玩游戏用什么显卡好-小学三年级语文教学论文
英语作文如何得高分
(doc 9
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)
英语说明文的语言特点
与英语记叙文和英语描述文相比,
英语说明文的语言特
征并不那么明
显。
但尽管如此,
也还是有一些语言现象在英
语说明文中
经常出现。
1.
时态相对较为统一:多用现在时态
由于说明文往往是对客观事物或事理的一种介绍与解
释,
而这种 客观的介绍与解释一般是不随时间和空间变化而
改变的,比如:说明早锻炼的好处,介绍
猫的胡子的功能,
解释臭氧层对人类生活的影响等等,
是不受时间和空间 影响
的。因此,
尽管有时为了特殊表达的要求,会在个别地方采
用其他时态,
英语说明文的基本时态还是一般现在时。
下面
这篇由香港学生写的作文充分反映了说明文的这一特点。
The Way to Achieve Success
money is a very powerful
thing
,
we should always try
to save part of our earnings for future
use.
These
are
the
four
things
to
which
we
must
pay
attention. It is only in this way that
we can achieve success.
2.
采用客观表述,避免主观色彩
由于在很多情况下,说明文是对客观存在的说明与介
绍,因此语言的表述也应该尽可
能地给人以客观可信的感
觉,比如:
(
1
)
I
think
that
getting
up
late
is
not
always
a
bad
thing.
(
2
)
It is said that getting up late is not always a bad
thing.
相比之下,
例
(
2
)
的语言要比例
(
1
< p>)的语言客观一些,
容易让人接受一些。如果再作一些表述上的改动
:
(
3
)
Getting
up
late
is
not
always
a
bad
thing
,
according
to Franklin Smith
,
a well- known psychologist in
Stanford
University.
引进著名人士作为信息的来源,
可以使想要说 明的内容
更具有说服力。如果我们将例(
3
)中的
always
再改为
necessa
rily
,就可使整个句子更客观、委婉,便于为读者接
受:
(
4
)
Getting
up
late
is
not
necessarily
a
bad
thing
,
according
to Franklin Smith
,
a well- known psychologist in
Stanford
University.
在英语中,
采用被动语态,
引 进权威的信息来源以及选
用委婉的词语是使说明文避免主观色彩,
增加客 观性,
从而
为读者接受的重要语言手段。
How I Read
As
a
senior
student
who
is
fond
of
English
,
I
often
read newspapers and
magazines with articles in English or
about English studies. And these
readings are really helpful
as
if
they
were
my
good
friends.
But
my
view
was
very
different about one year
ago
,
when I just began my studies
in high school.
I
believed that grammar and vocabulary were the most
important
things
at
that
time.
I
seldom
did
listening
exercises
until
the
teacher
asked
us
to.
And
also
,
I
read
very few articles in English except
those printed on the text
books and
test papers. But one day
,
something happened
,
and
it
changed
my
mind.
I
still
remembered
that
was
the
day
when
we
were
learning
a
passage
about
English
programmes.
Our
teacher
asked
us
:
“Have
you
ever
watched any
English programmes
?
” While the classmates
around
me
were
talking
with
the
teacher
,
I
was
sitting
there without a
word
,
because I had never heard of such
things as Look
Ahead
,
First Step Abroad
,
World Wide
Watch
and
so
on.
Our
teacher
seemed
to
have
realized
something
and then said that using text books was not and
shouldn't be the only way of learning
English. Then she told
us
some
of
her
former
students'
experience
of
English
studies
,
including
reading
newspapers
and
magazines
in
English
,
and introduced a newspaper to us
,
which was
Shanghai Students'
Post
(
SSP
)。
After that, I came to realize that I
was [had been]
(
1
)
wrong.
Not only
my own way
of
learning
English but
also
my
opinion
of
it
was
not
right.
In
order
to
pass
the
examinations
,
I
used
to
pay
much
attention
to
remembering the grammar rules and the
usages
(惯用法)
of
the
words
without
understanding
them.
