-
英语六级
100
篇阅读精读荟萃
Passage One (Violence Can Do Nothing to
In
some
Diminish Race Prejudice)
countries
where
racial
prejudice
is
acute,
violence has so come to be taken for
granted as a means
of
solving
differences,
that
it
is
not
even
questioned.
There
are
countries
where
the
white
man
imposes
his
rule by brute
force;
there
are
countries
where
the
black
man protests by setting fire to cities
and by looting and
pillaging. Important
people on both sides, who would in
other
respects
appear
to
be reasonable
men,
get
up
and
calmly
argue
in
favor
of
violence
–
as
if
it
were
a
legitimate
solution,
like
any
other.
What
is
really
frightening,
what
really
fills
you
with
despair,
is
the
realization
that
when
it
comes
to
the
crunch,
we
have
made no actual progress at all. We may
wear collars and
ties
instead
of
war-paint,
but
our
instincts
remain
basically unchanged. The whole of the
recorded history
of
the
human
race,
that
tedious
documentation
of
violence, has taught us absolutely
nothing. We have still
not
learnt
that
violence
never
solves
a
problem
but
makes it more acute. The
sheer horror, the bloodshed, the
suffering mean nothing. No solution
ever comes to light
the
morning
after
when
we
dismally
contemplate
the
smoking
ruins and wonder what hit us.
The
truly
reasonable
men
who
know
where
the
solutions
lie
are
finding
it
harder
and
herder
to
get
a
hearing.
They
are
despised,
mistrusted
and
even
persecuted by
their own kind because they advocate such
apparently outrageous things as law
enforcement. If half
the
energy
that
goes
into
violent
acts
were
put
to
good
use, if our efforts were
directed at cleaning up the slums
and
ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing
education and employment for all, we
would have gone a
long way to arriving
at a solution. Our strength is sapped
by having to mop up the mess that
violence leaves in its
wake.
In
a
well-directed
effort,
it
would
not
be
impossible
to
fulfill
the
ideals
of
a
stable
social
programme.
The
benefits
that
can
be
derived
from
constructive
solutions
are
everywhere
apparent
in
the
world
around
us.
Genuine
and
lasting
solutions
are
always
possible,
providing
we
work
within
the
framework of
the law.
Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful
co-
existence between the races, we must appreciate
each
other
’
s
problems.
And
to
do
this,
we
must
learn
about
them:
it
is
a
simple
exercise
in
communication,
in
exchanging information.
‘
Talk, talk, talk,
’
the advocates
of violence say,
‘
all you ever do is talk, and we are none
the
wiser.
’
It
’
s
rather
like
the
story
of
the
famous
barrister
who
painstakingly
explained
his
case
to
the
judge.
After
listening
to
a
lengthy
argument
the
judge
complained that
after all this talk, he was none the wiser.
‘Possible
, my lord,
’
the barrister replied,
‘
none the wiser,
but
surely
far
better
informed.
’
Knowledge
is
the
necessary
prerequisite
to
wisdom:
the
knowledge
that
violence creates the evils
it pretends to solve.
1.
What is the best title for this passage?
[A] Advocating
Violence.
[B]
Violence
Can
Do
Nothing
to
Diminish
Race
Prejudice.
[C] Important People on Both Sides See
Violence As
a Legitimate Solution.
[D]
The
Instincts
of
Human
Race
Are
Thirsty
for
Violence.
2.
Recorded history has taught us
[A] violence never solves
anything.
[B] nothing.
[C]
the bloodshed means nothing.
[D]
everything.
3.
It can be inferred that truly reasonable men
[A]
can
’
t get a hearing.
[B]
are looked down upon.
[C] are
persecuted.
[D] Have difficulty in
advocating law enforcement.
4.
“
He was none the wiser
”
means
[A]
he was not at all wise in listening.
[B] He was not at all wiser than
nothing before.
[C] He gains nothing
after listening.
[D] He makes no sense
of the argument.
5.
According
the
author
the
best
way
to
solve
race
prejudice is
[A] law enforcement.
[B] knowledge.
[C]
nonviolence.
[D] Mopping up the violent
mess.
V
ocabulary
1.
acute
严重的，剧烈的，敏锐的
2.
loot
v.
抢劫，掠夺；
n.
赃物
3.
pillage
v.
抢劫，掠夺
4.
crunch
v.
吱嘎吱嘎咬或嚼某物；
n.
碎裂声
when it comes
to the crunch = if/when the decisive
moment comes.
当关键时刻来到时。
5.
war-paint
出战前涂于身上的颜料。
（美印第
安战士用）
6.
come to light = become known
显露，为人所知
7.
sap
剥削，使伤元气，破坏
I was sapped
by months of hospital treatment.
我住
院治疗几个月，大伤元气。
8.
mop up
擦去，对付，处理
9.
wake
船迹，航迹
in the wake of sth. = come after
随某事之后到来。
难句译注
1.
What is really frightening, what really fills you with
despair
is
the
realization
that
when
it
comes
to
the
crunch, we have made no
actual progress at all.
【结构简析】
when it comes to the crunch = when /
if the decisive moment
comes.
当关键时刻来到时。
【参考译文】真正令
人可怖的，令人绝望的是，
在关键时刻，人们意识到我们一点儿也没有进步
/
前进。
1
2.
Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess
that
violence leaves in its wake.
【结构简析】
in the wake of
在
…
之后。
【参考译文
】由于我们不得不清理掉暴力之后所
留下的烂摊子，我们的力量因此削弱了。
3.
After
listening
to
a
lengthy
argument
the
judge
complained
that
after
all
this
talk,
he
was
none
the
wiser.
【结构简析】
none + the +
比较级。
固定用法，
义：
not at
all
一点儿也不。
EX: After the treatment, he
is none the better.
治疗后，
他并没有因此见好，
（一
点儿也不见好）
。
< p>
【参考译文】听了律师的长篇解释，法官抱怨说
他一无所
获，并不因此变得聪明些。
4.
Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom.
【参考译文】知识是智慧的必要的先决条件。结
合上下文这里意思是：了解情况是解决问题的先
决条件。句子后面的解释：知识是指了
解它欲以
解决暴力制造的恶行。
写作方法与文章大意
作者主 要以对比的手法写出了暴力是有些国家
用以解决种族差异的公认方法，这是人本性没有进
步
的表现，真正理智的人提出了法制才是解决问题的唯
一途径，
而这些人遭人轻视、迫害。作者指出如果我
们把使用暴力的一半精力放在消除贫民窟，改
善生活
水平，提供教育和就业，清除暴力造成的后果，也就
是通
过对它以法治理是能真正解决种族问题的。尽管
这些暴力者采取充耳不闻的态度。
答案详解
1.
B
暴力难以消除种族偏见。文章 一开始就提出有
些国家种族偏见严重，而暴力却是公认的一种解
决方法。白人采用暴力镇压，黑人以防火、掠抢
为反抗。而双方的大人物平静地论及暴力
，似乎
这是一种合法的解决方案。作者就此指出人类的
进步只在
于表面――衣饰等，人类的本能没有改
变。整个有记录历史的文件没有教会人类任何东<
/p>
西。这是真正令人可怕的事件。
第二段论及真正
有理智的懂得解决方案所在的人
鼓吹法制，
人们不停。
他 们反而收到轻视、
迫害。
作者就此提出假设，
答出真正的 解决方案嗜法制，
以法治理。
第三段进一步说
明“交流、对话”是了解双方问
题的前提，即使暴力者不同意，但知道暴力制造
它假装要解决的罪恶，是智慧聪明的必要前提。
A.<
/p>
鼓吹暴力。
C.
双方重要人物都把暴力作为合法
的解决方案。
D.
人类的本性是嗜暴性。
2.
B
没有什么。第一段中就明确提出 整个人类有记
录历史又长又臭的暴力文件记录，一点都没有教
给
我们任何东西。
A.
暴力解决不了任何事情。
C.
杀戮（流血）没有
任何意义。
D.
< p>一切。
3.
D
在 鼓吹法制方面有困难。答案在第二段，真正
有理智的人鼓吹法制，遭到同类们的轻视、不
信
任和迫害。他们发现要人倾听他们的意见越来越
困难。
A.
人们不听。
B.
遭人轻视 。
C.
遭人迫害。这三项
都包含在
D
项内。
4.
C
听后无所得。
None the wiser
一点也不比以前聪
明（这是按字面
翻译）
。实际就是
C
项。
A.
在倾听别人上他一点也不聪明。
B.
他和以前一
< p>个样。
D.
他听不懂论点。
5.
A
法制。第二段最后一句，如果我 们在法律的构
架中进行工作，
真正的持久的解决总是能实现的。
第二段第二句，他们遭到迫害是因为他们鼓吹法
制这种显然令人不能容忍
的事。
B.
知识。
C.
非暴力。
D.
处理暴力带来的混乱。
Contributes Absolutely Nothing to
Passage Two (The Tourist Trade
Increasing Understanding between
The
tourist
trade
is
Nations)
booming.
With
all
this
coming
and
going,
you
’
d
expect
greater
understanding
to
develop between the nations of the
world. Not a bit of it!
Superb
systems
of
communication
by
air,
sea
and
land
make it possible for us to
visit each other
’
s countries at a
moderate cost. What was once the
‘
grand tour
’
, reserved
for only the very rich, is now within
everybody
’
s grasp?
The
package
tour
and
chartered
flights
are
not
to
be
sneered
at.
Modern
travelers
enjoy
a
level
of
comfort
which the lords and
ladies on grand tours in the old days
couldn
’
t
have
dreamed
of.
But
what
’
s
the
sense
of
this
mass
exchange of populations if the nations of the
world
remain basically ignorant of each
other?
Many
tourist
organizations
are
directly
responsible
for
this
state
of
affairs.
They
deliberately
set
out
to
protect their clients from
too much contact with the local
population.
The
modern
tourist
leads
a
cosseted,
sheltered life. He
lives at
international hotels, where he
eats his international food and sips
his international drink
while he gazes
at the natives from a distance. Conducted
tours
to
places
of
interest
are
carefully
censored.
The
tourist
is
allowed
to
see
only
what
the
organizers
want
him
to
see
and
no
more.
A
strict
schedule
makes
it
impossible for the tourist to wander
off on his own; and
anyway,
language
is
always
a
barrier,
so
he
is
only
too
happy to be
protected in this way. At its very worst, this
leads
to
a
new
and
hideous
kind
of
colonization.
The
summer
quarters
of
the
inhabitants
of
the
cite
universitaire: are
temporarily reestablished on the island
of
Corfu. Blackpool
is
recreated
at Torremolinos
where
the traveler goes not to
eat paella, but fish and chips.
The sad thing about this situation is that it leads to
the persistence of national
stereotypes. We don
’
t see the
people of other nations as they really
are, but as we have
been brought up to
believe they are. You can test this for
yourself.
Take
five
nationalities,
say,
French,
German,
English, American and
Italian. Now in your mind, match
them
with these five adjectives: musical, amorous,
cold,
pedantic, native. Far from
providing us with any insight
into
the
national
characteristics
of
the
peoples
just
mentioned,
these
adjectives
actually
act
as
barriers.
So
when you set out on your travels, the
only characteristics
you notice are
those which confirm your preconceptions.
You
come
away
with
the
highly
unoriginal
and
inaccurate
impression
that,
say,
‘
Anglo- Saxons
are
hypocrites
’
of that
‘
Latin peoples shout a lot
’
. You only
have
to
make
a
few
foreign
friends
to
understand
how
2
absurd
and
harmful
national
stereotypes
are.
But
how
can you make
foreign friends when the tourist trade does
its best to prevent you?
Carried to an extreme, stereotypes can be positively
dangerous. Wild
generalizations stir up racial hatred and
blind us to the basic
fact
—
how trite it sounds!
–
That all
people are
human. We are all similar to each other and at
the same time all unique.
1.
The best title for this passage is
[A]
tourism
contributes
nothing
to
increasing
understanding between nations.
[B] Tourism is tiresome.
[C]
Conducted tour is dull.
[D] tourism
really does something to one
’
s country.
2.
What is the author
’
s attitude toward tourism?
[A] apprehensive.
[B]
negative.
[C] critical.
[D]
appreciative.
3.
Which
word
in
the
following
is
the
best
to
summarize Latin people shout a lot?
[A] silent.
[B] noisy.
[C] lively.
[D] active.
4.
The purpose of the author
’
s criticism is to point out
[A] conducted tour is disappointing.
[B] the way of touring should be
changed.
[C] when traveling, you notice
characteristics which
confirm
preconception.
[D] national stereotypes
should be changed.
5.
What is
‘
grand tour
’
now?
[A] moderate
cost.
[B]
local
sight- seeing
is
investigated
by
the
tourist
organization.
[C] people enjoy the first-rate
comforts.
[D] everybody can enjoy the
‘
grand tour
’
.
V
ocabulary
1.
superb
卓越的，杰出的，第一流的
2.
moderate
中庸的，中等的，适度的
3.
grand tour
大旅行，指旧时英国富家子弟
教育中，到欧洲大陆观光的旅行，为学业必经阶
段。
4.
package tour
< /p>
由旅行社代办而费用与路线、
日程固定的假日旅游。也可用
package holiday
。
5.
chartered flight
包机航班
6.
set out to do sth. = begin a job with a particular aim
开始做某事，决心
/
打算做……
7.
cosset
宠爱，溺爱，纵容
8.
conducted tour = guided tour
有人指导
/
引到
下的参观，有导游的旅游
9.
censor
检查
10.
wander off
离开原处
/
正道，离群，漫步，
漫游
11.
quarters
住处，营
12.
paella
西班牙什锦饭
13.
chip
炸马铃薯条（土豆条）
14.
amorous
多情的，色情的
15.
pedantic
学究式的，卖弄学问的
16.
generalization
归纳，概括
17.
stir up
惹起，煽动，挑起
18.
trite
陈腐的，老一套的
难句译注
1.
What
was
once
the
‘
grand
tour
’
,
reserved
for
only
the very rich, is now within
everybody
’
s grasp.
【结构简析】
within sb.
’
s grasp.
某人理解
/
了解，
为
某人所能抓到的。
【参考译文】
一度只有最富 有者专享的
“大旅行”
现在人人都可获得。
2.
The package tour and chartered flights are not to be
sneered
at.
【参考译文】旅行社包办的旅游，包机航班决不
会遭人
耻笑。
3.
They deliberately set out to protect their clients from
too much contact with the local
population.
【参考译文】旅行社有意使他们的谷底和当地居
民少接触。
4.
The modern tourist heads a cosseted sheltered life.
【参考译文】现代旅行者过的使爱护有加与世隔
绝的生活。
5.
Conducted
tours
to
places
of
interest
are
carefully
censored.
【参考译文】有人指导下参观一些静电收
到组织
者――旅行社仔细的检查核准。
6.
A strict schedule makes it impossible for the tourist
to
wander off on his own; and anyway, language is
always
barrier,
so
he
is
only
too
happy
to
be
protected in this way.
