美国中心有一个小镇，那里的万物看上去都与其四周的环境融洽相处。小镇的四周是像
棋
盘交错的生意盎然的农庄，
还有一块块的田地和一座座遍布山坡的果 园。
春天来了，
白色的鲜花云彩
般地漂浮在田野上；秋
天到了，橡树、枫树和桦树色彩斑斓，在一片松树林间火焰般地燃烧与跳跃。
小山上狐
狸吠叫，田野间小鹿静静地跃过，所有的一切都在秋天清晨的薄雾中半隐半现。
?
Along?
the?
roads,?
laurel,?
viburnum?
and?
alder,?
gr eat?
ferns?
and?
wildflowers?
delighted?
the?
traveler's?eye
?through?much?of?the?year.?Even?in?winter?the?road
sides?were?places?of?beauty,?
where?coun
tless?birds?came?to?feed?on?the?berries?and?on?the
?seed?heads?of?the?dried?weeds?
rising?a
bove?the?snow.?The?countryside?was,?in?fact,?famou
s?for?the?abundance?and?variety?
of?its?
bird?life,?and?when?the?flood?of?migrants?was?pour
ing?through?in?spring?and?fall?people?
t
raveled?
from?
great?
distances?
to?
observe?
them.?
Other s?
came?
to?
fish?
the?
streams,?
which?
flowed?clear?
and?cold?out?of?the?hills?and?contained?shady?pool
s?where?trout?lay.?So?it?had?
been?from?
the?days?many?years?ago?when?the?first?settlers?ra
ised?their?houses,?sank?their?
wells,?an
d?built?their?barns.?
在路的两旁，一年中许多时候，月桂树、
荚莲、桤木、蕨类植物和各样的野花都能让过往的行人
赏心悦目。
即使 是冬天，
路边的景色依旧是美不胜收，
那里无数的小鸟来觅取浆果莓和露在雪地上 的
枯枝上的种子。
事实上，
这乡村正是由于鸟类的数量 和种类之繁多而出名的。
在候鸟群潮涌而来的春
秋季节，人们从大老远
的地方慕名前来欣赏。还有的人来这里的小溪垂钓。清冽的溪水从山中流出，
溪水中有
许多鳟鱼藏身的背阴的水潭。所以，从许多年前开始，第一批居住者就在这里盖房挖井，搭
起了自己的谷仓。
?
Then?a?strange?blight
?crept?over?the?area?and?everything?began?to?chang
e.?Some?evil?spell?
had?settled?on?the?c
ommunity:?mysterious?maladies?swept?the?flocks?of?
chickens??the?cattle?
and?
sheep?< /p>
sickened?
and?
died.?
Ever ywhere?
was?
a?
shadow?
of ?
death.?
The?
farmers?
sp oke?
of?
much?
illness?
< p>among?their?
families.?
In?
the?
town?
the?
doctors?
had?
become?
more?
and?
< p>more?
puzzled?by?new?kinds?of?sickness
?appearing?among?their?patients.?There?had?been?se
veral?
sudden?
and?
unexplai ned?
deaths,?
not?
only?
a mong?
adults?
but?
even?
a mong?
children,?
who?
would?
be?stricken?suddenly?while?at?play?and?die?within?
a?few?hours.?
后来，一种奇怪的摧毁力悄然袭击了这个地区，所有的一切
都开始变了。某种邪恶的符咒笼罩了
这个社区：神秘的疾病攻击了鸡群，牛、羊也纷纷
病死，到处都有一层死亡的阴影。农夫们谈论着家
中的许多疾病；
镇上 的医生也越来越因病人中出现的新的病症而感到迷惑。
在成人和孩子中发生了好
几起突发的不明其由的死亡，那些孩子在玩耍中突然病倒，几小时后就死去了。
?