And
now
,
I
have
to
get
used
to
the
living
English
,
which
is
not
a
subject like maths
,
physics or chemistry but a useful tool
that
helps
us
get
much
more
information.
That's
quite
different
from
what
I
used
to
be
taught.
I've
come
to
understand that
listening
,
speaking
,
reading and writing
must be the most important
things.
Now,
I
get
SSP
from
the
post
office
regularly
every
week
,
enjoying myself reading English. I can always find
the
most
interesting
things
for
myself.
While
reading
the
(
2
)
news
,
I'm
imagining
being
a
political
leader
who
wants
to
know
what's
on
all
over
the
world.
While
I'm
reading the
(
3
)
stories
,
it seems as if I were one of the
characters
(角色)
. Looking at the pictures of the outside
world
followed
by
instructions
[together
with
captions
]
(
4
),
I
wonder
if
I
could
be
there.
As
a
result
,
my
progress
in
English
becomes
greater
and
greater
with
the
help of SSP
,
the best friend of mine.
As a sincere
reader and also a close friend of
SSP
,
I
want to
say
:
“Life i
s sweet because of the friends we have
made
and
the
things
which
we
share.
”
< /p>
重庆市八中高
2000
级
4
班
张锐
评语
作者从自己亲身体会谈了英语学习中广泛
阅读的重要
性,以及自己是如何阅读的。修改:(
1
)根 据上下文这里
用过去完成时为好。(
2
)、(
< p>3)这里的定冠词是多余的。
(
4
) 图片说明用
caption
表达。
英语议论文的写作方法
与其他文体相比,
英治议论文的结构一般较为固定,
有
下列几个部分组成:
1.
提出需要议论的议题;
2.
摆出正反两方面的观点;
3.
表明作者持何种态度;
4
.
论证自己观点的正确性从而使读者接受自己的观
点;
5.
小结。
在具体写作中要注意下列几点:
1.
议题的提出要开门见山,不要拖泥带水,啰啰唆唆
2.
正反两方面的观点一般 都要摆出,有时也有只强调
一种观点的,
那么这就等于将上述第二点和第 三点合在一起
了
3.
作者的观点必须鲜明,不能模棱两可
4.
论证自己的观点是议论文的最关键的部分。论证手
段与英语说明文中的一些写作手法相同,常用的有罗列法、
举例
法、因果法、比较法等等。
5.
对于 较长的英语议论文还可以在文章结尾时对全
文要点作一小结。
下面这篇学生作文是较为典型的一篇英语议论文:
Should Examination Be Abolished
(取消)?
The
examination
system
has
come
to
be
the
main
theme
(主题)
of
modern
education.
One
should
take
an
examination
andsucceed
in
passing
it
before
he
could
be
admitted
,
promoted or graduated. As it plays so important
a role in the realm of education
(教育的领域)
it is under
much criticism
(
评论)
as to its validity
(
有效性)
. People
who
are
in
favour
of
it
try
to
develop
this
system
more
;
those who are against it believe that
such a system should be
abolished.
Should
examination
be
abolished
?
In
my
opinion it should be.
Many
people
think
that
an
examination
is
the
only
means to test
knowledge
,
but
,
in fact
,
that is not true. A
few
questions
given
in
an
examination
could
by
no
means
cover the whole
field of the subject. Thus those who are able
to answer them may be the poorest of
the students and yet
happen to know
just a few points about that subject.
I'd
like
to
say
that
,
because
of
the
existence
of
the
examination
system
,
students
pay
so
much
attention
to
gaining
high
marks
,
that
they
often
forget
the
chief
purpose
of
education.
The
so-called
clever
students
devote
(贡献)
themselves to the study of textbooks only. They
,
of
course
,
know
nothing
but
the
skeleton
(梗概)
of
knowledge. The end and aim of
education
,
however
,
is to
enable students to learn how to live.
To do this
,
students
must get themselves to do all kinds of
training
,
physicalas
well
as
mental.