【结构简析】
only too +
形容词
/
分词
= very
非常。
【参考译文】严格致密的计划值得旅行
者不可能
自己一个人到处闲逛；再说，至少语言总是个障
碍，所
以他对这样保护非常高兴。
7.
At
its
very
worst,
this
leads
to
a
new
and
hideous
kind of
colonization.
【结构简析】
at one
’
s worst
在情况最坏的时候。
【参考译文】最糟的时候，这种保护会导致形成
一种新型而又可
怕的殖民现象。
8.
Carried to an extreme, stereotypes can be positively
dangerous.
【结构简析】
carried to an extreme (to an excess )
如果做得过分。
【参
考译文】如果走向极端，模式化的想法会非
常危险。
9.
Wild
generalizations
stir
up
racial
hatred
and
blind
us to the basic fact.
【参考译文】野蛮（乱七八糟）的概括
/
归纳会激
起种族仇恨，使我们对这基本事实视而不见。
写作方法与文章大意
文章主 要采用因果写法。虽然旅游业发展，人们
可享受以前只有最富有者享受的大旅游，但由于
旅行
社种种限制
/
呵护及其它，
使旅游者 难以和当地居民接
触。陈旧的固定的想――对民族的模式化想法，只有
< br>通过接触才能接触模式。而旅行社的种种都使人相互
难以理解。
答案详解
3
1.
A
旅游对增进民族了解毫无建树 。第二段开始点
出，许多旅游组织直接负责旅游事宜，他们有意
识不让旅游者接触当地居民，让他们过着一种关
怀备至又与世隔绝的生活。住的是国际饭
店，吃
的是国际食品，喝的是国际饮料，在原处观看当
地居民。
严格有序的计划使旅游者难以自己一人
闲逛，语言的障碍，又使他们乐意接受保护。第<
/p>
三段涉及坚持民族模式化――老一套的想法，所
以一开始旅游，你
见到的民族特性就只是证实了
你自己设想的基本事实――所有人民都是人类。
只有交朋友才能知道民族模式是多么荒谬、
有害，
可是旅行
社竭力制止，你又怎么能交上外国朋友
呢？这一切说明
A
项对。
B.
旅游很累。
C.
< p>导游观光很单调乏味。D.
旅游确
实对国家有贡献。
2.
C
批评。
3.
B
吵吵闹闹的。
4.
B
旅游的方式应改变。整篇文章（除第一段外）
都环绕旅游方式不理想来进
行批评。第二段集中
在导游观光使旅游者难以和当地人民接触。第三
段，见到的只是证实了旅游者本人事先形成的思
想
/
先入之见，旅游根本达不到了解对方的目的。
第四段讲了民族固定模式（先入之见的模式
）的
可怕后果。要使人懂得所有的人们都是人类，彼
此相似，又
各具特点，就得改变旅游的方式。
A.
导游观光令人失 望。
C.
旅游时，你见到的
特性
证实了你的先入之见。
D.
民族模式应当改变。这
三条都是批评的具体内容。
5.
D
人人都能享受大旅游。大旅行是专指英国富家
子弟上学中的一门课程－到
欧洲大陆观光。不是
人人都能享受。
这里用
grand tour
表示人人都能享
受类似
grand tour< /p>
的一切，
甚至超过，
如第一段指
出：现代旅
游者享受的舒适设施，达到了大旅行
中老爷、小姐们做梦都没有想到的水平。海陆空
高级交流联络通讯系统，使人们有可能钱花得不
多就能访问、观光别
的国家。所以说，曾是有钱
人专享的大旅行，普通人也能领略。
“
grand
tour
”
有引号，表明作为比喻。
< /p>
A.
费用不高。文内是费用合适、中等、恰当。
B.
当地观光受组织审查。
C.
人们喜欢一流舒适设施。
< p>
Passage
Three (Pop Stars Earn Much)
Pop
stars
today
enjoy
a
style
of
living
which
was
once the prerogative only of
Royalty. Wherever they go,
people
turn
out
in
their
thousands
to
greet
them.
The
crowds
go
wild
trying
to
catch
a
brief
glimpse
of
their
smiling,
colorfully
dressed
idols.
The
stars
are
transported
in
their
chauffeur
driven
Rolls- Royces,
private
helicopters
or
executive
aeroplanes.
They
are
surrounded by a
permanent entourage of managers, press
agents
and
bodyguards.
Photographs
of
them
appear
regularly
in
the
press
and
all
their
comings
and
goings
are reported, for, like
Royalty, pop stars are news. If they
enjoy
many
of
the
privileges
of
Royalty,
they
certainly
share
many
of
the
inconveniences
as
well.
It
is
dangerous for them
to make unscheduled appearances in
public.
They
must
be
constantly
shielded
from
the
adoring crowds
which idolize them. They are no longer
private
individuals,
but
public
property.
The
financial
rewards
they
receive
for
this
sacrifice
cannot
be
calculated, for their rates
of pay are astronomical.
And why not? Society has always rewarded its top
entertainers lavishly. The great days
of Hollywood have
become
legendary:
famous
stars
enjoyed
fame,
wealth
and
adulation
on
an
unprecedented
scale.
By
today
’
s
standards, the excesses of Hollywood do
not seem quite
so
spectacular.
A
single
gramophone
record
nowadays
may
earn
much
more
in
royalties
than
the
films
of
the
past
ever
did.
The
competition
for
the
title
‘
Top
of
the
Pops
’
is fierce, but the rewards are truly colossal.
It is only right that the stars should be paid in this
way.
Don
’
t
the
top
men
in
industry
earn
enormous
salaries for the
services they perform to their companies
and their countries? Pop stars earn
vast sums in foreign
currency
–
often
more
than
large
industrial
concerns
–
and
the
taxman
can
only
be
grateful
fro
their
massive
annual
contributions
to
the
exchequer.
So
who
would
begrudge them their
rewards?
It
’
s
all
very
well
for
people
in
humdrum
jobs
to
moan about the successes and
rewards of others. People
who
make
envious
remarks
should
remember
that
the
most
famous stars represent only the tip of the iceberg.
For
every
famous
star,
there
are
hundreds
of
others
struggling
to
earn
a
living.
A
man
working
in
a
steady
job and looking forward to a pension at
the end of it has
no
right
to
expect
very
high
rewards.
He
has
chosen
security
and
peace
of
mind,
so
there
will
always
be
a
limit
to
what
he
can
earn.
But
a
man
who
attempts
to
become a star is taking enormous risks.
He knows at the
outset that only a
handful of competitors ever get to the
very top. He knows that years of
concentrated effort may
be
rewarded
with
complete
failure.
But
he
knows,
too,
that
the
rewards
for
success
are
very
high
indeed:
they
are the recompense for the
huge risks involved and if he
achieves
them, he has certainly earned them.
That
’
s the
essence of
private enterprise.
1.
The sentence Pop stars
’
style of living was once the
prerogative only of Royalty means
[A] their life was as luxurious as that
of royalty.
[B]
They
enjoy
what
once
only
belonged
to
the
royalty.
[C] They are rather
rich.
[D] Their way of living was the
same as that of the
royalty.
2.
What
is
the
author
’
s
attitude
toward
top
stars
’
high
income?
[A] Approval.
[B] Disapproval.
[C]
Ironical.
[D] Critical.
3.
It can be inferred from the passage
[A] there exists
fierce competition in climbing to the
top.
[B] People are blind in
idolizing stars.
[C] Successful Pop
stars give great entertainment.
[D] The
tax they have paid are great.
4.
What can we learn from the passage?
[A]
Successful
man
should
get
high-income
repayment.
4
[B]
Pop stars made great contribution to a country.
[C] Pop stars can enjoy the life of
royalty.
[D] Successful men represent
the tip of the iceberg.
5.
Which paragraph covers the main idea?
[A] The first.
[B] The
second.
[C] The third.
[D]
The fourth.
V
ocabulary
1.
prerogative
权力，
（尤指）特权
2.
chauffeur
受雇开车人，
（尤指富人、要
人的）司机
3.
entourage
随行人员，伴随者，近侍；建
筑物周围
4.
astronomical
庞大的，天文的
5.
adulation
奉承
6.
gramophone
灌音
7.
colossal
巨大的
8.
exchequer
国库，财源
Exchequer Bond
国库债券
9.
begrudge
感到不快
/
不满，忌妒
10.
humdrum
平淡的，单调的
11.
moan
呻吟声
moan about
发牢骚
难句译注
1.
the prerogative of Royalty
或
the royal prerogative
皇家的特权（再英国指国王名义上享有不经议会
认可而采取行动的权力）
。
2.
People turn out in their thousands to greet them.
【结构简析】
turn out
露面、
集合、
出席。
EX: A vast
crowd turned out to watch the
match.
大批观众到场
观看比赛。
【参考译文】成千上万的人们出来欢迎他们。
3.
The great days of Hollywood have become legendry.
【参考译文】好莱坞鼎盛时期成了神话。
4.
By today
’
s standards, the excesses of Hollywood do
not seem quite so
spectacular.
【参考译文】按今天的标准来看，好莱坞的奢华
（过分的行为）似乎并不那么引人注目。
5.
A
single
gramophone
record
nowadays
may
earn
much
more
in
royalties
than
the
films
of
the
past
ever did.
【参考译文】今天单张录音唱片挣的版税
要比过
去一步电影还要多得多。
写作方法与文章大意
作者以 对比、因果写作手法，写出歌星享受者贵
族般生活方式，出门受千万人群欢迎，出入高级
车、
机，身后保镖、经纪人、新闻记者，来去都有报道，
这一切
是社会对高级演员的慷慨赠予。公司的高级人
员享受高薪，歌星也应享受。再则顶尖歌星
冒有很大
风险。
答案详解
1.
B
他们享受一度只属于贵族享用的一切。第一段
集中谈
了这些：他们走到哪里，成千上万人们出
来欢迎，却中发疯地要看一眼穿着花哨的偶像的
笑容。这些歌星坐着司机开动的
Rolls- Royces
汽
车、私人直升飞机，高级长官
飞机到处走，永远
围着一批经纪人、报界记者和保镖随从人员。他
们的照片定期登在报刊上，因为歌星象贵族一样
是新闻人物。
A.
他们的生活和贵族一样奢侈。
C.
他们很富 。
D.
他们的生活方式和贵族生活方式一个样。
2.
A
赞成。
在第一 段最后一句：
“他们为他们的牺牲
所获取的报酬难以计算，
支付率惊人。
”
第二段一
开始就点明“为什么不惊人？
社会对高级表演者
总是慷慨解囊。好莱坞的鼎盛时期名扬天下，著
名歌星先手空前绝后的名、利、奉承。
”第三段更
明确指出：应该这样
支付星族，这完全正确。企
业中的顶尖人物因为他们为公司和国家所作的一
切不也挣得高额工资？税务员应感谢他们每年为
国库做出了巨大的贡献。所以
谁会忌妒他们的报
酬呢？最后一段进一步说明：欲成为星族的人冒
着很大的风险，谁都知道只有一小撮人能成为顶
尖人物，也可能多年的努力以彻底失败
而告终，
而成功的报酬确实很高，
这是对他们冒险的补偿。
这些内容都说明作者赞成巨额报酬。
A.
不 同意。
C.
讽刺的。
D.
批评的。
3.
A
在攀登顶峰中存在着激烈的竞 争。这在第三段
最后一句明确指出：获取顶尖的流行歌星的称号
竞争激烈，但其报酬确实惊人。最后一段的风险
说。
还有最后一段第二句 ：
说忌妒话的人应记住：
最有名的星族代表的只是冰山之巅――人极少。
每个成名的歌星身后就有成千上百个其他歌者为
生存而奋斗。这
都说明“竞争激烈”
。
B.
人们盲目崇 拜偶像歌星。
C.
成功的流行歌星演
出给人极大的享受。
D.
他们支付的税收巨大。
4.
D
成功者只是冰山的顶尖――少极了。
A.
成功的人应当获得高收入。
B.
流行歌星对国家
做出巨
大贡献。
C.
流行歌星能享受贵族生活。
5.
D
第四段。主旨句是倒数第一、 二句，成功的报
酬确实很高，这是对其高度风险的还报补偿，如
果他成功了，他肯定挣得多。那就是私人事业的
根本
/
本 质。
A.
第一段。
这段之对比了贵族和 歌星的生活方式。
B.
第二段。这段讲了挣得多，但竞争激烈。
C.
第
三段。歌星和企业顶尖人物对比。
Passage Four (Examinations
Exert a
We
Pernicious Influence on Education)
might
marvel
at
the
progress
made
in
every
field
of
study,
but
the
methods
of
testing
a
person
’
s
knowledge
and
ability
remain
as
primitive
as
ever
they
were. It really is extraordinary that
after all these years,
educationists
have
still
failed
to
device
anything
more
efficient and reliable than
examinations. For all the pious
claim
that
examinations
text
what
you
know,
it
is
common
knowledge
that
they
more
often
do
the
exact
opposite. They may be a good means of
testing memory,
or the knack of working
rapidly under extreme pressure,
but
they can tell you nothing about a
person
’
s true ability
and
aptitude.
As
anxiety- makers,
examinations
are
second
to
none.
That
is
because
so
much
depends
on
them.
They
are
the
mark
of
success
of
failure
in
our
society.
Your
whole
future
may
be
decided
in
one
fateful
day.
It
doesn
’
t matter that you weren
’
t feeling very well, or that
5
your mother died. Little
things like that don
’
t count: the
exam goes on. No one can give of his
best when he is in
mortal
terror,
or
after
a
sleepless
night,
yet
this
is
precisely what
the examination system expects him to do.
The moment a child begins school, he
enters a world of
vicious competition
where success and failure are clearly
defined and measured. Can we wonder at
the increasing
number of
‘
drop-outs
’
: young people who are written off
as
utter
failures
before
they
have
even
embarked
on
a
career?
Can
we
be
surprised
at
the
suicide
rate
among
students?
A good education should, among other things, train
you to think for yourself. The
examination system does
anything
but
that.
What
has
to
be
learnt
is
rigidly
laid
down
by
a
syllabus,
so
the
student
is
encouraged
to
memorize.
Examinations
do
not
motivate
a
student
to
read
widely,
but
to
restrict
his
reading;
they
do
not
enable
him
to
seek
more
and
more
knowledge,
but
induce
cramming. They lower the standards of teaching,
for
they
deprive
the
teacher
of
all
freedoms.
Teachers
themselves are often judged by
examination results and
instead
of
teaching
their
subjects,
they
are
reduced
to
training
their
students
in
exam
techniques
which
they
despise.
The
most
successful
candidates
are
not
always
the
best
educated;
they
are
the
best
trained
in
the
technique of
working under duress.