There?was?a?strange?stillness.?The?birds,?
for?example???where?had?they?gone??Many?people?
spoke?of?them,?puzzled?and?disturbed.?The?
feeding?stations?in?the?backyards?were?deserted.?<
/p>
The?few?birds?seen?anywhere?were?moribun
d??they?trembled?violently?and?could?not?fly.?It?<
/p>
was?a?spring?without?voices.?On?the?morn
ings?that?had?once?throbbed?with?the?dawn?chorus?<
/p>
of?robins,?catbirds,?doves,?jays,?wrens,
?and?scores?of?other?bird?voices?there?was?now?no?
sound??only?silence?lay?over?the?fields
?and?woods?and?marsh.?
这里是一派奇怪的寂静。就说鸟儿们吧
???
它们都去哪儿了？许多人说起鸟儿的时候都充满了迷惑
< br>与不安。
他们后院的饲养站已经没有鸟儿光顾了。
随处能见到的几只鸟都奄 奄一息。
他们猛烈地颤抖，
却飞不起来。这是一个无声的春天。曾经是
震动着画眉鸟、猫鸟、鸽子、樫鸟、欧鹪和许多鸟儿的黎
明合唱声的清晨如今却寂然无
声。田野间、树林中和沼泽地里也是一片寂静。
On?the?farms?the?h
ens?brooded,?but?no?chicks?hatched.?The?farmers?co
mplained?that?they?
were?unable?to?raise
?any?pigs??
the?litters?were?small?and?the?y oung?survived?only?a?few?days.?
The?appl
e?trees?were?coming?into?bloom?but?no?bees?droned?
among?the?blossoms,?so?there?
was?no?pol
lination?and?there?would?be?no?fruit.?
在
农庄，母鸡下蛋却孵不出小鸡。农夫们抱怨无法养猪，因为刚生下的猪崽太小了，小猪也只能
< br>活几天的功夫。苹果树开花了，可是没有蜜蜂在花丛中嗡嗡地采蜜，没有蜜蜂的授粉，也就没有任何
果子。
?
The?roadsides,?once
?so?attractive,?were?now?lined?with?browned?and?wi
thered?vegetation?
as?
though?
swept?
by?
fire.?
These,?
too,?
were?
silent,?
deserted ?
by?
all?
living?
things. ?
Even?
the?
streams?were?no
w?lifeless.?Anglers?no?longer?visited?them,?for?al
l?the?fish?had?died.?
曾经是如此迷人的路旁如今却铺着黑黑的
枯干的草木，仿佛是被一场大火烧过一般。那里也是一
片寂静，因为所有的生物都遗弃
了它。即使是溪流中也没有了生命。因为所有的鱼都已经死了，垂钓
者也就不再来了。
?
In?
the?
gutters?
under?
the?
eaves?
and?
between?
the?
shingles?
of?
the?
roofs,?
a?
white?
< p>granular?
powder?still?showed?a?few
patches??some?weeks?before?it?had?fallen?like? snow?upon?the?roofs?
and?the?lawns,?the?
fields?and?streams.?
在屋檐下的天沟里，屋顶的木瓦之间仍旧可
见几片白色的粒状的粉末。几个星期之前，它像白雪
一样洒在了屋顶上、草地上、田野
里和溪流里。
?
No?witchcraft,?no?enemy?a
ction?had?silenced?the?rebirth?of?new?life?in?this
?stricken?world.?
The?people?had?done?it
?themselves.?
在这个遭受袭击的地球上，没有巫术，也没有敌人的行动抑
制了新生命的复苏；这一切都是人自
身造成的。
?
Since?
the?
mid?1940's,?
over?
500?
basic?
chemicals?
ha ve?
been?
created?
for?
us e?
in?
killing?
insects,?
weeds,?
rodents,?
and?
other ?
organisms?
described?
in?
< p>the?modern?
vernacular?
as?
自
?20?
世纪
?4 0?
年代中期起，人们制造了
?500?
多种基本的化学药品来杀 死在现代语言中被称作
害
虫
?
These?sprays,?dusts,?and?aerosols?are?now?app
lied?almost?universally?to?farms,?gardens,?
forests,?
and?
homes?
??
nonselective?
chemicals?
that?
< p>have?the?
power?to?
kill?
every?
insect,?
the?
the?leaves?with?a?deadly
film,?and?to ?linger?on
in?soil???all?this?though?the?int ended?target?may?
be?only?a?few?weeds?or
?insects.?Can?anyone?believe?it?is?possible?to?lay
down?such?a?barrage?
of?poisons?o
n?the?surface?of?the?earth?without?making?it?unfit
?for?all?life??