The
present
examination
system
has
discouraged
students from making such an attempt.
Moreover
,
since the students try so hard to put their
lessons
into
memory
in
as
short
a
time
as
possible
,
psychologically
(心理上来看)
,
they soon forget the whole
subject as soon as the
examination is over. Surely this is one
of
the
greatest
wastes
ever
made
in
the
history
of
civilization.
Lastly
,
in order to get high marks
,
there is a great
temptation
(诱惑)
for students to cheat
(作弊)
in an
examination.
Indeed
,
such a practice becomes the means to
the end. They
cheat their teachers
,
their parents and also
themselves.
Such
a
tendency
would
impair
(损害)
our
moral standards
(道德标准)
.
Therefore
,
I am of the opinion
,
in conclusion
,
that
the examination system should be
abolished.
英语议论文的语言特点
由于与其他文体相比,
英语议论文类似英语说明文,
因
此,
它具有英语说明文的一些语言特点,
比如:时态较为统
一,
多用现在时;强调语言表达的客观性;
尽可能指明信息
来源等等。
但作为一种独立的文体,
英语议论文在 语言上也
有一些自己特有的表达形式:
1.
较多使用表达委婉语气的词语和句子
与英语说明文相比,
英语议论文不仅需要说明自己的观
点,<
/p>
而且还要让读者接受自己的观点,
因此,在词语表达上
除了
客观之外,
还必须注意委婉。
在英语中,
常用虚拟语气,
让步状语从句和情态动词
can,
could,may,
might,
would,
should
请看下面两组有关
“
面试在招生过程中的重要性
”
的文字:
(
1
)
No one should be admitted into
(招收进)
college
without a personal
interview
(面试)
。
What can admissions
people
(招生人员)
tell from a piece of paper
?
They can tell
when they see a student face to
face
,
can they
decide what kind of a person he is.
(
2
)
Though admissions people can learn some things
from
a piece of paper
,
such as
how
well a
person writes
and
what
he
is
interested
in
,
there
may
be
many
other
things
that
an
application
(申请表)
can not tell but can only be seen in a personal
way a
person talks
,
the way he thinks about
and
answers
questions
,
the
way
he
reacts
(反应),
are
all
important
facts
of
a
person
which
can
not
be
found on a piece of paper.
两
段文字都强调
“
大学生入学必须面试
”
,但相比之 下,
例(
2
)用了情态动词,
thoug h
引导的让步状语从句等表达
方式,语气较为委婉,更容易为读者所接受
。
2.
使用有辩论、推理等含义的连接词和过渡词等词 语结
构
英语议论文讲究辩论推理的条理性和逻
辑性,
因此,
往
往较多地使用这类性质的过渡词和连接词
,常用的包括:
since
(既然),
now that
(既然),
therefore
(因而),
consequently
(因此),
accordingly
(因此),
hence
(因
而),
in that case
(在那种情况下),
because< /p>
(因为),
so
(所以)。另外,还有些句型也常出现在英 语议论文中,
比如:
It follows that …
(因而
……
)
,
If…
,
we may conclude
that
…
(如果
……
,
我们可以这样下结论
……
)
,
Should it
be
the
case p>
(如果是这样的话
……
),
Idon't
want to…
,
< p>
but…
(我并不想
……
,
但是 p>
……
)
,
If you admi t…
,
then…
(如果你承认
…… p>
,那么
……
),
It is true that…
,
but…
(诚
然
……
,但是
……
),
Even
if…
(即使
……
)等。
下面这篇学生作文较好地使用了上述这些英语议论文
常用的连接词和过
渡词等词语结构,
从而使文章的辩论和推
理条理清晰,富有说服力:
p>
Some
people
say
that
they
will
not
give
up
smoking
because they have the right to do what
they want to do since
smoking is not
against the
,
it's true that smoking
does not violate
(违反)
the law and therefore they can do
as they like
,
but what is equally true is that they have to be
responsible for what they do at the
same time. Now I don't
want to bring
fears to anyone
,
but here are some statistics
(统计数字)
I've just got from newspaper
:
Over seventy
percent of the people who died
of lung cancer were
heavy
smokers. More
than
thirty-five
percent
deforme d
(畸形
的)
babies
have
smoking
mothers.