The
results
on
which
so
much
depends
are
often
nothing
more
than
a
subjective
assessment
by
some
anonymous
examiner. Examiners are only human. They
get tired and hungry; they make
mistakes. Yet they have
to
mark
stacks
of
hastily
scrawled
scripts
in
a
limited
amount
of
time.
They
work
under
the
same
sort
of
pressure as the candidates. And their
word carries weight.
After a
judge
’
s decision you have the right of appeal, but
not
after
an
examiner
’
s.
There
must
surely
be
many
simpler and more effective
ways of assessing a person
’
s
true
abilities.
Is
it
cynical
to
suggest
that
examinations
are
merely a profitable business for the institutions
that
run
them?
This
is
what
it
boils
down
to
in
the
last
analysis.
The
best
comment
on
the
system
is
this
illiterate message recently scrawled on
a wall:
‘I
were a
teenage
drop-out and now I are a teenage
millionaire.
’
1.
The main idea of this passage is
[A]
examinations
exert
a
pernicious
influence
on
education.
[B] examinations are ineffective.
[C] examinations are profitable for
institutions.
[D] examinations are a
burden on students.
2.
The author
’
s attitude toward examinations is
[A]detest.
[B] approval.
[C] critical.
[D] indifferent.
3.
The fate of students is decided by
[A] education.
[B]
institutions.
[C] examinations.
[D] students themselves.
4.
According
to
the
author,
the
most
important
of
a
good education is
[A] to
encourage students to read widely.
[B]
to train students to think on their own.
[C] to teach students how to tackle
exams.
[D] to master his fate.
5.
Why does the author mention court?
[A] Give an example.
[B] For comparison.
[C] It
shows that teachers
’
evolutions depend on the
results of examinations.
[D] It shows the results of court is
more effectise.
V
ocabulary
1.
pernicious
有害的，恶性的，破坏性的
2.
knack
窍门，诀窍
3.
embark
乘船，登记
4.
write off
勾销，注销。确认某食物已损失或
无效
5.
syllabus
教学大纲
6.
cram
塞 入，
把某物塞进，
突击式学习
（尤
指应考
）
，以注入方式教人
7.
duress
威胁，逼迫
8.
stack
堆，垛
9.
scrawl
写
/
画（的内容 不工整，不仔细）潦
草的笔迹，七扭八歪的字
10.
script
讲稿，剧本，脚本，笔试答卷
11.
cynical
愤世嫉俗的，自私得为人不齿的
12.
boil down
熬浓，浓缩，归纳
难句译注
1.
For
all
the
pious
claim
that
examinations
test
what
you
know,
it
is
common
knowledge
that
they
more
often do the
exact opposite.
【参考译文】尽管所有那些虔诚的说法说考试能
测定你所知道的东西，
但其结果常常是适得其反，
这
是众所周之的常识。
2.
As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none.
【结构简析】
second to none
固定搭配，义：不亚
于任何人或事物。
【参考译文】
（测）考试作为忧虑的制造者，真是
出类
拔萃。
3.
induce cramming
诱人采用突击式学习方式。
Cram
尽力塞入，应试
突击学习。
EX: cram for a chemistry test.
为应付化
学考试而临时抱佛脚。
Cram pupils
以填鸭式教学
生。
4.
Yet
you
have
to
mark
stacks
of
hastily
scrawled
scripts in a limited amount of time.
【参考译文】他们不得不在限定的时间内，给一
大堆匆忙涂写而成的
笔试答卷批分。
5.
And their word carries weight.
【参考译文】可他们的话<
/p>
/
文字（这里指分数）有
份量（有影响）
。
6.
This is what it boils down to in the last analysis.
【参考译文】这就是最终分析所归纳的一切。
写作方法与文章大意
这是一 篇类似分类写作的文章。罗列了考试种种
恶果。作者首先指出考试难以测定人的真正能力
和水
平，反而是适得其反。二是考试是忧虑的制造者，因
6 <
/p>
为它决定了人的成败命运。三是考试促使学校进行应
试技巧教育，
否定了教会人独立思考、扩大视野。四
是教师或者说测试人又累又饿，犯错误，还得在限
定
时间披阅成堆的试卷，他们的压力和考试者一样很大，
How could faith beget such evil? After hundreds of
members
of
a
Ugandan
cult,
the
Movement
for
the
Restoration
of
the Ten
Commandments
of
God, died
in
Ugandan Deaths Spotlight Rise
of Cults)
而他们的话――分数有份量，审判官的裁决，你有权
上诉，而他们的裁决――一笔定终身。
最 后引用“辍学者成为百万富翁”来点明测试这
种形式对教育的坏影响。
答案详解
1.
A
考试对教育具有有害的影响。 文章第一段就点
明：考试是测试记忆的好方法，是测试在巨大压
力下快速工作的技巧的好方法，却测不出一个人
的真正能力和水平。第三段集中指出：考
试不是
促进学生广泛阅读，反而限制其阅读；考试不能
使学生追
求更多的知识，而是诱导学生进行应付
考试的突击式学习。他们降低了教学水平，因为<
/p>
他们剥夺了老师的一切自由。常常以考试结果而
不是所教课程来评
定老师，是他们不得不以他们
所轻视的考试技巧来培训学生。第二段和第四段
也涉及其后果。
B.
考试无效。这是考试 后果的一个方面。
C.
考试
对教育机构有利。这也是一个
方面。
D.
考试对学
生是一种负担。
2.
C
批评的。第一段中作者明确指 出，考试方法依
旧，不能测出人的能力和水平。第二段点名，这
种无用的考试决定人生的成败。第三段说考试最
成功的考试者经常不是最佳的受教育者，
他们是
在胁迫下最佳获得考试技巧者，而好的教育应能
培养人的
独立思考。
第四段涉及阅卷者又累又饿，
常犯错误，不得不在限定时间披
阅一大堆匆忙中
七扭八歪写出的卷子。最后一句“我过去是一个
是来岁的辍学者，
现在我是一个年轻的百万富翁”
画龙点睛地指出，考试
指挥下的教育的失败。这
一切都说明作者对考试的批评态度。
A.
嫌恶，厌恶。此答案从意义上说是对的。但语
法不通
，因为这是个东西，而
is
后要求是名词或
形容词。
B.
赞成。
D.
漠不关心的。
3.
C
考试。
答案在 第二段，
考试是最终忧虑制造者，
那是因为许多事情取决于考试：它们是
我们社会
中成功或失败的标志。你的未来可能全取决于这
决定性
的一天。
A.
教育。
B.
教育机构。
D.
学生自己。
4.
B
培养学生进行独立思考。
第三段第一句话点明：
好的教育应该是培养学生自己独立思考。
A.
鼓励学生广泛阅读。教学生如何应考。
C.
教学
生如何应考。
D.
掌握自己命运。
5.
B
作对比，答案在最 后一段倒数第二句“审判官
裁决后，你有权力上诉，而披阅考卷人给分后，
学生可没有上诉权”后面又谈及“一想到考试只
对进行考试的机构有礼，未免
太自私了。这酒是
最终分析归纳的东西。
”
所以作者呼吁 ，可定还有
许多更简便，更有效的评估人真正能力的方法。
< p>
A.
给出一个例子。
C.
表示老师是由考试结果评定
好坏。这是第三段讲的不分内容，教师他们自己
常由考试结果而
不是所教课程优劣来评定。所以
他们不得不对学生进行应试技巧教育，降低教学
水平。
D.
表明审判官裁决更有效。
Passage Five (Killing in
the Name of God
what first
appeared to be a suicidal fire in the village of
Kanungu two weeks age, police found 153
bodies buried
in
a
compound
used
by
the
cult
in
Buhunga,
25
miles
away.
When
investigators
searched
the
house
of
a
cult
leader in yet another village, they
discovered 155 bodies,
many buried
under the concrete floor of the house. Then
scores more were dug up at a cult
member
’
s home. Some
had
been
poisoned;
others,
often-young
children,
strangled.
By
week
’
s
end,
Ugandan
police
had
counted
924 victims
–
including at least 530 who burned to death
inside the sealed church
–
exceeding the 1978 Jonestown
mass suicide and killings by followers
of American cult
leader Jim Jones that
claimed 913 lives.
Authorities believe two of the cult
’
s leaders, Joseph
Kibwetere,
a
68-year-old
former
Roman
Catholic
catechism
“
prophetess,
teacher
”
Credonia Mwerinde, by some accounts a
who
started
the
cult
in
1987,
and his
former
prostitute
who
claimed
to
speak
for
the
Virgin
Mary,
may
still
be
alive
and
on
the
run.
The
pair
had
predicted the world would end on Dec.
31, 1999. When
that
didn
’
t
happen,
followers
who
demanded
the
return
of
their
possessions,
which
they
had
to
surrender
on
joining the cult, may have
been systematically killed.
The
Ugandan
carnage
focuses
attention
on
the
proliferation
of
religious
cults
in
East
Africa
’
s
impoverished
rural
areas
and
city
slums.
According
to
the
institute
for
the
study
of
American
religion,
which
researches cults and sects, there are
now more than 5,000
indigenous churches
in Africa, some with apocalyptic or
revolutionary leanings. One such group
is the Jerusalem
Church of Christ in
Nairobi
’
s Kawangwara slums, led by
Mary
Snaida-Akatsa,
or
“
mommy
”
as
she
is
known
to
her thousands of followers. She
prophesies about the end
of
the
world
and
accuses
some
members
of
being
witches.
One
day
the
brought
a
“
special
visitor
”
to
church, an Indian Sikh man she claimed
was Jesus, and
told her followers to
“
repent or pay the consequences.
”
Most experts say Africa
’
s hardships push people to
seek
hope
in
religious
cults.
“These
groups
thrive
because of
poverty,
”
says Charles Onyango Obbo, editor
of
the
Monitor,
an
independent
newspaper
in
Uganda,
and a close
observer of cults.
“
People have no support,
and they
’
re susceptible to anyone who is able to tap into
their insecurity.
”
Additionally, they say, AIDS, which has
ravaged East Africa, may also breed a
fatalism that helps
apocalyptic notions
take root.
Some
Africans
turn
to
cults
after
rejecting
mainstream
“
non- African.
”
Christian
Agnes Masitsa, 30, who used to attend a
churches
as
“
Western
”
or
Catholic church before she joined the
Jerusalem Church
of Christ, says of
Catholicism:
“
It
’
s dull.
”
Catholic
icons.
Yet,
the
Ugandan
doomsday
cult,
like
many
of
the
sects,
drew
on
features
of
Roman
Catholicism, a strong force in the
region. Catholic icons
were prominent
in its buildings, and some of its leaders
were defrocked priests, such as Dominic
Kataribabo, 32,
7
who
reportedly studied theology in the Los Angeles
area
in the mid-1980s. He had told
neighbors he was digging
a
pit
in
his
house
to
install
a
refrigerator;
police
have
now
recovered
81
bodies
from
under
the
floor
and
74
from
a
field
nearby.
Police
are
unsure
whether
Kataribabo died in the church fire.
Still,
there
is
the
question:
How
could
so
many
killings have been carried out without
drawing attention?
Villagers
were
aware
of
Kibwetere
’
s
sect,
whose
followers
communicated
mainly
through
sign
language
and
apparently were apprehensive about violating any
of
the
cult
’
s
commandments.
There
were
suspicions.
Ugandan
president
Yoweri
Mseveni
told
the
BBC
that
intelligence
reports
about
the
dangerous
nature
of
the
group had been suppressed by some
government officials.
On
Thursday,
police
arrested
an
assistant
district
commissioner,
the
Rev.
Amooti
Mutazindwa,
for
allegedly holding back a report
suggesting the cult posed
a security
threat.
Now,
there
are
calls
for
African
governments
to
monitor
cults
more
closely.
Says
Gilbert
Ogutu,
a
professor of religious studies at the
University of Nairobi:
“
When
cult
leaders
lose
support,
they
become
dangerous.
”
1.
Why did so may Ugandans die in faith?
[A]
Many
of
them
were
killed
for
asking
for
the
return of their possessions.
[B] They found the cult
’
s leaders had cheated them.
[C] They lost
faith in cults.
[D] They are willing to
die.
2.
The main reason of people
’
s joining the cults is
[A] poverty.
[B] insecurity.
[C] AIDS.
[D] fatalism.
3.
What does Mary Snaide Akatsa prophesy?
[A] She prophesies the
world will be flooded.
[B] She
prophesies the world will be in fire.
[C] She prophesies about the end of the
world.
[D] She prophesies he followers
should die in faith.
4.
Why do some Africans reject Christian Churches?
[A] They feel Christianity is
dull.
[B]
They
reject
Christian
Churches
as
Western
or
non-African.
[C] They are susceptible.
[D] They are dangerous persons.
5.
How
could
so
many
killing
have
been
carried
out
without drawing attention?
[A] The cult acted secretly.
[B] The government officials did not
see through its
dangerous nature.
[C] There were no preventive measures.
[D] People were frightened.
V
ocabulary
1.
beget
产生，引起，招致
2.
cult
祭礼，狂烈的崇拜（者）
，迷
信，邪教
3.
compound
院子，场地
4.
strangle
扼死，闷死
5.
carnage
残杀，大屠杀，成堆的尸体
6.
catechism
教理问答
7.
prophet
预言者，先知
8.
on the run
在逃
9.
proliferation
扩散，繁殖
10.
indigenous
本土的，土生土张的
11.
apocalypse
（基督教）启事（录）
《圣经
新约》
12.
be susceptible
易受人影响
13.
ravage
蹂躏，劫掠
14.
fatalism
宿命论
15.
apocalyptic
预警的
16.
icon
（东正教）圣像
17.
doomsday
世界末日
18.
Jerusalem
耶路撒冷，喻：天堂
19.
Kenya
肯尼亚
20.
Nairobi
内罗毕，肯尼亚首都
21.
mommy
嬷嬷＝
mother
22.
repent
忏悔
23.
Sikh
锡克教（信徒）
24.
defrock
免去
…
圣职的。这里指：免去
< br>圣职的牧师
25.
sect
宗教小组
26.
pose
提问
难句译注
1.
…
the
Movement
for
the
restoration
of
the
Ten
Commandments of
God
…
【结构简析】
Ten commandments
十戒，
是圣经中
上帝再西奈
山上给予摩西（犹太人的古代领袖）
十大行为的神圣准则：
a)
have no other god.
b)
Do not make or warship idols.
c)
Do not take the word of the lord
in vain.
d)
Keep the Sabbath holy.
e)
Honor one
’
s father and mother.
f)
Do not kill.
g)
Do not commit adultery.
h)
Do not steal.
i)
Do not give false evidence.
j)
Do not covet another
’
s property
or wife.
这十戒为犹太教、基督教的教条。
【参考译文】这是乌干达回复上帝十戒运动头目
以上帝的名义在
2 000
年屠杀了
924
名信徒。
2.
the
1978
Jonestown
mass
suicide
and
killings
by
followers
of
American
cult
leader
Jim
Jones
that
claimed 913 lives.