这些液体喷剂、粉末和雾状喷剂现在几乎普遍使用于农
庄、花园、森林和家庭。非选择性的化学
药品能杀死每只昆虫（不管是
好
的还是
坏
的），能使鸟儿不再歌唱，溪流中的鱼儿不再跳跃，能
在树叶上覆盖一层致命
的薄膜，
并能存留在土地中。
而造成这一切的预定的目标可能仅仅是一些杂草 < /p>
和昆虫。
难道真的有人认为，
我们在地球的表面撒下如此多 的毒药，
同时还能使它继续成为一个任何
生命都能存活的地方吗？
?
This?
town?
does?
not?
actually?
exist,?
but?
it?
might?
easily?
have?
a?
thousand?
counterparts?
i n?
America?
or?
elsewhere?
in?
the?
world.?
I?
k now?
of?
no?
community?
th at?
has?
experienced?
all?
the?
misfortunes?I?describe.?Yet?every?
one?of?these?disasters?has?actually?happened?somew
here,?
and?
many?
real?
< p>communities?have?
already?
su ffered?
a?
substantial?
number?< /p>
of?
them.?
A?
grim?
specter?has?crept?upon?us?almost?unnoticed,?an
d?this?imagined?tragedy?may?easily?become?
< br>a?stark?reality?we?all?shall?know.?
这
个小镇事实上并不存在，但是在美国或地球的别的地方我们能轻易地找到一千个与它对应的地
< br>方。
我知道没有一个社区经历了我所描述的所有不幸，
但是其中的每一个灾 难都已经在某个地方发生
了，许多社区已经遭受了相当多的灾难。
一个 冷酷的幽灵几乎是在不经意间已悄悄向我们走来了，
而
这个想像的悲剧也
许很容易就成为一个我们都应该知道的严酷的事实。
?
TextB?
Water?
must?
also?
be?< /p>
thought?
of?
in?
terms?
of?
the?
chains?
of?
l ife?
it?
supports?
??
from ?
the?
small?as?dust?green?cells?o
f?the?drifting?plant?plankton,?through?the?minute?
water?fleas?to?the?
fishes?that?strain?p
lankton?from?the?water?and?are?in?turn?eaten?by?ot
her?fishes?or?by?birds,?
mink,?raccoons?
?in?an?endless?cyclic?transfer?of?materials?from?l
ife?to?life.?We?know?that?the?
necessary
?minerals?in?the?water?are?so?passed?from?link?to?
link?of?the?food?chains.?Can?we?
suppose
?
that?
poisons?
we?
intro duce?
into?
water?
will?
n ot?
also?
enter?
into?
the se?
cycles?
of?
nature??
我们考虑水的时候必须想到它所维持的生命链：
从一个漂浮着的浮游植物尘土般微 小的绿色细胞，
通过细小的水蚤进入到那些将浮游生物从水中滤出的鱼，
它们自身又被其他的鱼或者鸟、
貂、
浣熊所
吃，
这就是一个无止境的从生命到生命的物质的循环传输。
既然我们知道水中必需的矿物质 是从食物
链中的一环传给一环的，我们怎能认为投入水中的毒药不会也进入这些自然的
循环中呢？
?
The?answer?is?to?be?found?
in?the?amazing?history?of?Clear?Lake,?California.?
Clear?Lake?lies?
in?mountainous?country?
some?90?miles?north?of?San?Francisco?and?has?long?
been?popular?
with?anglers.?The?name?is?
inappropriate,?for?actually?it?is?a?rather?turbid?
lake?because?of?the?
soft?
black?< /p>
ooze?
that?
covers?
its?
shallow?
bottom.?
Unfortunately?< /p>
for?
the?
fishermen?
and?< /p>
the?
resort?
dwellers?
on?
its?
shores,?
its?
wa ters?
have?
provided?
an?
ideal?
habitat?
for?
a?
sm all?
gnat,?
Chaoborus?
astic topus.?
