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CET4
试点考试样卷（一）
Part
Ⅰ
Writing (30 minutes)
注意：此部分试题在答题卡
1
上。
Part
Ⅱ
Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly
and answer the questions on Answer
Sheet 1.
For questions 1-7, mark
Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;
NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.
For
questions
8-10,
complete
the
sentences
with
the
information
given
in
the
passage.
Landfills
考试大论坛
You have just finished
your meal
at
a fast
food restaurant
and
you throw
your
uneaten food, food wrappers, drink
cups, utensils and napkins into the trash can. You
don't
think
about
that
waste
again.
On
trash
pickup
day
in
your
neighborhood,
you
push
your
can out
to
the curb, and workers dump
the contents
into a big truck
and
haul it away. You don't have
to think about that waste again, either. But maybe
you
have wondered, as you watch the
trash truck pull away, just where that garbage
ends
up.
Americans
generate
trash
at
an
Astonishing
rate
of
four
pounds
per
day
per
person; which
translates to 600,000 tons per day or 210 million
tons per year! This is
almost twice as
much trash per person as most other major
countries. What happens to
this trash?
Some gets recycled (
回收利用
) or recovered and some is burned, but the
majority is buried in landfills.
How Much Trash Is Generated?
Of the 210 million tons of trash, or solid waste, generated in the United States
annually, about 56
million tons, or 27 percent, is either recycled
(glass, paper products,
plastic,
metals) or composted (
做成堆肥
) (yard waste). The remaining trash, which is
mostly unrecyclable, is discarded.
How Is Trash Disposed of?
The
trash
production
in
the
United
States
has
almost
tripled
since
1960.
This
trash
is
handled
in
various
ways.
About
27
percent
of
the
trash
is
recycled
or
composted, 16
percent is burned and 57 percent is buried in
landfills. The amount of
trash buried
in landfills has doubled since 1960. The United
States ranks somewhere
in the middle of
the major countries (United Kingdom, Canada,
Germany, France and
Japan)
in
landfill
disposal.
The
United
Kingdom
ranks
highest,
burying
about
90
percent of its solid waste in
landfills.
What Is a Landfill?
There are two ways to bury trash:
Dump
—
an
open
hole
in
the
ground
where
trash
is
buried
and
that
is
full
of
various animals (rats, mice,
birds). (This is most people's idea of a
landfill!)
免费？宅在家学英语？怎么报名？
Landfill
—
carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in which
trash
is
isolated
from
the
surrounding
environment
(groundwater,
air,
rain).
This
isolation is accomplished with a bottom
liner and daily covering of soil.
Sanitary
landfill
—
land
fill
that
uses
a
clay
liner
to
isolate
the
trash
from
the
environment
Municipal
solid
waste
(MSW)
landfill
—
landfill
that
uses
a
synthetic
(plastic)
liner to isolate the
trash from the environment
The purpose of a landfill is to bury the trash in such a way that it will be isolated
from groundwater, will be kept dry and
will not be in contact with air. Under these
conditions, trash will not decompose
(
腐烂
) much. A landfill is not like a compost pile,
where the purpose is to
bury trash in such a way that it will decompose
quickly.
Proposing the Landfill
For a landfill to be built, the operators have to make sure that they follow certain
steps. In most
parts of the world, there are regulations that
govern where a landfill can
be placed
and how it can operate. The whole process begins
with someone proposing
the landfill.
In
the
United
States,
taking
care
of
trash
and
building
landfills
are
local
government
responsibilities. Before a city or other authority can build a landfill,
an
environment impact
study must be done on the proposed site to determine:
the area of land necessary for the landfill
the composition of the underlying soil and bedrock
the flow of surface water over the site
the impact of the proposed landfill on the local environment and wildlife
the historical value of the proposed site
Building the Landfill
Once
the
environmental
impact
study
is
complete,
the
permits
are
granted
and
the funds have been raised,
then construction begins. First, access roads to
the landfill
site must be built if they
do not already exist. There roads will be used by
construction
equipment, sanitation
(
环卫
) services
and the general public. After roads have been
built,
digging can begin. In the North Wake Country
Landfill, the landfill began 10
feet below the road surface.
What Happens to Trash in a Landfill?
Trash put in a landfill will stay there for a very long time. Inside a landfill, there
is
little oxygen and little moisture. Under these
conditions, trash does not break down
very
rapidly.
In
fact,
when
old
landfills
have
been
dug
up
or
sampled,
40-year-old
newspapers have been
found with easily readable print. Landfills are
not designed to
break
down
trash,
merely
to
bury
it.
When
a
landfill
closes,
the
site,
especially
the
groundwater, must be monitored and
maintained for up to 30 years!
How Is a Landfill Operated?
A landfill, such as the North Wake County Landfill, must be open and available
every
day.
Customers
are
typically
municipalities
and
construction
companies,
although residents may also use the
landfill.
Near the entrance of the landfill is a recycling center where residents can drop