< br>这是指美国的一个邪教组织――人民圣殿教。
1978
年
11
月
19
日教徒在教主
Jim Jone s
的蒙骗或
胁迫下在圭亚那集体自杀或扼杀（或强制和下
Kool-Aid
）或遭袭击而死。人数高达
913
。此 后
Jones
一词意为残忍的人。杀人的地点就成为
Jonestown
。
3.
they
are
susceptible
to
any
one
who
is
able
to
tap
into their insecurity.
【参考译文
】他们易受任何人的影响，这些人能
利用他们不安的情绪。
8
4.
drew on features of Roman Catholicism.
【参考译文】利用罗马天主教义等特点。
写作方法与文章大意
文章以 因果写作方法，先提出各种邪教残害的人
数，然后一一点出邪教兴起的原因：人民贫穷、
艾滋
病之猖獗，为宿命论提供了温床。加上邪教头目种种
欺骗手
段：如世界末日来临利用一些正教教义或以基
督、圣母玛利亚的身份出现控制、麻木信徒
，一旦欺
骗手段暴露信徒就惨遭杀害。
答案详解
1.
A
许多人由于要归还他们的财产而遭到杀害。答
案见第
二段倒数第二句，这一对邪教领袖曾预言
世界将于
1999
年
12
月
31
日借宿――世界末日来
< p>临。结果并没有发生，追随者就要求归还他们在
入教时献上的一切，
而遭到有计划有步骤地杀害。
B.
他们发现 邪教头目欺骗他们。
这只是起因之一，
如果发现后不吭声也许不会遭劫。
C.
他们对邪教
失去了信任。
D.
他们愿意去死。
2.
A
贫穷。主要原因就是穷。答案见第四段。许多
专家认
为非洲之艰苦生活促使人民在邪教中寻找
希望。这些邪教群体之兴起就是因为贫穷。人民
没有支柱、保障，很容易受影响。任何人都可利
用他们不安的情
绪。其次艾滋病在东非之猖獗，
培育出宿命论观点，从而帮助预示可怕事情即将
来临的思想扎根于心灵。
B.
不安全。
C.
艾滋病。
D.
宿命论。
3.
C
她预言世界末日。
A.
她预言世界将遭 水淹。
B.
她预言世界将烧光。
D.
她预 言她的追随者将死于信仰。
4.
B
他们把基督教会视为西方的或非非洲的而拒之
门外。见第五段：有些非洲
人在把基督教会视作
西方的或非非洲的而拒之门外后皈依邪教。
A.
认为基督教非常沉闷单调。
C.
他们易受影 响。
D.
他们是一伙危险人物。
5.
A
邪教行动神秘。例：第一段中 描述的好几百乌
干达邪教组织成员死于初看好像是自杀性的火焰
之中（自焚）
，在一个场院诱发现了
153
具尸体，
在搜查邪教头目的房子中又发现了
156
具尸体，
许多埋于房子的混凝土地板下面，还有好几十具
从邪教成员家中挖出，
其中有些人被毒死。
其他，
特别是孩子都是扼杀（窒息而死）
。共计
924
人，
至少有
530< /p>
人烧死在封闭的教堂里。
倒数第三段，
乌干达世界末日邪教
一个头目――免去圣职的牧
师，据说
80
年代中他研究神 学，
他告诉邻居他在
家挖一个地窖放冰箱。
现在警察发现 地板下
81
具
尸体，
附近一场地
74
具尸体。上述两例都是神秘
杀害，至于要归还财产之人更遭神
秘杀害了。
B.
政府官员没有看出邪教的危险性（原因 之一）
。
C.
没有防范措施。
D.
人民害怕。
Passage
Six (Equality of opportunity in the
twentieth Century Has Not Destroyed the
‘
great
These
classless
days
society
we
Class System)
hear
’
.
The
a
lot
idea
of
nonsense
that
the
about
twentieth
the
century is the age of
the common man has become one
of the
great cliché
s of our time. The same old arguments
are
put
forward
in
evidence.
Here
are
some
of
them:
monarchy
as
a
system
of
government
has
been
completely
discredited.
The
monarchies
that
survive
have
been
deprived
of
all
political
power.
Inherited
wealth
has
been
savagely
reduced
by
taxation
and,
in
time,
the
great
fortunes
will
disappear
altogether.
In
a
number of countries the victory has
been complete. The
people rule; the
great millennium has become a political
reality.
But
has
it?
Close
examination
doesn
’t
bear
out
the claim.
It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and
that society will be leveled
out if you provide everybody
with the
same educational opportunities. (It is debatable
whether
you
can
ever
provide
everyone
with
the
same
educational
opportunities,
but
that
is
another
question.)
The fact is that
nature dispenses brains and ability with a
total disregard for the principle of
equality. The old rules
of the jungle,
‘
survival of the fittest
’
, and
‘
might is right
’
are still with
us. The spread of education has destroyed
the old class system and created a new
one. Rewards are
based
on
merit.
For
‘
aristocracy
’
read
‘
meritocracy
’
;
in
other
respects,
society
remains
unaltered:
the
class
system is
rigidly maintained.
Genuine ability, animal cunning, skill, the knack of
seizing
opportunities,
all
bring
material
rewards.
And
what is the
first thing people do when they become rich?
They
use
their
wealth
to
secure
the
best
possible
opportunities
for
their
children,
to
give
them
‘
a
good
start in
life
’
. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of
equality,
we
do
not
consider
this
wrong
in
the
western
world.
Private
schools
which
offer
unfair
advantages
over
state
schools
are
not
banned
because
one
of
the
principles in a democracy is that
people should be free to
choose how
they will educate their children. In this way,
the
new
meritocracy
can
perpetuate
itself
to
a
certain
extent: an able child from a wealthy
home can succeed
far
more
rapidly
than
his
poorer
counterpart.
Wealth
is
also
used
indiscriminately
to
further
political
ends.
It
would
be
almost
impossible
to
become
the
leader
of
a
democracy without massive financial
backing. Money is
as powerful a weapon
as ever it was.
In
societies
wholly
dedicated
to
the
principle
of
social equality, privileged private
education is forbidden.
But
even
here
people
are
rewarded
according
to
their
abilities. In fact, so
great is the need for skilled workers
that the least able may be neglected.
Bright children are
carefully and
expensively trained to become future rulers.
In the end, all political ideologies
boil down to the same
thing: class
divisions persist whether you are ruled by a
feudal king or an educated peasant.
1.
What is the main idea of this passage?
[A]
Equality of opportunity in the twentieth century
has not destroyed the class system.
[B] Equality means money.
[C] There is no such society as
classless society.
[D] Nature
can
’
t give you a classless society.
2.
According
to
the
author,
the
same
educational
opportunities
can
’
t get rid of inequality because
[A] the principle
‘
survival of the fittest
’
exists.
[B]
Nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and
9
ability.
[C]
Material rewards are for genuine ability.
[D]
People
have
the
freedom
how
to
educate
their
children.
3.
Who can obtain more rapid success
[A] those with wealth.
[B] Those with the best brains.
[C] Those with the best opportunities.
[D]
Those
who
have
the
ability
to
catch
at
opportunities.
4.
Why
does
the
author
say
the
new
meritocracy
can
perpetuate itself to a certain extent?
Because
[A] money decides everything.
[B]
Private
schools
offer
advantages
over
state
schools.
[C]
People are free to choose the way of educating
their children.
[D] Wealth
is used for political ends.
5.
According to the author,
‘
class divisions
’
refers to
[A] the rich and the poor.
[B] Different opportunities for people.
[C] Oppressor and the oppressed.
[D] Genius and stupidity.
V
ocabulary
1.
discredit
损害，破坏，败坏（某 人的名
声）
，不可信
2.
monarch
国王，女皇，君主政体
3.
millennium
千年
the millennium
千僖年
4.
bear out
证实
5.
level out
（升跌之后）呈平稳状态
6.
meritocracy
英才管理，英才教育，能人统
治
7.
knack
技巧，诀窍
8.
perpetuate
使永久，永存或持续
9.
indiscriminate
不加鉴别的，不加分析的，任
意的
10.
boil down
归结为……
难句译注
1.
Close examination doesn
’
t bear out the claim.
【参考译文】深入探索证实此断言不确。<
/p>
（也就是
说太平盛世并没有成为政治现实）
。
2.
might is right
谚语：强权即公理。
3.
For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality,
we do not consider this
wrong in the western world.
【结构简析】
lip- service
口惠而实不至。
EX:
He
pays
lip-service
to
feminism
but
his
wife
still
does
all the housew
ork.
他口口声声说支持女权主义，但
全部家务仍是他妻子的事。
【参考译文】我们口口声声赞扬平等思想，我们
在
西方世界中并不认为这一思想事错误的。
4.
In
the
end,
all
political
ideologies
boil
down
to
the
same
thing:
class
divisions
persist
whether
you
are
ruled by a feudal king or an
educated person.
【参考译文】最终，一切政治意识，都归结为一<
/p>
件事：不论你是由封建国王统治还是英才统治，
阶级区分依然存在
。
写作方法与文章大意
这是一 篇对“无阶级社会和人人平等”论点的驳
斥文章。作者从四个方面进行论述。
、天赋的才能
和智慧与平等原则无关。
2
、
“适者生存，
强权即公理”
依然存在。
3
、人获得的报酬是取决于人的才能而不
是平等。
4
、金钱的作用，它不仅可以培育有能力的
人，
还是政治 的后盾。
只有金钱加能力是成功的关键。
所以所谓平等不存在，更没有无
阶级的社会。
答案详解
1.
A
二十世纪平等的机遇并没有摧毁阶级。文章一
开始就
对无阶级社会的论点进行了反驳：有人认
为君主整体已完全摧毁，幸存下来的王公贵族已
经被剥夺了一切政治权力，继承的财产为税收大
幅度的削减，到
时候，巨大的财富将消失殆尽，
在许多国家中，已全面胜利，人民进行统治，伟
大的太平盛世已成为政治显示。作者认为：深入
检查证实这一断言不实。
第二段提出了即使人人
都获同样的受教育的机会，可人的天然智慧和能
< br>力与平等原则无关，适者生存，强权即公理依然
存在。教育的普及摧毁了老的阶级
体制，却创造
新的，报酬是机遇才干成就。贵族统治就是英才
统
治，
可在其他方面，
社会依然，
阶级确实存在。
< br>后面两段集中论述了金钱的作用。
B.
金钱意味 着平等是错误的。
C.
不存在无阶级社
会。内容是对的，
但不是本文的主题思想。
D.
自
然界不会赋予你一个无阶
级社会。
2.
B
自然界在分赋人智慧和能力是不会顾及平等。
A.
适者生存的原则存在。根据这一原则无智慧和
能力者难以生存于社会。
C.
物质报偿是根据人的
真正能力。
D.
人们有自由选择如何教育自己的孩
子。这三项都基于一点――人的智慧和能力。
有
智慧能力才能生存，才能获报偿，这已经是不平
等，即使获同
样的受教育的机会，也不可能铲除
不平等。
3.
A
有钱的人。
第 三段一开始就点明：
真正的能力、
动物般机敏狡猾、技能、善抓机会的诀
窍，这一
切都带来物质报偿。有了钱的人首要作的事情就
是给孩
子最佳教育机会，而私人学校教育优于公
立学校，
人们又有自由选择如何 教育自己的孩子。
在这个意义上，
英才教育在某种程度上是永存的。
一个来自富有家庭的有能力的孩子要比其对立面
获得成功要快得多得
多。
B.
具有很高智慧的人，若没有钱是难以成功的。
第三段的最后一句话也点明这一点，金钱同从前
一样是强有力的
武器。文章最后一段即使在完全
遵循社会平等原则的社会里，禁止特权的私人教
育，人们也是按能力获报酬。小心翼翼而又耗费
巨大地把聪明的孩子培养
成未来的统治者。
C.
具
有最佳机遇的人。
D.
是
B
和
C
的结合。
4.
A
金钱决定一切。新的英 才教育在一定程度上永
存。没有钱，上不起私立学校，谈不上机会，更
< br>不用说英才教育。有了钱才能为孩子创造机会。
B.
C.
人们
有自
由选择教育孩子的方式方法。
D.
财富用于政
治目的。第
三段最后三句话：
“财富也可以不加区
别地用于更远的政治目的。没有强
大的财政作后
盾，成为民主国家的元首几乎是不可能。金钱和
1
0
过去一样是强有力的武器，这也说明了金钱的力
量，决定一
切。
”
5.
A
富人和穷人。纵然作者提及，同样的教育机会
也不可能铲除不平等，因为上天
赋予人之智慧是
不可能考虑平等原则，
可是作者也提到适者生存、
强权即公理。贵族政治可读成英才教育。这已说
明英才指的是贵族的英
才。第四段进一步指出有
钱的人首先要做的就是给子女一个良好的教育机
会。而私立学校的教育质量优于公立学校。有钱
人家的有能力的孩子成功机遇就
高。财产还可用
于政治目的，要成为民主国家的领袖就得有雄厚
的财力支持。钱财和过去一样强有力。即使在以
社会平等为原则的社会中，私立学校被禁
，酬劳
还是以人的能力为准，大量需要有技能的工作人
员，而差
劲的人没有人关注。天才的孩子予以仔
细而又及其昂贵的培养以成为未来的统治者。
总之，政治意识归结为同一个东西――阶级划分
存
在，不论你是为封建帝王统治，还是为受过教
育的农民统治，从这里看，作者的
class
division
指的是
A
项。
B.
人们不同的机遇。
C.
压迫者和被压迫者。
D.
天
才和笨蛋。<
/p>
Passage Seven (The
Most Important of All
Human Qualities
is a Sense of Humor)
Biologically,
there
is
only
one
quality
which
distinguishes us from animals: the
ability to laugh. In a
universe
which
appears
to
be
utterly
devoid
of
humor,
we
enjoy
this
supreme
luxury.
And
it
is
a
luxury,
for
unlike any
other bodily process, laughter does not seem
to serve a biologically useful purpose.
In a divide world,
laughter is a
unifying force. Human beings oppose each
other
on
a
great
many
issues.
Nations
may
disagree
about
systems
of
government
and
human
relations
may
be
plagued
by
ideological
factions
and
political
camps,
but we
all share the ability to laugh. And laughter, in
turn,
depends
on
that
most
complex
and
subtle
of
all
human
qualities:
a
sense
of
humor
Certain
comic
stereotypes
have a universal
appeal. This can best be seen from the
world-wide
popularity
of
Charlie
Chaplin
’
s
early
films.
The little
man at odds with society never fails to amuse
no
matter
which
country
we
come
from.
As
that
great
commentator
on
human
affairs,
Dr.
Samuel
Johnson,
once
remarked,
‘
Men
have
been
wise
in
very
different
modes; but they have always laughed in
the same way.
’
A
sense
of
humor
may
take
various
forms
and
laughter
may
be
anything
from
a
refined
tingle
to
an
earth
quaking
roar,
but
the
effect
is
always
the
same.