Although?
closely?
relat ed?
to?
mosquitoes,?
the?
gnat?
is?
not?
a?
bloo
dsucker?
and?
probably?
does?
not?
feed?
at?
all?
as ?
an?
adult.?
However,?
hu man?
beings?
who?
shared?
its?
habitat?
found?
it?
annoying?
because?
of?
its?
sheer?
numbers.?
Efforts?
w ere?
made?
to?
control?it?bu
t?they?were?largely?fruitless?until,?in?the?late?1
940s,?the?chlorinated?hydrocarbon?
insec
ticides?offered?new?weapons.?The?chemical?chosen?f
or?a?fresh?attack?was?DDD,?a?close?
rela
tive?of?DDT?but?apparently?offering?fewer?threats?
to?fish?life.?
答案就在位于加利福尼亚州的清水湖的令人惊异的历史中
。
清水湖位于旧金山北大约
?90
英里处的
山村，
很久以来一直很受垂钓者的欢迎。
不过，
这名字并不恰 当，
因为它其实是个相当混浊不清的湖，
浅浅的湖底铺满了黑色的软泥
浆。
但是对于渔民和居住在岸边的度假胜地的人来说不幸的是，
湖水为
一种名叫幽灵蚊的小昆虫提供了理想的栖息处。
这种昆虫虽然与蚊子紧密相关，< /p>
但是它并不吸血，
而
且成年后可能就不摄入食物了。
然而，
与它共处一地的人类还是仅仅因为这种虫子的数量惊人而感到
恼火。虽然他们使用了各种方法来控制，但是基本上都是毫无成效。直到
?20?
世纪
?40?
年代末，氯化
碳氢化合物杀虫剂
提供了新的武器。
他们选择作为新一轮进攻的化学药品叫
?DDD
，
它是
?DDT?
的一个
近亲，但是对
鱼类的生存威胁似乎小些。
?
The?
new?
control?
measures?
undertaken?
< p>in?1949?
were?
carefully?
planned?
and?
few?
people?
would?have?supposed?any?harm?could?result.
?The?lake?was?surveyed,?its?volume?determined,?
and?the?insecticide?applied?in?such?great?
dilution?that?for?every?part?of?chemical?there?wou
ld?
be?70?million?parts?of?water.?Contro
l?of?the?gnats?was?at?first?good,?but?by?1954?the?
treatment?
had?to?be?repeated,?this?time
?at?the?rate?of?one?part?of?insecticide?in?50?mill
ion?parts?of?water.?
The?destruction?of?
the?gnats?was?thought?to?be?virtually?complete.?
1949
年采取的新的控制措施事先经过了仔细的计划，很少有人认为它会造 成什么伤害。人们勘查
了湖泊，测定了体积，又将杀虫剂在水中经过了
?70
，
000
，
000:1
的大 比例的稀释后才付诸使用。这
对小昆虫的控制一开始不错，但是到了
?
1954?
年这种处理不得不再重复一次，而这一次则是按
?
50
，
?
000
，
< p>000:1的比例使用的。如此，人们认为对昆虫的摧毁已基本告成了。
?< /p>
The?following?winter?months?brought?the?
first?intimation?that?other?life?was?affected:?the
?
western?
grebes?
on?
the?
lake?
began?
to?
die ,?
and?
soon?
more?
than?< /p>
a?
hundred?
of?
them?
< p>were?
reported?dead.?At?Clear?Lake?the
?western?grebe?is?a?breeding?bird?and?also?a?winte
r?visitant,?
attracted?
by?
the?
abundant?
fish?
of?
t he?
lake.?
It?
is?
a?
< p>bird?of?
spectacular?
appeara nce?
and
beguiling?
habits,? building?
its?
floating?
nests?< /p>
in?
shallow?
lakes?of?western?
United?
States?
and?
Ca
nada.?It?is?called?the?
the?
lake?
surface,?
the?
body?
ridi ng?
low,?
white?
neck?
and ?
shining?
black?
head?
he ld?
high.?