Even
if
those
chain
smokers
(
一
支
接
一
支
抽
烟
者
)< /p>
are
not
afraid
for
themselves
,
shouldn't
they
be
afraid
for
their
family
members if they have got
any
?
英语作文如何得高分
一般说来,
每次考试后,
阅卷老师要在很短的时间内评
阅完大量的试卷,
工作量非常大。
尽管作文评分有具体的标
准,但它仍然是主观性较大的部分,而且写作部分没有
“
半 p>
分
”
的评分标准,有时我们阅卷之时的一念之差,就可能令< /p>
你失去宝贵的一分。
因此,
这里我觉得介绍一些这些阅卷老
师阅卷时的心理,对考生是极为有用的。
1.
整洁的卷面和漂亮的书写
漂亮的书写令人赏心悦目,
可使阅卷老师从疲惫不堪中
解脱出来,
给阅卷老师留下良好的第一印象。就我而言,每
次批改作业,
如遇龙飞凤舞、字迹较为潦草者,均
“
押后处
理
”
。说老实话,当改至后期,我便两眼发直,精神极度疲
惫,于是
也龙飞凤舞,草草给个分数,算是交差了。
2.
字数要达到最低要求
因为作文对字数要求高,每篇小作文的字数在
100-150
字左右,
大作文的字数必须达到
160~ 200
字左右,
所以考生
切记要在规定的范围内完成自己
的工作。
但是,
有些考生在
写作过程中总存在这样的想法
:
写的越长,
阅卷老师的分数
肯定会打得更高,其实未必
。有时候,甚至会适得其反。试
想,
考生的文章是写长了,
但是考生同时又将自己的弱点暴
露得
“
一览无余
”
,那样,考生怎么可能得到高分呢?所以,
考生应注意在写作
中长度一定要适当。
3.
结构完整,脉络清晰
考试时作文阅卷时间紧,且采用
global
scor ing
(整体
评分)方法,因此阅卷老师不可能慢悠悠地欣赏你的大作。
作文阅卷老师都是经验非常丰富的大学英语教师,
他们要在
数分钟内浏览完考生作文,
给出评分意见。
如何吸引阅卷老
< p>师的注意呢?我认为,
一个完整框架是必不可少的,
首先应
让阅卷老师觉得你的文章是结构完整合理、
符合要求的。
换
言之,
即具备英语文章的基本要素:引言段、
扩展段和结尾 p>
段。引言段中要包含
thesis statement
(中心句),扩展段的
每段均应有
topic
sentence
(主题句),结尾段应该是一个
自然收尾的段落。
中文讲究意合, p>
而英语注意形合,
要求句
与句、
段与段之间运 用恰当的过渡词,
把上下文有机地连接
起来。因此,应适当运用关键词组
、套句,以吸引阅卷老师
的
“
眼球
” p>
。
有些写作的大作文要 求用
160~200
词写出一篇高质量
的议论文,其形式
有图示、漫画、情景等专门类型。近几年
来则集中体现为灵活多变、隐含寓意的图示
p>
/
漫画作文和具
有学术分析特点的图表作文。这要求考生要精
确设置构架,
内容、例子紧扣主题,并且严谨地遣词造句。
高分密招
很多学习者翻开作文书籍,就如同想打开一本武功秘
籍,
只希望看到
5
个字母
trick(
技巧
)
。
技巧固然十分重要, p>
但在应试准备中,常常需要
70%
的基础和
3 0%
的技巧。这
里要提醒
大家的是,不 可高估技巧的作用,犹如在武打片
中,
要想得到某某宝典和剑法,
是需要
付出惨痛的代价的。