Humor helps us to maintain a correct
sense of values. It
is the one quality
which political fanatics appear to lack.
If we can see the funny side, we never
make the mistake
of
taking
ourselves
too
seriously.
We
are
always
reminded
that
tragedy
is
not
really
far
removed
from
comedy, so
we never get a lop sided view of things.
This is one of the chief functions of satire and irony.
Human
pain and suffering are so grim; we hover so often
on the brink of war; political
realities are usually enough
to
plunge
us
into
total
despair.
In
such
circumstances,
cartoons and
satirical accounts of somber political events
redress the balance. They take the wind
out of pompous
and
arrogant
politicians
who
have
lost
their
sense
of
proportion. They enable us to
see that many of our most
profound
actions are merely comic or absurd. We laugh
when
Gulliver’s Travels.
a
great
satirist
The Lilliputians an
like
Swift
writes
d their neighbors
about
war
in
attack each other
because they can’t agree which end to
break an egg. We laugh because we meant
to laugh; but
we are meant to weep too.
It is too powerful a weapon to
be
allowed to flourish.
The
sense
of
humor
must
be
singled
out
as
man’
s
most
important
quality
because
it
is
associated
with
laughter.
And
laughter,
in
turn,
is
associated
with
happiness. Courage,
determination, initiative
–
these are
qualities we share with other forms
of life. But the sense
of humor is
uniquely human. If happiness is one of the
great
goals
of
life,
then
it
is
the
sense
of
humor
that
provides the key.
1.
The most important of all human qualities is
[A] a sense of humor.
[B] A
sense of satire.
[C] A sense of
laughter.
[D] A sense of history.
2.
The
author
mention
s
about
Charlie
Chaplin’s
early
films
because
[A] they can amuse people.
[B] Human beings are different from
animals.
[C] They show that certain
comic stereotypes have a
universal
appeal.
[D] They show that people have
the same ability to
laugh.
3.
One of the chief functions of irony and satire is
[A] to
show absurdity of actions.
[B] to
redress balance.
[C] to take the wind
out of politicians.
[D] to show too
much grimness in the world.
4.
What
do
we
learn
from
the
sentence
‘it
is
too
powerful
totalitarian regimes?’
a
weapon
to
be
allowed
to
flourish
in
[A]
It
can
reveal
the
truth
of
political
events
with
satire.
[B] It can arouse people to riot.
[C] It shows tragedy and comedy are
related.
[D] It can make people laugh.
5.
Who is Swift?
[A] A novelist.
[B] A poet.
[C] A dramatist.
[D] A
essayist.
V
ocabulary
1.
devoid
没有，缺乏
2.
plague
n.
瘟疫，惹 人烦恼的人和事
v.
给
……
造成麻烦，痛 苦，困难
3.
faction
派别
4.
comic stereotype
可笑
/
滑稽的模式
5.
commentator
（集注）作者，评论员，解说
员
6.
tinkle
n.
一连串的丁零声，电话声，
v.<
/p>
使发出丁零声
11
7.
fanatic
狂热者（尤指宗教、政治的狂
热）
8.
lop-sided
不均匀的
9.
hover
翱翔，盘旋；彷徨
10.
somber
低沉的，暗淡的，严峻的
11.
redress
纠正，补偿
12.
pompous
自大的，浮夸的
13.
arrogant
傲慢的
14.
proportion
均衡，匀称，平衡，比例
15.
Lilliputian
微型的，极小的，源自《格列
佛游记》中的小人国里的人
16.
totalitarian
极权主义的
17.
regime
政体，政权，统治方式或制度
难句译注
1
．
In a divided world, laughter is a unifying force.
【参考译文】在分裂的世界中，笑是一种促
成一
致（团结）的力量。
2
．
Human relations may be plagued by ideological
factions and political
camps,
【参考译文】人际关系可能因思想意识派别
和政
治阵营的不同而受侵扰。
3
．
Certain
comic
stereotypes
have
a
universal
appeal.
【参考译文】某些滑稽的模式具有全球性的<
/p>
效果。
4
．
Charlie Chaplin
查理·卓别林
1889-197 7
，英
国讽刺滑稽剧及电影演员，导演及制片人。
5
．
At odds with society
和社会格格不入。
6
．
Dr.
Samuel
Johnson
撒
缪
尔
·
约
翰
生
，
< br>1709-1784
，英国辞典编撰者及作家。
7
．
A sense of humor may take various forms and
laughter may be anything from a refined
tinkle
to an earth quaking roar.
【参考译文】幽默感表现的方式多种多样，
笑也许是银铃般优雅轻笑，也许是
震耳欲聋
的放声大笑。
8
．
If we can see the funny side, we never make the
mistake of taking ourselves too
seriously.
【参考译文】如果我们能见到可笑的一面，
我们就不会犯这种错误：
对自己看得过重
（自
以为了
不起）
。
9
．
We
are
always
reminded
that
tragedy
is
not
really
far
removed
from
comedy,
so
we
never
get a lop-sided view of
things.
【参考译文】我们会经常提醒自己祸兮福所
伏
（悲剧离喜剧实际并不遥远）
，那我们决不
会偏执一词地看事物。
10
．
Take the wind out of sb’s sails
使某人气馁或
泄气。
11
．
Swift
Jonathan
swift
乔
纳
森
·
思
维
福
特
< br>1667-1745
，英国作家，生于都柏林，曾获牛
津大学硕士
，三一学院神学博士学位，
1688
年到英国，
后加入英 国国教会。
他同情英国统
治下的爱尔兰人民，
积极参加他 们为争取自由
和民族独立的斗争。
他以政治讽刺文著世，
其
文笔犀利、
讽刺尖锐、
文章推理严密，
用词简
洁、
语言朴实清晰，
被认为是英语的典范，
《格
列佛游记》是他的代表作之一。
12
．
We laugh because we are meant to laugh; but
we are meant to weep too.
【结构简析】
mean
to
do
是打算或注定要
…
，
一般用于被动。
【参考译文】
我们笑是因为想笑，
可是我们也< /p>
想哭。
是指小人国和邻国仅仅为打鸡蛋一类小
事而
打仗可笑，
确实也是可悲。
作者结合现实
指出是人类悲剧
之所在。
写作方法与文章大意
文章以 部部深入，一般到具体的写作手法论及笑
是人类特有的功能。
形式多种、
效果一样。
天下人有各种观 点、
制度、
人际关系，对滑稽的东西都会报之以笑――一种一致
的力量。
笑基于幽默感，有了它，人 们会乐观、愉快、轻
松，不偏不倚地对待一切，悲剧中寓以喜剧，幽默感
又是人类开启幸福之门的钥匙。
论及的同时 作者佐以例子，卓别林的早期电影，
《格列佛游记》中的小人国战争等。
答案详解
1.
A
幽默感。文章一开始就提出人 类有别于动物是
人有笑的功能，世界纷争繁杂、人际关系因意识
观点差异而对峙，
国家制度不一，
但人们都能笑。
笑基于
人类最复杂而又微妙的品质――幽默感。
反过来说没有幽默感的人恐怕难以笑。第二段正
式指出：幽默感表现形式多种多样，而笑可由微
笑到狂笑种种，
但其效果相同，幽默感有助于我
们保持正确的价值观。这是政治狂热者所缺乏的
特征。如果我们能看见滑稽可笑的一面，我们就
不会犯过于看重自己的错
误。我们总会记得悲剧
离喜剧不愿，因此，我们不会有偏重某一测的观
< br>点。第四段画龙点睛的指出幽默是人类最重要的
特征，因为它和笑声结合在一起。
而笑又是和幸
福联系在一起。勇气、决心、创造力特征，我们
和
其他生命形式共享，
而幽默感是人类所独有的。
如果幸福是我们生活的伟
大目标，那幽默感就是
开启幸福的钥匙。
B.
讽刺感。这是第三段讲的内容，讽刺的功能，
但不是人类最重要的特征。
C.
笑感。
D.
历史观点。
2.
C
作者提卓别林的电影的目的是 证明某些喜剧模
式对全世界都有吸引力。
A.
它可以取悦任何人。
B.
人类和动物不同。
D.< /p>
证
明人有同样笑的功能。
3.
B
使各种事情重新相等和均衡。第 三段着重讲了
这一点。
人类在痛苦中挣扎，
常处于战争的 边缘。
政治实现令人绝望，在这种处境中，对某些政治
事物的讽
刺挖苦和漫画可以使各种心理重新平衡，
可使失去均衡感的政客地下高傲头颅；可使我看
见许多深邃的事情荒谬可笑。
A.
C.
使政治家气馁。
D.
表 现世
界上太多的令人沮丧之事。
4.
A
它可以以讽刺的手法解释政治时间的真相。
< br>B.
这可促使人民暴动。
C.
它表示了悲剧和喜剧相
联系。
D.
它能使人哭。
5.
A
小说家。
B.
诗人。
C.
戏剧家。
D.
散文家。
Passage
Eight (The Improving Economic
Situation
In Greece)
12
Greece,
economically,
is
in
the
black.
With
very
little to export other than
such farm products as tobacco,
cotton
and fruit, the country earns enough from
‘invisible
earnings’
to
pay
for
its
needed,
growing
imports.
From
the
sending
out
of
things
the
Greeks,
earn
only
$$285
million;
from
tourism,
shipping
and
the
remittances
of
Greeks
abroad,
the
country
takes
in
an
additional
#375
million and this washes out
the almost $$400 million by
which
imports exceed exports.
It
has
a
balanced
budget.
Although
more
than
one
drachma
out
of
four
goes
for
defense,
the
government
ended a
recent year with a slight surplus -- $$66 million.
Greece has a decent reserve of almost a
third of a billion
dollars
in
gold
and
foreign
exchange.
It
has
a
government
not
dependent
on
coalescing
incompatible
parties to obtain parliamentary
majorities.
mean to
minimize the vast extent of Greece’s problems.
In thus summarizing a few happy
highlights, I don’t
It is the poorest
country by a wide margin in Free Europe,
and poverty is widespread. At best an
annual income of
$$60 to $$70 is the lot
of many a peasant, and substantial
unemployment plagues the countryside,
cities, and towns
of Greece. There are
few natural resources on which to
build
any
substantial
industrial
base.
Some
years
ago
I
wrote here:
“Greek
statesmanship
will
have
to
create
an
atmosphere
in
which
home
and
foreign
savings
will
willingly
seek investment opportunities in the back ward
economy
of
Greece.
So
far,
most
American
and
other
foreign
government’s
attempt
red
have
tape
bogged
and
shrewdness
down
in
about
the
Greek
small
points.”
Great strides have been made. As far back as 1956,
expanding tourism seemed a
logical way to bring needed
foreign
currencies and additional jobs to Greece. At that
time I talked with the Hilton Hotel
people, who had been
examining
hotel
possibilities,
and
to
the
Greek
government
division
responsible
for
this
area
of
the
economy.
They
were
hopelessly
deadlocked
in
almost
total differences of
opinion and outlook.
Today
most
of
the
incredibly
varied,
beautiful,
historical
sights
of
Greece
have
new,
if
in
many
cases
modest, tourist facilities. Tourism
itself has jumped from
approximately
$$31 million to over $$90 million. There is
both
a
magnificent
new
Hilton
Hotel
in
Athens
and
a
completely
modernized,
greatly
expanded
Grande
Bretagne, as well as other first-rate
new hotels. And the
advent of jets has
made Athens as accessible as Paris or
Rome
–
without
the
sky-high
prices
of
traffic-choked
streets of
either.
1.
The title below that best expresses the ideas of this
passage is
[A]
Greek income and expenditures.
[B] The
improving economic situation in Greece.
[C] The value of tourism.
[D] Military expenditures.
2.
Many peasants earn less than
[A] $$60 a week.
[B] $$2 a week.
[C] $$1 a day.
[D] $$10 a
month.
3.
The Greek Government spends
[A] more than 25%of
its budget on military terms.
[B] More
than its collects.
[C] A third of a
billion dollars in gold.
[D] Less than
25% of its budget on military terms.
4.
According to the passage, Greece has
[A] a dictatorship.
[B] a monarchy.
[C] a single
majority party.
[D] too much red tape.
5.
Greece imports annually goods and materials
[A]
totaling almost $$700 million.
[B] that
balance exports.
[C] that are paid by
tourists.
[D] costing $$66 million.
V
ocabulary
1.
remittance
汇款（额）
2.
wash out
洗掉，取消、告吹、冲掉、筋
疲力尽
3.
drachma
古希腊银币
德拉克马（现
代希腊货币单位）
4.
lot
份额
5.
incompatible
水火不相容的，不能共存的
6.
coalesce
（政党）联合，愈合，接合
7.
highlight
光线最强处，最重要部分，最
精彩场面
8.
margin
（成本和售价的）
差额，
空白，
边缘
9.
bog down
陷于困境，使停顿
10.
red tape
官样文章，烦琐和拖拉的公务
程序
11.
shrewdness
清明，机灵
12.
deadlock
僵局，僵持；使陷于僵局
难句译注
1.
Greece, economically is in the black.
< p>【参考译文】希腊经济上说是赢利
/
富裕的
2.
With very little export other than such farm products
as
tobacco,
cotton
and
fruit,
the
country
earns
enough
from
invisible
earnings
to
pay
its
needed,
growing imports.
【参考译文】除了农产品
，如烟草、棉花和水果
之外，希腊没有什么出口货，但它从“无形的收
< br>益”中挣不少，足够致富所需的一切――日益增
长的进口货。
3.
This
washes
out
almost
$$400
million
by
which
imports exceed exports.
【参考译
文】这笔钱冲掉了进口超过出口近
4
亿
美元的差额。
4.
So
have
far
bogged
most
American
down
in
the
and
Greek
other
government’s
foreign
attempts
red
tape and
shrewdness about small points.
【参考译文】到目
前为止由于希腊政府那种繁琐
而又拖拉的公务程序和对小事的精明，大多数美
国和其他国家的尝试的工作都陷入困境。
5.
They
were
hopelessly
deadlocked
in
almost
total
differences
of opinion and outlook.
13
【
参考译文】他们绝望地陷于意见和观点完全分
歧的僵局之中。
6.
And the advent of jets has made Athens as accessible
as Paris
and Rome
–
without the sky-high prices of
traffic chocked streets of
either.
【参考译文】喷气式飞机的发展使雅典和巴黎、
罗马一样很容易到达，却没有那两个城市的交通
堵塞的接到的高昂代价。
写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇以过去和现在对比的手法，论述了希腊
经济，主要是旅游业的发展。过去，希腊以无形资产
赢得之利润，来消除赤字，还可稍
有节余。但贫穷、
事业情况严重，政府办事拖拉、繁琐也影响国外的投
< br>资，虽然早在
1956
年就准备扩展旅游业，但意见分
歧。现在，情况大变，就旅游一项年收入由
3100
万
增至
9000
万美元。
答案详解
1.