The?
newly?hatche
d?chick?is?clothed?in?soft?gray?down??in?only?a?fe
w?hours?it?takes?to?the?water?
and?rides
?on?the?back?of?the?father?or?mother,?nestled?unde
r?the?parental?wing?coverts.?
接下来的冬季使人们第
一次意识到其他生命也受到影响了：湖上的西??开始死去，不久又有一
百多只死了。
西??被清水湖中大量的鱼吸引，在此繁殖，冬天又来此栖息。这种鸟有着漂亮的外观
和迷人的习性，在美国西部和加拿大的浅水湖中筑造它们漂浮的巢。
它被称作
燕子
是有道理的，因
为它滑过湖面时几乎不
漾起一点微波，身体压得低低的，脖颈洁白，油黑发亮的头高高地扬着。刚刚
孵出的小
鸟浑身披着柔软的灰色绒毛，
几个小时以后它就喜欢上了湖水，
伏在爸爸妈妈的背 上，依偎
在它们的翅膀底下。
?
Follow
ing?a?third?assault?on?the?ever?resilient?gnat?pop
ulation,?in?1957,?more?grebes?died.?
As?
had?
been?
true?
in?
< p>1954,?no?
evidence?
of?
infectious?
disease?
could?
be?
discovered?
on?
examination
?of?the?dead?birds.?But?when?
some?thought?t o?analyze?the?fatty?tissues?of?the?
greb
es,?they?were?found?to?be?loaded?with?DDD?in?the?e
xtraordinary?concentration?of?1600?
part
s?per?million.?
接着，对总是能恢复原数目的小昆虫发动了第三次攻击
后，
1957?
年，更多的西??死去了。正如
?
1954?
年的情况一样，对死鸟的检查中，没有发现传染病的证据。但是当有人想到要 对它们的脂肪组
织进行分析时，却在那儿找到了
?1600:1
，
000
，
000
的高浓度的
< p>?DDD。
?
The?maximum?conce
ntration?applied?to?the?water?was?1/50?part?per?mi
llion.?How?could?the?
chemical?have?buil
t?up?to?such?prodigious?levels?in?the?grebes??Thes
e?birds,?of?course,?are?
fish?eaters.?Wh
en?the?fish?of?Clear?Lake?also?were?analyzed?the?p
icture?began?to?take?form???
the?poison?
being?picked?up?by?the?smallest?organisms,?concent
rated?and?passed?on?to?the?
larger?preda
tors.?Plankton?organisms?were?found?to?contain?abo
ut?5?parts?per?million?of?the?
insectici
de?(about?250?times?the?maximum?concentration?ever
?reached?in?the?water?itself)??
plant?ea
ting?
fishes?
had?
built?
up?
accumulations?
ranging?
from ?
40?
to?
300?
parts?
< p>per?million??
carnivorous?speci
es?had?stored?the?most?of?all.?One,?a?brown?bullhe
ad,?had?the?astounding?
concentration?
of?
2500?parts?
per?million.?
It?
was?a?
house?that?Jack?built?
sequence,?
in?
which?
t
he?
large?
carnivores?
had?
< p>eaten?the?
smaller?
carnivore s,?
that?
had?
eaten?
the?
herbivores,?
that?
had?eate
n?the?plankton,?that?had?absorbed?the?poison?from?
the?water.?
投放湖水中的最高浓度是
?1/50:1
，
000
，
000
，那药品又是如何在西 ??体中积累到如此高的浓度
呢？这些鸟当然是食鱼的。
当人们又分析 了清水湖中的鱼类后，实情开始变得清晰了：
最小的有机体
摄入了毒药
，集中后又传给更大的捕食动物。浮游生物有机体的体中大约含有
?
5:1
，
000
，
000?
的杀
虫剂（这数字大约是投放水中的最高浓度的
?
250?
倍）；食草的鱼类体中积累到
?
40:1
，
000
，
000?
到
?
300:
1
，
000
，
000
；
< p>食肉鱼类的体中积累了最多的杀虫剂成分。一次，
一条牛头鱼体中发现了
?2500:1
，
?
000
，
000
的惊人的浓度。这是一个连环套：大的食肉动物吃小的食肉动物，小的食肉 动物吃食草动
物，食草动物吃浮游生物，浮游生物从水中吸收毒药。
?
