一元一次方程计算题[课程]独自打保龄球英文读书笔记

一是基于社区的社团，而是基于教会的社团，

三是基于

职业的社团。在第三章的“公民参与”一节，主要讲的是在“基于社区的社

团”中，美国人的社

团参与有何变化。

Because of the impressive increase in the sheer number of voluntary

associations, even taking account of the increase in population during

this period, the number of national organizations per

capital has increased by nearly two- thirds over the last three

decades,excited by this fact, some

observers speak that perhaps too hastily of a participation

revolution in American politics and society. And more groups speaking on

behalf of ever more categories of citizens.

Two . In fact

——

1960~1990

, Organizations that don’t involv

e their members directly in

community-based activity:

1. over the quarter century the number of voluntary associations

roughly tripled, but the average

membership seems to be roughly one- tenth as large

——

more groups,

but most of them much

organizational eruption between the 1960s and the 1990s

represented a

proliferation of letterheads, not a boom of grassroots participation.

2. And revealing is the increasing geographic concentration of

national

membership organizations with local chapters and substantial

grassroots activity,they are

headquartered near important concentrations of their members;For the

nation’s largest

organizations,they are headquartered near Washington

——

the

political concentration.

The proliferating new organizations are professionally staffed

advocacy organizations,not member-centered,locally based

newer groups focus on expressing policy views in the

national political debate, not on providing regular connection among

individual members at the grass roots.

The newer groups mostly belong to the mailing list

organizations,which means moving a pen,not making a these

new mass-membership organizations are plainly of growing political

importance while they demands little of its memb

ers’ energies and

contributes little to their social example,the

national administrators of such organizations are among the most feared

lobbyists in Washington, in large part because of their massive mailing

ally, group involvement with government has exploded at the

same time that citizen involvement with both government and groups has

diminished.

The vigor of the new organizations,though they are large,

proliferating,and powerful(

会员

数量等

), is an unreliable guide to the vitality of social

connectedness and civic engagement in American communities.

, Several illustrations may clarify:

1) Encyclopedia of associations

Explosive growth of organizations claiming to speak on behalf of

veterans coincided with declining involvement by veterans.

2) Environment organizations

Environment Defense Fund(EDF)

——

mail-order membership

Trends in numbers of voluntary associations nationwide are not a

reliable guide to trends in social capital,especially for associations

that lack a structure of local chapters in which members can actually

participate.

对于全国范围的自愿社团来说， 其会员数量的趋势并不是反映社会资本发展趋

势的一个

可靠指标，尤其是那些缺乏地方分部体制以至于会员并不能真正参与的组织。