B
希腊经济形式的改善。
文章围绕这一中心而写。
文章一开始就提出希腊出口除了农产品之外，没
有什么东西，而无形资产如旅
游、运输和国外的
汇款等可挣得
37500
万美元。两项 加在一起来抵
消入超赤字近
4
亿美元，
稍 有结余。
第三段指出，
希腊是自由欧洲最穷的国家，许多农民年收入为<
/p>
60
－
70
美元。失业现象席卷城市乡镇， 建立工业
基地的自然资源极少。政府的繁琐事务程序，关
注琐事
等情况使美国和其他国家试图展开工作陷
于停滞状态。
第四段开始指出< /p>
1956
年起开拓旅游
业，不过意见还是分歧。第五断提出
今天惊人的
变化，美丽的历史古城呈现新貌，就旅游一项收
入由
3100
万增至
9000
万美元。旅馆面貌大变。
A.
希腊的收支。
C.
旅游的价值。
D.
军事费用。
2.
B
少于
2
美元一星期。文章第三段第三句：最佳
情况，
年收入为
< p>60－
70
美元使大多数农民的份额。
所以
B
项最接近年收入。
A.60<
/p>
美元一星期。
C.
一天一美元。
D.
一个月
10
美
元。
3.
A
百分之
25< /p>
以上用于军事。
第二段：
虽然四个德
拉克马
中有一个用于国防，政府最终还稍有结
余――
6600
万 美元。
B.
比收入的还多。
C.
十亿金子中的三分之一。
D.
少于百分之
25< /p>
。
4.
C
单一大党。第二段：希腊的政府不依靠水火不
相容的政党之间的合作来取得一会的多数
席位，
这说明是单一大党。
A.
独裁、
专政。
B.
君主政体。
D.
太多的繁琐程序。
5.
A
总计几乎在
7
亿美元左右。第一段中提到希腊
出口
商品价值
28500
万美元，而进口超出出口
4
< br>亿美元。两者相加为
6
亿
2
千
5
百万美元，相当
于几乎在
7
亿美元左 右。
B.
和出口平衡。
C.
< p>由旅游者支付。D.
花费
6600
万
美元。
Government Helps Minority Business)
Passage Nine (The Program-Federal
the
1960’s
Federal
efforts
when
the
to
aid minority businesses began in
Small
Business
Administration
(SBA)
began
making
federally
guaranteed
loans
and
government-sponsored
management
and
technical
assistance
available
to
minority
business
enterprises.
While
this
program
enabled
many
minority
entrepreneurs
to
form
new
businesses,
the
results
were
disappointing,
since
managerial
inexperience,
unfavorable
locations,
and
capital
shortages
led
to
high
failure
rates.
Even
15
years
after
the
program
was
implemented,
two percent of the national economy’s
total receipts.
minority
business
receipts
were
not
quite
Recently
federal
policymakers
have
adopted
an
approach
intended
to
accelerate
development
of
the
minority
business
sector
by
moving
away
from
directly
aiding
small minority enterprises and toward supporting
large,
growth-oriented
minority
firms
through
intermediary
companies.
In
this
approach,
large
corporations participate
in the development of successful
and
stable
minority
businesses
by
making
use
of
government-sponsored
venture
capital.
The
capital
is
used by a participating
company to establish a Minority
Enterprise
Small
Businesses
that
have
potential
to
become
future suppliers of customers of the sponsoring
company.
MES
BIC’s are the result of the belief that providing
established
firms
with
easier
access
to
relevant
management
techniques
and
more
job-specific
experience,
as
well
as
substantial
amounts
of
capital,
gives those
firms a greater opportunity to develop sound
business
foundations
than
does
simply
making
general
management
experience
and
small
amounts
of
capital
available.
Further,
since
potential
markets
for
the
minority businesses already
exist through the sponsoring
companies,
the
minority
businesses
face
considerably
less
risk
in
terms
of
location
and
market
fluctuation.
Following
sponsoring
corporations
early
financial
began
and
to
capitalize
operating
MESBIC’s
problems,
far
above
the
legal
minimum
of
$$500,000
in
order
to
generate
management
sufficient
needed.
income
MESBIC’s
and
to
are
sustain
now
the
emerging
quality
of
as
increasingly
important
financing
sources
for
minority
enterprises.
Ironically, MESBIC staffs, which usually consist of
Hispanic
and
Black
professionals,
tend
to
approach
investments
in
minority
firms
more
pragmatically
than
do
many
MESBIC
directors,
who
are
usually
senior
managers from sponsoring corporations.
The latter often
still
think
mainly
in
terms
of
the
‘social
responsibility
approach’
and
thus
seem
to
prefer
deals
that
are
riskier
and less attractive than normal
investment criteria would
warrant.
Such
differences
in
viewpoint
have
produced
uneasiness
among
many
minority
staff
members,
who
feel that minority
entrepreneurs and businesses should be
judged
by
established
business
considerations.
These
staff members believe
their point of view is closer to the
original
philosophy
of
MESBIC’s
and
they
are
concerned that, unless a more prudent
course if followed,
MESBIC
directors
may
revert
to
policies
likely
to
re-create
the
disappointing
results
of
the
original
SBA
approach.
1.
Which of the following best states the central idea of
the
passage?
14
[A]
The
use
of
MESBIC’s
for
aiding
minority
entrepreneurs
seems
to
have
greater
potential
for
success than does the
original SBA approach.
[B]
between the staff and directors of some
MESBIC’s.
There
is
a
crucial
difference
in
point
of
view
[C]
After
initial
problems
with
management
and
marketing,
minority
businesses
have
begun
to
expand at a steady rate.
[D]
Minority
entrepreneurs
wishing
to
form
new
businesses
now
have
several
equally
successful
federal programs on which to rely.
2.
According
differ s from the SBA approach in that
MESBIC’s
to
the
passage,
the
MESBIC
approach
[A]
seek
federal
contracts
to
provide
market
for
minority businesses.
[B]
Encourage
minority
businesses
to
provide
markets for
other minority businesses.
[C] Attempt
to maintain a specified rate of growth in
the minority business sector.
[D] Rely on the participation of large
corporations to
finance minority
businesses.
3.
Which
of
the
following
statements
about
the
SBA
program can be inferred from
the passage?
[A] The maximum term for
loans made to recipient
businesses was
15 years.
[B]
Business
loans
were
considered
to
be
more
useful
to recipient businesses than was management
and technical assistance.
[C]
The
anticipated
failure
rate
for
recipient
businesses was
significantly lower than the rate that
actually resulted.
[D]
Recipient
businesses
were
encouraged
to
relocate
to
areas
more
favorable
for
business
development.
4.
The
problems’
author
encountered
refe
rs
to
the
by
‘financial
MESBIC’s
and
primarily
operating
in
order to
[A]
the
broaden
legal
considerations
the
scope
of
the
of
discussion
funding
MESBIC’s
to
include
through sponsoring companies.
[B]
call
attention
to
the
fact
that
MES
BIC’s
must
receive
adequate
funding
in
order
to
function
effectively.
[C] show that
sponsoring companies were willing to
invest
venture capital in
the original MESBIC’s.
only
$$500,000
of
government- sponsored
[D] Compare SBA
and MESBIC limits on minimum
funding.
5.
It can be inferred from the passage that the attitude
of
some
MESBIC
staff
member
toward
the
investments
preferred
by
some
MESBIC
directors
can be best described as
[A]
disappointing.
[B] Indifferent.
[C] Shocked.
[D] Defensive.
V
ocabulary
1.
implement
执行，履行
2.
growth-oriented
增长潜力的，有发展
性的
3.
intermediary company
中介公司，中间公司
4.
venture capital
风险资本
5.
entrepreneur
企业家，创业者
6.
fluctuation
波动，涨落，起伏
7.
pragmatically
实用地
难句译注
1.
Even
15
years
after
the
program
was
implemented
minority
percent of the national economy’s total
receipts.
business
receipts
were
not
quite
two
【参考译文】甚至在这个计划执行后
1 5
年，
少数
民族工业的收入还不到全国总收入的
2
％。
2.
Recently
federal
policy
makers
have
adopted
an
approach intended to accelerate
development of the
supporting
large,
growth
oriented
minority
firms
through
intermediary companies.
【参考译文】最近，联邦决策者采
取一项措施，
旨在加速少数民族工商业的发展，他们不再直接
帮
助小型的少数民族企业，而是转向通过中间公
司来支持规模较大、
有发展 潜力的少数民族公司。
3.
By
making
use
of
government-sponsored
venture
capital.
利用政府资助的风险资本。
4.
The MESBIC then provides capital and guidance to
minority
businesses
that
have
potential
to
become
future
suppliers
or
customers
of
the
sponsoring
company.
【
参考译文】然后再由
MESBIC
向那些少数民族
企业提
供资金、进行指导。这些企业是有成为赞
助公司的未来供应商或客户的潜力的。
5.
MESBIC
–
minority
enterprise
small
business
investment
company
少数民族小型企业投资公司。
6.
MESBIC’s are the result of the belief
that providing
established
firms
with
easier
access
to
relevant
management
techniques
and
more
job-specific
experience, as well
as substantial amounts of capital,
gives
those
firms
a
greater
opportunity
to
develop
sound
business
foundations
than
does
simply
making
general
management
experience
and
small
amounts of
capital available.
【参考译文】
MESBIC< /p>
的建立基于这种信念：为
已建公司提供方便，使它更容易获得相关的管理<
/p>
技术更具体的工作经验以及大笔资金要比简单地
给予一般管理经验
和小笔资金更能使它们获得机
会去建立稳固的商业基础。
7.
The
‘social
latter
responsibility
often
still
think
approach’
mainly
and
in
thus
terms
seem
of
the
to
prefer
deals
that
are
riskier
and
less
attractive
than
normal investment criteria
would warrant.
【参考译文】后者――高级经理们――在有大多
数情况下，仍然常常从“社会责任的角度”来考
虑问题，因此，他们似
乎更倾向于选择那些比正
常投资标准更具风险性，
而不太引人注目的项目 。
写作方法与文章大意
文章主要采用因果以及对比的写作方法。先点出
SBA
计划――联邦政府对少数民族去也的赞助（）的
失败及其原因。
15
为此，联邦决策者改 变方法，通过中介公司，建
立
MESBIC
。由它来帮助 少数民族企业――使其获得
相应的管理技术、具体工作经验和大量资金，甚至潜
在的市场――取得了成功。
可内部存 在问题，
MESBIC
的职工和领导者之间
的意见分歧，
职工的投资观点更切实际，而领导者仍
从“社会责任的角度”来考虑问题，若不改变，有
可
能重蹈
SBA
之覆辙。
答案详解
1.
A
运用
MESB IC
来帮助少数民族企业似乎比原来
SBA
的方法更具成 功的可能性。文章一开始就点
名
SBA
（小型企业管理局 ）向少数民族企业提供
联邦保证贷款，
政府资助管理和技术方面的帮助，
结果令人失望。组建成的少数民族新企业由于管
理上缺乏经验、
地点不佳、资金短缺而导致失败
的情况很多。其他见难句译注
1
、
2
、
3
。总之在
MESBIC
支持下：为它的潜在市场提供大量资金
等，使它们在地点和
市场流通方面风险小的多，
从而带来足够的收入和保持所需的管理质量。这
一切都说明
MESBIC
比
SBA
的成 功可能性大。
中的领导者和职工方面在观点上有着
至关重要的分歧。
C.
经历了早期管理和市场问题
< p>后，少数民族企业已开始稳步发展。
D.
希望组建
< br>新公司的少数民族企业家已有好几个成功的联邦
计划可依靠。
2.
D
依靠打工四向少数民族企业投 资。见第二段第
二句：大公司利用政府资助的风险资本参与成功
而又稳固的少数民族企业的发展。参与的大公司
用这笔资金建立了
“少数 民族小型企业投资公司”
（
MESBIC
）
A.
寻求为少数民族企业提供市场联邦合同。
B.< /p>
鼓
励少数民族企业为其他少数民族企业提供市场。
C.
试图在少数民族部门保持特定的增长率。
3.
C
预期加入
SB A
项目中的公司的失败率比实际
失败率低得多。文内没有直接点出，而是
从（见
第一题注释）
SBA
帮助的企业失败率很高――令
人失望，从而推断
C
项结论。
A.
给企业贷款最高期限为
15
年。
B.
商业贷款对企
业来说远笔管理和技术帮助重要。
D .
鼓励接受贷
款企业重新寻找利于企业发展的地区。
4.
B
为的是引人注意这一实际情况 ：
MESBIC
必须
取得足够的资金才能有效地运转。这
在第三段最
后一句：在经历了早期财政和运行问题后，赞助
公司
给
MESBIC
注入的资金远远超过了
50
万美元
的法定最低限额，以获得足够的收入并保持所需
的管理质量。<
/p>
MESBIC
现在正成为日益重要的少
数民族企业的资金来
源。这说明没有足够的资金
是难以有效运转的。
A.
扩
大
讨
论
范
围
以
包
括
通
过
赞< /p>
助
公
司
投
资
MESBIC
的合理性。
C.
表明赞助公司愿意在原来
< p>的
MESBIC
只投资
50
万政府资 助的风险资本。
D.
对比
SBA
和
MESBIC
最低投资限额。
5.
A
失望。文章最后一段
MESBIC
的职工――一般
是拉美和黑人专业人员在少数民族公
司的投资上
比
MEBSIC
的领导者更切实际。这些高级 经理从
社会责任角度看问题，会选择更具风险性，不太
吸引人的
项目。观点分歧使许多少数民族职工感
到不安，他们认为应以公司的业务爆出来评价少<
/p>
数民族企业家及其企业。者充分说明
MEBSIC
的
职工对领导所青睐的投资项目不满意和失望。
B.
漠不关心。
C.
震惊。
D .
持保留态度。
Independent Thinking)
Passage
Ten
(The
Importance
of
No one
ca
n be a great thinker who does not realize
that
as
a
thinker
it
is
her
first
duty
to
follow
her
intellect to
whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains
more even by the errors of one who with
due study and
preparation, thinks for
himself, than by the true opinions
of
those who only hold them because they do not
suffer
themselves
to
think.
No
that
it
is
solely,
of
chiefly,
to
form great thinkers that
freedom of thinking is required.
One
the
contrary,
it
is
as
much
or
even
more
indispensable
to
enable
average
human
beings
to
attain
the mental stature which they are
capable of. There have
been
and
many
again
be
great
individual
thinkers
in
a
general
atmosphere
of
mental
slavery.
But
there
never
has
been,
nor
ever
will
be,
in
that
atmosphere
an
intellectually
active
people.
Where
any
of
heterodox
speculation
was
for
a
time
sus
pended,
where
there
is
a
tacit
convention
that
principles
are
not
to
be
disputed:
where the discussion
of the greatest questions which can
occupy
humanity
is
considered
to be
closed,
we
cannot
hope to find
that generally high scale of mental activity
which has made some periods of history
so remarkable.