Even?more?extraordinary?discoveries?wer
e?made?later.?No?trace?of?DDD?could?be?found?in?
the?water?shortly?after?the?last?applicat
ion?of?the?chemical.?But?the?poison?had?not?really
?left?
the?lake??it?had?merely?gone?into
?the?fabric
of?the?life?the?lake?supports.?T wenty?three?months?
after?the?chemical?t
reatment?had?ceased,?the?plankton?still?contained?
as?much?as?5.3?parts?
per?million.?In?th
at?interval?of?nearly?two?years,?successive?crops?
of?plankton?had?flowered?
and?
fad ed?
away,?
but?
the?
poiso n,?
although?
no?
longer?
present?
in?
the?
water,?
had?
somehow?
passed?from?generati
on?to?generation.?And?it?lived?on?in?the?animal?li
fe?of?the?lake?as?well.?All?
fish,?
and?
frogs?
examined?< /p>
a?
year?
after?
the?
chemical?
applications?
had?
ce ased?
still
contained?DDD.?The?amo
unt?found?in?the?flesh?always?exceeded?by?many?tim
es?the?original?
concentration?
in ?
the?
water.?
Among?
thes e?
living?
carriers?
were?
fish?
that?
had?
hatched?
nine?
months?
after?
the?
last?
DDD?
application,?
gr ebes,?
and?
California?
gulls?
that?
had?
built?
up?
concentrations?of?more?than?2000?parts?per?mi
llion.?Meanwhile,?the?nesting?colonies?of?the?
grebes?dwindled???from?more?than?1000?pairs
?before?the?first?insecticide?treatment?to?about?<
/p>
30?pairs?in?1960.?And?even?the?thirty?se
em?to?have?nested?in?vain,?for?no?young?grebes?hav
e?
been?observed?on?the?lake?since?the?l
ast?DDD?application.?
后来的发现更是奇特：
在 向湖水投放最后一次药品以后不久，
水中并没有发现丝毫的
?DDD
的痕迹，
但是这毒药并没有真正离开清水湖，它只不过是进入了靠湖水维持的生命结
构里面。在停止用药
?
23?
个月以后，浮游生物仍旧含
有
?
5.3:1
，
000
，
000?
浓度的药品。在那段将近两年的时间里，浮游生物
花
开花谢，但是在水中不再存在的毒药却不知为什么，在浮游生物中一代一代地传了下来。同样，它
也存活在湖中的动物生命体中。在停止用药一年后，所有被检查的鱼、鸟、和青蛙都含有
?
DDD
，而
且在它们的体中发现的含量总是高出原
来向湖中投放的浓度的许多倍。
在这些活载体中有上一次投放
?
< br>DDD?
九个月后孵出的鱼、西??，而在加利福尼亚海鸥的体中积累了高于
?2
，
000:1
，
000
，< /p>
000?
浓
度的药品。与此同时，在此作巢的西??群从
第一次投放杀虫剂前的
?1
，
000?
多对减少到
?1960?
年的
?
30
对左右，而即使这
?30
对似乎也是徒然作巢，因为自从上一次使用
?DDD
以后，湖上就再也没有看
到小西?了。
?< /p>
This?whole?chain?of?poisoning,?then,?see
ms?to?rest?on?a?base?of?minute?plants?which?must?<
/p>
have?been?the?original?concentrators.?Bu
t?what?of?the?opposite?end?of?the?food?chain???the
?
human?
being?
who,?
in?
probable?
ignorance?
of?
all?
this?
sequence?
of?
< p>events,?has?
rigged?
his?
fishing?tackle,?caught?a?string?of?fish?fro
m?the?waters?of?Clear?Lake,?and?taken?them?home?to
?
fry?
for?
his?
suppe r??
What?
could?
a?
heavy?
dose?
of?
DDD,?
or?
perhaps?
repeated?
doses,?
do?< /p>
to?
him??
这一连串的中毒似乎是取决于最
先积聚毒性的细小植物，然而对于位于食物链的另一端的人类又
将会怎么样呢？他可能
根本不知道这一系列的事件，
他装备了鱼具，
从清水湖中钓起了一串鱼，带回 < /p>
家煎了做晚餐。大剂量的
?DDD
，或者是反复的剂量，对 他又会造成什么后果呢？
?
Although?
the?
California?
Department?
of?
Public?
Health?
professed?
to ?
see?
no?
hazard,?
ne
vertheless?in?1959?it?required?that?the?use?of?DDD
?in?the?lake?be?stopped.?In?view?of?the?
scientific?
evidence?
of?
the?< /p>
vast?
biological?
potency?
of?
this?
chemical,?
the?
action?
seems?
a?
minimum?<
/p>
safety?
measure.?
The?
phy siological?
effect?
of?
DDD?
is?
probably?
unique?
among?< /p>
insecticides,?for?it?destroys?part?of?th
e?adrenal?gland???the?cells?of?the?outer?layer?kno
wn?as?
the?adrenal?cortex,?which?secrete
s?the?hormone?cortin.?This?destructive?effect,?kno
wn?since?
1948,?
was?
at?
first?
believed?
to?
be?
confined?
to?
dogs,?
because?
it?
was?
not?
revealed?
in?
such?
experimental?animal
s?as?monkeys,?rats,?or?rabbits.?It?seemed?suggesti
ve,?however,?that?DDD?
produced?
i n?
dogs?
a?
condition?
ver y?
similar?
to?
that?
occu rring?
in?
man?
in?
the?
presence?
of?
Addison's?disea
se.?Recent?medical?research?has?revealed?that?DDD?
does?strongly?suppress?
the?
funct ion?
of?
the?
human?
adren al?
cortex.?
Its?
cell?
de stroying?
capacity?
is?
now?
clinically?
utilized?in?the?treatment
?of?a?rare?type?of?cancer,?which?develops?in?the?a
drenal?gland.?
虽然加利福尼亚州的公共卫生部门曾声称没有任何危险，
但在
?1959
年，
它仍然要求停止向清水湖 < /p>
投放
?
DDD
。鉴于这种药品经科学证明具 有巨大的生物效力，这种措施看起来是起码的安全措施。在
杀虫剂中，
DDD?
的生理效果可能是独一无二的，因为它摧毁了部分肾上腺，就是分泌皮质荷尔蒙的
肾皮质的外层细胞。自
?1948
年这种摧毁力为人们所知以 来，它起初被认为只限于作用在狗身上，因
为它在猴子、老鼠、兔子这样的实验动物身
上并没有体现出来。然而
?DDD
在狗身上造成了一种与人
患有阿狄森氏病非常相似的症状，这是很有启发性的。最近的医学研究表明
?DDD
确实具有强烈抑制
了人类肾上皮质的作用，
它的这种摧毁细胞的 能力已经在治疗一种生于肾上腺的罕见癌症上得到临床
使用。
Unit2?
TextA?
It?was?a?very?ha
ppy?funeral,?a?great?success.?Even?the?sun?shone?t
hat?day?for?the?late?Henry?
Ground.?Lyin
g?in?his?coffin,?he?was?probably?enjoying?himself?
too.?Once?more,?and?for?the?
last?time?o
n?this?earth,?he?was?the?centre?of?attention.?Yes,
?it?was?a?very?jolly?affair.?People?
lau
ghed?and?told?each?other?jokes.?Relatives?who?had?
not?spoken?for?years?smiled?at?each?
oth
er?and?promised?to?stay?in?touch.?And,?of?course,?
everyone?had?a?favourite?story?to?tell?
about?Henry.?
这是一个非常欢快的葬礼，一个巨大的成功。就连天上的太
阳都为刚刚过世的亨利
·
格兰德灿烂地
照耀着。躺在棺
材里的亨利或许也在欣赏自己。在这个世界里最后一次，他，亨利又一次成为人们关
注
的中心。是的，这真是一件非常愉快的事情。人们笑着，彼此讲着笑话。多少年不来往的亲戚们相
互微笑着，承诺今后保持联络。并且，当然，每个人都有自己最为得意的关于亨利的笑话。
restaurant.?When?the?wine?wai ter?brought?the?
wine,?he?poured?a?drop?
into?Henry's?glass?and?waited?with?a?superior?expr
ession
on?his?face,?
as?
if?
to?
say'Taste?
it,?
you?< /p>
peasant.?