Never when controversy
avoided the subjects which are
large
and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the
mind of a people stirred up fro9m its
foundation and the
impulse
given
which
raised
even
persons
of
the
most
ordinary intellect to something of the
dignity of thinking
beings.
She
who
knows
only
her
own
side
of
the
case
knows little of
that. Her reasons may be food, and no one
may have been able to refute them. But
if she s equally
unable
to
refute
the
reasons
of
the
opposite
side;
if
she
does
not
so
much
as
know
what
they
are,
she
has
no
ground
for
preferring
either
opinion.
The
rational
position
for
her
would
be
suspension
of
judgment,
and
unless she contents herself
with that, she is either led by
authority, or adopts, like the
generality of the world the
side
to
which
she
feels
the
most
inclination.
Nor
is
it
enough
that she should heat the arguments of adversaries
from her own teachers, presented as
they state them, and
accompanied
by
what
they
offer
as
refutations,
That
is
not the way to do justice to
the arguments, or bring them
into real
contact with her own mind. She must be able to
hear them form persons who actually
believe them; who
defend
them
in
earnest,
and
do
their
very
utmost
for
them.
She
must
know
them
in
their
most
plausible
and
persuasive
form;
she
must
feel
the
whole
force
of
the
difficulty
which
the
true
view
of
the
subject
has
to
encounter
and
dispose
of;
else
she
will
never
really
possess
herself
of
the
portion
of
truth
which
meets
and
removes that difficulty.
Ninety-nine in a hundred of what
are
called educated persons are in this condition;
even of
those
who
can
argue
fluently
for
their
opinions.
Their
conclusion may be true, but it might be
false for anything
they know; they have
never thrown themselves into the
mental
position of those who think differently form them
16
and considered what such
persons may have to say; and
consequently
they
do
not,
in
any
proper
sense
of
the
word,
know the doctrines which they themselves profess.
1.
The best title for this passage is
[A] The Age of Reason
[B] The need
for Independent Thinking
[C]
People’s Minds
The
Value
of
Reason
[D]
Stirring
2.
According to the author, it is always advisable to
[A] have opinions
which cannot be refuted.
[B]
adopt
the
point
of
view
to
which
one
feels
the
most
inclination.
[C]
be
acquainted
with
the
arguments
favoring
the
point of view with which one disagrees,
[D]
suspend
heterodox
speculation
in
favor
of
doctrinaire approaches.
3.
According to the author, in a great period such as the
Renaissance we may expect to find
[A]
acceptance
of
truth
[B]
controversy over principles
[C]
inordinate
enthusiasm
[D]
a
dread of heterodox speculation
4.
According
to
the
author,
the
person
who
holds
orthodox
beliefs
without
examination
may
be
described in all
of the following ways EXCEPT as
[A]
enslaved by tradition
[B]
less
than fully rational
[C]
determinded
on
controversy
[D]
having a closed mind
5.
It
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage
that
the
author
would
be
most
likely
to
agree
with
which
of
the
following statements
[A] A
truly great thinker makes no mistakes.
[B]
Periods
of
intellectual
achievement
are
periods
of unorthodox
reflection,
[C]
provided by
one’s own teachers.
The
refutation
of
accepted
ideas
can
best
be
[D] excessive
controversy prevents clear thinking,
V
ocabulary
1.
stature
高度，境界，状况
2.
heterodox
不合乎公认的标准的，异
端的，异教的
3.
tacit
心照不宣
4.
refute
反驳
5.
adversary
对立面，对手，敌人
6.
plausible
善于花 言巧语的
/
辞令的，
似乎有理的
/
有可能的
7.
doctrine
教义，学说
8.
profess
表示，
明言，
承认，
自称，
信奉
难句译注
1.
True
gains
more
even
by
the
errors
of
one
who
with due study
and preparation, thinks for himself,
then
by
the
true
opinions
of
those
who
only
hold
them
because
they
do
not
suffer
themselves
to
think.
[
参考译文
]
真理甚至从一个经过恰当研究和准
< br>备进行独立思考的人的错误中获得更多的东西，
而从那些只是因为不予思考却持有
正确的观点
中获得的少
（一种经过恰当的研究和准备进行独
立思考的人犯的错误，
另一种人是不予思考的却
持有正确的观
点，
真理从前者错误中获得的东西
比从后者的正确观点中获得的要多）<
/p>
。
2.
mental slavery
思想禁锢，精神受奴役状态
3.
Never
when
controversy
avoided
the
subjects
which are
large and important enough to
kindle
enthusiasm was the mind of a people
stirred up from
its
foundation
and
the
impulse
given
which
raised
even
persons
of
the
most
ordinary
intellect
to
something of the dignity of thinking
beings.
[
结构简析
]
这是一句以
Never
否定词开头的倒
装句，
正常的句序应把
never
放在句中，形成：
the
mind
of
people
was
never
stirred
up
from
its
foundations
[
参考译文
]
当辩论 比开重大课题，重大到足以
燃起
/
激起人们激
< p>/热情的课题时，那么一个民族
的思想绝不会从天赋的情感和原始的
基础上升
华，
甚至使最普通智力的人上升到优点庄严的思
想家水平上。
4.
The rational position for her would be suspension of
judgement, and unless she contents
herself with that,
she
is
either
led
by
authority,
or
adopts,
like
the
generality
of
the
world,
the
side
to
which
she
feels
the most inclination.
[
参考译文
]
对她来 说理智的立场是停止判断，
而
且除非她满足于这一点，否则，她不是为权
威人
物的观点所左右，
后者就像世界上芸芸众生一样，
< br>倒向她感觉最倾向的一边。
5.
That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or
bring them into teal
contact with her own mind.
[
结构简析
]
do justice to
公平对待，适当处理。
Bring
……
into
contact
with
使和……接触／联
系。
[
参考译文
]
这不是对正确观点评价的方法，也
不能使自己的思想真正接触到论点的实质。
6.
She
must
know
them
in
their
most
plausible
and
persuasive form; she must
feel the whole force of the
difficulty
which
the
true
view
of
the
subject
has
to
encounter and dispose of;
else she will never really
possess
herself
of
the
portion
of
truth
which
meets
and removes that difficulty.
[
结构简析
]
most
plausible
and
persuasive
form
很善于辞令和有说服力形式。
possess
oneself
of
获
得
，
据
有
，
把
…
…
占
为
己
有
。
them=arguments
。
else
否则的话。
7.
Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false
for
anything
they
know;
they
have
never
thrown
themselves
into
the
mental
position
of
those
who
think
differently
form
them
and
considered
what
such
persons
may
have
to
say;
and
consequently
they do not, in any
proper sense of the word, know
the
doctrines which they themselves profess.
[
结构简析
]
throw
oneself
into
…
position
设
身处地，使自己处于……位置／地点。
写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇由一般到具体，重要采用正反对比，推
17
理的写作方法的文章，逻辑性强，正反论证，句子结
构复杂冗长，分两段给出内容，第一段重点在：伟大
的思想家的首要责任
是奠定遵循自己智力所得出的
结论。由此引起思想家和思想活跃的人民同时代环境
的关系。只有思想后月的时期，才有伟大的思想家和
活跃的人民，因为
他们可以讨论重大主题，而在思想
禁锢时期，只能产生个别伟大思想家。第二段具体的<
/p>
论证了独立思考涉及两方面，既如自己一方种种，也
得知对手的一
方种种（内容，推理，论点）
，才能真
正获得真理。
答案详解
１
.
B
独立思考的必 要性。见难句译注１。这里说
明进行独立思考的人即使犯错误，
真理也能 从中
获得东西，
而那些懒于思考人，
即使持有正确的
观点，
真理也难以获得东西。
第一段还点明思想
禁锢时期，
即不能进行独立思考时期，
难以讨论
重大议题，
产生不了活跃的人民，
绝不会出现像
辉煌的
文艺复兴那种时期（见第二题注）
。第二
段也是围绕独立思考而写，只是
从具体点着眼：
人只知自己，
不知对方无法获得真理，
只 有独立
思考两方，
才能不为权威所左右，
不会跟着自己< /p>
感觉走，最终知道自己的真正主张。
A.
理性时代。
C.
驳斥的价值。
D.
激
发人民的思想。
２
.
C
熟悉有利于自 己不同意／反对观点的论点。
这是作者在第二段讲述的重要论点。
他认为 一个
人只知自己一方，
推理极好，
无人能反驳，
却不
知对方的推理，
也不能够予以反驳的话，
他就 无
权选择两方的任一论点，
其理智位置是停止判断。
否则她就会
（像世界上芸芸众生那样）
不是为权
威所
“引导”
，就是跟着感觉（的倾向）走。其
二，
作者提出 ：
光听自己的老师讲述对立面的论
点，以及他们所提出的反驳论点。只是
不够的，
必须倾听那些人
（他们真正相信对立的观点）
的
论点，
并为此积极热情，
竭尽全力辩护，
才能使
自己的思想和独立论点接触，
公正的作出公正的
< br>判断。
A.
具有不能驳斥的观点。
B.
采取个人感觉
最倾向的观点。
D.
停止有利于教条主义研究的
异端思考。
３
.
B
辩论原则问题 。答案在第一段：在思想禁锢
的气氛中，
过去，
现在可能 会产生个别的思想家，
但绝不会有思想活跃的人民，
在那里有一种心照< /p>
不宣的惯律：
原则决不能讨论——认为占据人类
心
灵的最重大问题的讨论应封闭，
我们不能期望
看到一般高级的思想活动。
这种思想活动曾使历
史上某些时期光辉灿烂。
而文艺复兴 就是思想活
动的顶峰时期，
必然会讨论原则问题，
所以选
B
。
A.
接受真理，周经过讨论才能接受真理。
C.
过度的热情。
D.
害怕异端思考。
４
.
C.
在辩论上，坚定不移。这是一道推断题，一
般讲：
持有未经检验的正统信仰的人不会独立思
考，更不会怀疑
他所信仰的东西。
A.
为传统所奴役。
B.
不怎么理智。
D.
头
脑闭塞。这种人必然受传统思想控制，不理
智更不愿接受外界新鲜事物。
５
.
B.
在思想方面 取得成就的时期就是进行非正统
反思的时期。见３题注释。
A.
一个真正的思想家不犯错误。
C.
一个人
的老师最能提供所接受思想观点的反驳。
D.
过度的辩论会制止清晰的思考。
Electricity on Cancer)
Passage
Eleven
(The
Affect
of
Can electricity cause cancer? In a society that literally
runs on electric power,
the very idea seems preposterous.
But
for more than a decade, a growing band of
scientists
and
journalists
has
pointed
to
studies
that
seem
to
link
exposure to electromagnetic fields with
increased risk of
leukemia
and
other
malignancies.
The
implications
are
unsettling,
to
say
the
least,
since
everyone
comes
into
contact
with
such
fields,
which
are
generated
by
everything
electrical,
from
power
lines
and
antennas
to
personal
computers
and
micro-wave
ovens.
Because
evidence
on
the
subject
is
inconclusive
and
often
contradictory,
it has been hard to decide whether concern
about
the
health
effects
of
electricity
is
legitimate
—
or
the worst kind of paranoia.
Now
the
alarmists
have
gained
some
qualified
support
from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
In
the
executive
summary
of
a
new
scientific
review,
released
in
draft
form
late
last
week,
the
EPA
has
put
forward
what
amounts
to
the
most
serious
government
warning
scientific
to
evidence
date.
The
“suggests
agency
tentatively
a
casual
concludes
link”
between
that
extremely
low-frequency
electromagnetic
fields
—
those
having
very
longwave- lengths
—
and
leukemia,
lymphoma and brain cancer, While the
report falls short
of classifying ELF
fields as probable carcinogens, it does
identify
possible, but not
proven, cause of cancer in humans.”
the
common
60-
hertz
magnetic
field
as
“a
The
report
is
no
reason
to
panic
—
or
even
to
lost
sleep.
If
there
is
a
cancer
risk,
it
is
a
small
one.
The
evidence
is
still
so
controversial
that
the
draft
stirred
a
great deal of debate within the Bush
Administration, and
the
EPA
released
it
over
strong
objections
from
the
Pentagon and the Whit House.
But now no one can deny
that
the
issue
must
be
taken
seriously
and
that
much
more research is needed.
At
the
heart
of
the
debate
is
a
simple
and
well-
understood physical phenomenon: When an electric
current
passes
through
a
wire,
tit
generates
an
electromagnetic
field
that
exerts
forces
on
surrounding
objects,
For
many
years,
scientists
dismissed
any
suggestion
that such forces might be harmful, primarily
because
they
are
so
extraordinarily
weak.
The
ELF
magnetic
field
generated
by
a
video
terminal
measures
only
strength
a
few
of
the
milligauss,
earth’s
own
or
magnetic
about
one-hundredth
field,
The
electric
the
fields
surrounding
a
power
line
can
be
as
high
as
10
kilovolts per meter, but the
corresponding field induced
in human
cells will be only about 1 millivolt per meter.
This
is
far
less
than
the
electric
fields
that
the
cells
themselves generate.
How
could
such
minuscule
forces
pose
a
health
danger?
The
consensus
used
to
be
that
they
could
not,
and for decades scientists concentrated
on more powerful
kinds
of
radiation,
like
X-rays,
that
pack
sufficient
wallop to knock electrons out of the
molecules that make
18
up
the
human
body.
Such
“ionizing”
radiations
have
been
clearly
linked
to
increased
cancer
risks
and
there
are regulations
to control emissions.
But
epidemiological
studies,
which
find
statistical
associations between sets of data, do
not prove cause and
effect.
Though
there
is
a
body
of
laboratory
work
showing that exposure to
ELF fields can have biological
effects
on
animal
tissues,
a
mechanism
by
which
those
effects
could
lead
to
cancerous
growths
has
never
been
found.
The Pentagon is for
from persuaded. In a blistering
33-page
charge
its
critique
authors
of
the
with
EPA
having
report,
Air
“biased
Force
the
scientists
entire
document”
toward
proving
a
link.
“Our
reviewers
are
convinced
that
there
is
no
suggestion
that
(electromagnetic
induce or promote cancer,” the Air
Force concludes. “It
fields)
present
in
the
environment
is astonishing that
the EPA would lend its imprimatur on
this report.” Then Pentagon’s concern
is understandable.
There
is
hardly
a
unit
of
the
modern
military
that
does
not depend on
the heavy use of some kind of electronic
equipment, from huge ground-based radar
towers to the
defense systems built
into every warship and plane.
1.
The main idea of this passage is
[A]. studies on the
cause of cancer
[B]. controversial
view-points in the cause of cancer
[C].
the relationship between electricity and cancer.
[D]. different ideas about the effect
of electricity on
caner.
2.
The view-point of the EPA is
[A].
there
is
casual
link
between
electricity
and
cancer.
[B]. electricity really affects cancer.