It's?
clear?
tha t?
you?
know?
nothing?
abo ut?
wine.'?
So?Henry,?
inste
ad?of?tasting?it,?the?way?any?normal?person?would?
do,?dipped?his?thumb?and?forefinger?
int
o?the?wine.?Then?he?put?his?hand?to?his?ear?and?ro
lled?his
forefinger
and?thumb?together ?as?
if?he?were?listening?to?the?quality
?of?the?wine!?Then?he?nodded?to?the?wine?waiter?so
lemnly,?
as?if?to?say?'Yes,?that's?fine.
?You?may?serve?it.'?You?should?have?seen?the?wine?
waiter's?face!?
And?how?Henry?managed?to
?keep?a?straight?face,?I'll?never?know!
有一次我们俩在一家豪华的饭店吃饭。送酒的服务生走过来，倒了一点酒到亨利的杯子里，然后
等在一旁，满脸高人一等的表情，仿佛在说：
'
尝尝吧， 乡巴佬。很显然你根本不了解葡萄酒。
'
亨利
没有去尝
酒，
在这种场合人们通常都会尝一下。
而他却用拇指和食指在酒里沾了一下，
接着把手放到
耳边，捻动起食指和拇指，仿佛在聆听酒的质量。之后他朝送
酒的服务生严肃地点点头，仿佛在说：
?
'
是的，不错。 你可以上酒了。
'
你真该去看一看那个服务生的脸！真不知道亨利怎么能绷着脸忍 住不
笑的。
some
?abstract?modern?painter's?latest?work,?he?managed
?somehow?to?get?in?the?day?before?
and?<
/p>
turn?
all?
the?
paintings?
upside?
down.?
The?
exhib ition?
ran?
for?
four?
day s?
before?
anyone?
noticed!<
/p>
是啊，老亨利就是爱捉弄人。有一次，他被邀请去参观一个现代抽象派画家 的近期作品展览，他
居然设法提前一天进入展览馆，
把所有的画都颠倒 过来。
结果画展进行了四天，
楞没有人发现。
……
The?stories?went?on?even?while?the?coffin?was?
being?lowered?into?the?grave.?People?held?
< br>handkerchiefs?to?their?eyes,?but?their?tears?we re?tears?of?laughter,?not?sadness.?Afterwards,?
there?was?a?funeral?breakfast,?by?invitati
on?only.?It?was?attended?by?twelve?of?Henry's?clos
est?
friends.?Henry?Ground?had?asked?his
?brother,?Colin,?to?read?out?his?will?during?the?f
uneral?
breakfast.?Everyone?was?curious?
about?Henry?Ground's?will.?Henry?had?been?in?debt?
all?his?
life,?hadn't?he??What?could?he?
possibly?have?to?leave?in?a?will??
笑话一个接
着一个，连棺材被放入墓穴时都没有停止。人们拿手帕去擦脸、擦眼睛，擦掉的不是
悲
伤的眼泪，而是笑出的眼泪。稍后，是葬礼早餐，只有接到请柬的人能够参加。出席者是亨利的十
二位最好的朋友。亨利
·
格兰德曾嘱咐弟弟柯林在葬礼早餐上宣读他的 遗嘱。每个人都想知道亨利的
遗嘱会是什么内容。亨利可是一辈子债台高筑，不是吗？
他的遗嘱里还能留什么东西？
?
Colin?cleared?his?
throat.?
down?expectantly.?Colin?opened?
the?will,?and?began?to?read?it?out?in?a?singsong?v
oice.?
柯林清了清嗓子，
呃哼！你们都准备好了吧 ，女士们，先生们。
每个人都安静下来，期待着。
柯林
打开遗嘱，开始一板一眼地大声宣读：
?
Henry?< /p>
Ground,?
being?
of?
sound?
mind...?
last?
will?
and?
testament...?
do?
hereby
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