[C]. controversial.
[D].low
frequency electromagnetic field is a possible
cause of cancer
3.
Why did the Pentagon and Whit House object to the
release of the report? Because
[A].
it
may
stir
a
great
deal
of
debate
among
the
Bush Administration.
[B].
every unit of the modern military has depended
on
the
heavy
use
of
some
kind
of
electronic
[C]. the Pentagon’s
concern was understandable.
equipment.
[D]. they had different
arguments.
4.
It can be inferred from physical phenomenon
[A].
the
force
of
the
electromagnetic
field
is
too
weak to be harmful.
[B]. the force of the electromagnetic
field is weaker
than the electric field
that the cells generate.
[C].
electromagnetic field may affect health.
[D].
only
more
powerful
radiation
can
knock
electron out of human
body.
5.
What
do
you
think
ordinary
citizens
may
do
after
reading the different arguments?
[A].They
are
indifferent.
[B].
They
are
worried very much.
[C].
The
may
exercise
prudent
avoidance.
[C]. They are shocked.
V
ocabulary
1.
preposterous
反常的，
十分荒谬的，
乖戾
的
2.
leukemia
白血病
3.
malignancy
恶性肿瘤
4.
legitimate
合法的，合理的
5.
paranoia
偏执狂，妄想狂。这里指：
无根据的担心。
6.
lymphoma
淋巴瘤
7.
carcinogen
致癌物
8.
minuscule
很小的，很不重要
9.
consensus
舆论
10.
wallop
乱窜，猛冲，冲击力
11.
epidemiological
流行病学的
12.
blistering
罗嗦的，胡扯的
13.
critique
评论，批评
14.
imprimatur
出版许可（官方审查后
的）
，批准
难句译注
1.
Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and
often
contradictory,
it
has
been
hard
to
decide
whether
concern
about
the
health
effects
of
electricity
is
legitimate
—
or
the
worst
kind
of
paranoia.
[
参考译文
]
由于这 问题的证据还不是结论性的，
而且常常是矛盾的，所以就难以断定有关电力对
身体的影响的顾虑是合乎情理，还是毫无根据的
怀疑。
2.
EPA
——
U.S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency
美国环境保护署
3
．
While
the
report
falls
short
(
缺
乏
，
不
够
)
of
classifying
ELF
fields
as
probable
carcinogens,
it
does
identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as
“a
possible,
but
not
pro
ven,
cause
of
cancer
in
humans.”
[
参考译文
]
虽然报告没有把极低频磁场归类为
可能致癌物，
但它确实指出 通常
60
赫兹的磁场是
“一种虽尚未证实，
但可能导致人患癌症的因素。
”
4
．
The
evidence
is
still
so
controversial
that
the
draft
stirred
a
great
deal of debate within the Bush
Administration, and
the EPA released it
over strong objections from the
Pentagon and the Whit House
[
参考译文
]
证据争 议性仍然很大，
所以报告草案
在布什政府内引起巨大的争辩，而环保署无
视无
角大楼和白宫的强烈反对，公布了这份报告。
5.
This is far less than the electric fields that the cells
themselves generate.
[
参考译文
]
这远比细胞所产生的电磁场低的多。
6.
…
and
for
decades
scientists
concentrated
on
more
powerful
kinds
of
radiation,
like
X-rays,
that
pack
sufficient
wallop
to
knock
electrons
out
of
the
molecules that make up the human body.
[
参考译文
]
而且几十 年来，
科学家专注于更为强
大的辐射类别，如Ｘ光射线，其聚合的冲击力
足
以把电子从组成人体的分子中撞出来。
7.
But
epidemiological
studies,
which
find
statistical
19
associations between sets of data, do
not prove cause
and effect.
[
参考译文
]
可是流 行病学的研究发现，
几组资料
在数据方面有所关联，却没有证实其因果关
系。
8.
a body of laboratory work
一批研究成果。
9.
In
a
blistering
33-page
critique
of
the
EPA
report,
Air
“biased the entire
document” toward proving a link.
Force
scientists
charge
its
authors
with
having
[
参考译文
]
在长达
33
页的对环保署文件的十分
< p>尖锐的批评中，空军方面的科学家指责，作者歪
曲整个文件以证明癌症和电
磁场之间的关联。
10.
It
is
astonishing
that
the
EPA
would
lend
its
imprimatur on this report.
[
参考译文
]
令人惊讶的是环保署竟然批准许可
这份报告的出笼。
写作方法与文章大意
文章以问答的方式，对比的写作方法，写出了围绕电
力是否影响健康——是否致癌因素
的两种观点，及其
观点的依据。一种是美国环境保护署为代表的：极低
< br>频磁场是一种可能但还未被证实的致癌因素，而且无
视白宫和五角大楼反对，公布
了这份报告。理由是科
学证据提出了两者之间的关联偶然性。另一种以空军
中科学家为主的观点：电磁场不会诱发或触发癌症，
而且以歪曲整个文件来证
明两者之关系，批评了环保
署。其理由人人皆知。因军队中任一单位都有点——
从地面雷达到舰艇飞机防卫系统。
答案祥解
1.
D
电力对癌症影响的不同观点。文章一开始就提
出了“
电会致癌吗？”这个问题。十多年来，一
大批科学家和新闻界人士都指出：研究结果似乎
表示：接触电磁场可能会增加患白血病和其他恶
性肿瘤的危险性
。所以说到目前为止还难以确定
电力对健康的影响究竟是理性的，
还是杞 人忧天。
见难句注释
1
。第二段公布了环保署的报告，见
难句注释
3
。第三段说明：即使有致癌危险也是
极微的。但应予以认真对待，进行更多的研究。
而第七段中空军方面的科
学家还没有被说服（见
难句注释
9
）
，明 确提出，我们的评论员认为没有
迹象说明环境中存在的电力会诱发或促发癌症。
A.
对致癌因素的研究。
B.
致癌原因方面有争
议的观点，这
两项根本部队，和文内电力毫无关
系。
C.
电力和癌症的关系，文中涉及的是电
力究竟会不会致癌的两种观点，而不是两者之关
系。
2.
A.
电和致癌有一定难以确定的 关系。
答案在第二
段第三句，环保署目前的结论是据科学证据指出
极低频电磁场——具有长波的电磁场——和白血
病，淋巴瘤及脑癌之间
有着难以确定的联系，见
难句注释
3
。
A.
电确实致癌，不对。
C.
有争议的。说的不
够清楚，争议什么。
D.
低频磁场是一个可能
致癌因素。这只是论点的一面。
3.
B.
现代军事的任何部门都一直 依赖于应用大量
应用电子设备。五角大楼和白宫所以反对环保署
公布报告之理由就在此。空军方面的专家所以说
环保署方面的报告“歪曲了整个文件以证
明两者
之间的关系”也在此。见难句注释
4
。所以文内< /p>
说“角大楼的关注是可以理解的。
”
A.
报告会在布什政府内引起大规模的辩论 ，
这是
结果。
C.
五角大楼的关注是可以理解的，这
不是原因。
D.
他们有不同的观点。
4.
磁场力太弱不会产生有害作用。答案在第四段第< /p>
二，三句，当电流通过电缆，产生磁场，对周围
物体产生（影响）
力。许多年来，科学家把任何
有关“这些力可能有害的想法”置于一边（不予
考虑）
，主要是因为它们（所产生的力）非常弱。
B.
磁场力比细胞产生的电磁场弱。
只是明确指出
的事实。
C.
磁场力对人的健康有害。不对。
D.
只有更强的辐射才能把人体中的电子击出来。
不对。
5.
C.
他们会采取谨慎小心避开电 器的途径。
因为他
们不可能象
A
项那样漠 不关心。这种问题直接影
响人的生命。
B.
他们非常担忧。
D.
他们感到震惊，
这两项
都不可能，因为还在争议中，唯一的途
径是尽量
避开和电器接触。
and Rationality)
Passage
Twelve
(Religion
Yet the difference in tome and language must strike
us,
so
soon
as
it
is
philosophy
that
speaks:
that
change
should remind
us that even if the function of religion and
that of reason coincide, this function
is performed in the
two cases by very
different organs. Religions are many,
reason one. Religion consists of
conscious ideas, hopes,
enthusiasms,
and objects of worship; it operates by grace
and flourishes by prayer. Reason, on
the other hand, is a
mere
principle
or
potential
order,
on
which
indeed
we
may come to reflect but which
exists in us ideally only,
without
variation or stress of any kind. We conform or do
not conform to it; it does not urge or
chide us, not call for
any
emotions
on
our
part
other
than
those
naturally
aroused by the various
objects which it unfolds in their
true
nature
and
proportion.
Religion
brings
some
order
into life by weighting it
with new materials. Reason adds
to
the
natural
materials
only
the
perfect
order
which
it
introduces into
them. Rationality
is nothing but a form,
an ideal constitution which experience
may more or less
embody. Religion is a
part of experience itself, a mass of
sentiments
and
ideas.
The
one
is
an
inviolate
principle,
the
other
a
changing
and
struggling
force.
And
yet
this
struggling and
changing force of religion seems to direct
man toward something eternal. It seems
to make for an
ultimate
harmony
within
the
soul
and
for
an
ultimate
harmony between the soul and all that
the soul depends
upon.
Religion,
in
its
intent,
is
a
more
conscious
and
direct
pursuit
of
the
Life
of
Reason
than
is
society,
science,
or
art,
for
these
approach and
fill
out
the
ideal
life tentatively and piecemeal, hardly
regarding the foal
or
caring
for
the
ultimate
justification
of
the
instinctive
aims. Religion also
has an instinctive and blind side and
bubbles
up
in
all
manner
of
chance
practices
and
intuitions;
soon,
however,
it
feels
its
way
toward
the
heart of things, and from
whatever quarter it may come,
veers in
the direction of the ultimate.
Nevertheless,
we
must
confess
that
this
religious
pursuit
of
the
Life
of
Reason
has
been
singularly
abortive.
Those
within
the
pale
of
each
religion
may
20
prevail upon themselves, to express
satisfaction with its
results, thanks
to a fond partiality in reading the past and
generous
draughts
of
hope
for
the
future;
but
any
one
regarding
the
various
religions
at
once
and
comparing
religion in that
[A].
it
is
unaware
of
ultimate
goals.
[B]. it is unimaginative.
[C].
its
findings
are
exact
and
final.
their achievements with
what reason requires, must feel
how
terrible is the disappointment which they have one
and
all
prepared
for
mankind.
Their
chief
anxiety
has
been to offer imaginary remedies for
mortal ills, some of
which are
incurable essentially, while others might have
been
really
cured
by
well-directed
effort.
The
Greed
oracles,
for
instance,
pretended
to
heal
out
natural
ignorance, which has its appropriate
though difficult cure,
while the
Christian vision of heaven pretended to be an
antidote to our natural
death
—
the inevitable correlate of
birth
and
of
a
changing
and
conditioned
existence.
By
methods
of
this
sort
little
can
be
done
for
the
real
betterment of
life. To confuse intelligence and dislocate
sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a
short-sighted way of
pursuing
happiness.
Nature
is
soon
avenged.
An
unhealthy exaltation and a one-sided
morality have to be
followed by
regrettable reactions. When these come. The
real rewards of life may seem vain to a
relaxed vitality,
and
the
very
name
of
virtue
may
irritate
young
spirits
untrained
in
and
natural
excellence.
Thus
religion
too
often
debauches
the
morality
it
comes
to
sanction
and
impedes the
science it ought to fulfill.
What
is
the
secret
of
this
ineptitude?
Why
does
religion, so near to rationality in its
purpose, fall so short
of it in its
results? The answer is easy; religion pursues
rationality
through
the
imagination.
When
it
explains
events
or
assigns
causes,
it
is
an
imaginative
substitute
for science. When it gives precepts,
insinuates ideals, or
remoulds
aspiration,
it
is
an
imaginative
substitute
for
wisdom
—
I mean for the deliberate and impartial pursuit
of all
food. The condition and the aims of life are both
represented in religion poetically, but
this poetry tends to
arrogate to itself
literal truth and moral authority, neither
of which it possesses. Hence the depth
and importance of
religion
becomes
intelligible
no
less
than
its
contradictions
and
practical
disasters.
Its
object
is
the
same
as
that
of
reason,
but its
method
is
to
proceed by
intuition and by
unchecked poetical conceits.
1.
As
“wisdom”
as
used
in
the
passage,
the
author
would
define
[A]. the pursuit of rationality through
imagination.
[B]. an unemotional search
for the truth.
[C].
a
purposeful
and
unbiased
quest
for
what
is
best.
[D]. a short-sighted
way of pursuing happiness
2.
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
[A].
Religion
seeks
the
truth
through
imagination,
reason, in its
search, utilizes the emotions.
[B].
solving man’s
problems.
Religion
has
proved
an
ineffective
tool
in
[C].
Science
seeks
a
piece
meal
solution
to
man’s
questions.
[D]. The functions of philosophy and
reason are the
same.
3.
According
to
the
author,
science
differs
from
[D]. it resembles society and art.
4.
The
author
states
that
religion
differs
from
rationality
in that
[A]. it relies on
intuition rather than reasoning .
[B].
it is not concerned with the ultimate
justification
of its instinctive aims.
[C]. it has disappointed mankind.
[D]. it has inspired mankind.
5.
According
to
the
author,
the
pursuit
of
religion
has
proved to be
[A].
imaginative.
[B].
a
provider of hope
for the future.
[C].
a
highly
intellectual
activity
[D].
ineffectual.
V
ocabulary
1.
grace
恩赐，仁慈，感化，感
思祷告
2.
chide
责备
3.
sentiment
情感
4.
inviolate
不受侵犯的，纯洁的
5.
intent
意义，含义
6.
piecemeal
一件件，
逐渐的，
零碎
的
7.
bubble up
起泡，沸腾，兴奋
8.
veer
改变方向，转向
9.
abortive
夭折的，失败的，中
断的，流产的。
10.
pale
范围，界限
11.
draught
要求
12.
oracle
神谕宣誓，预言，圣
言
13.
antidote
解毒药，矫正方法
14.
correlate
相互关系
15.
dislocate
使离开原来位置，打
乱正常秩序
16.
gratuitous
无偿的，
没有理由的。
17.
debauch
使失落，放荡
18.
sanction
支持，鼓励，认可
19.
impede
妨碍，制止
20.
ineptitude
不恰当，
无能，
愚蠢
21.
insinuate
暗示
22.
remould
重塑，重铸
23.
aspiration
抱负，壮志
24.
arrogate
没来由反把……归
于（
to
）
25.
literal
朴实的，字面的
26.
intelligible
可以理解的。
27.
conceit
幻想，奇想
难句译注
1.
Yet the difference in tome and language must strike
us,
so
soon
as
it
is
philosophy
that
speaks:
that
change should remind us that even if
the function of
religion and that of
reason coincide, this function is
performed in the two cases by very
different organs.
21
[
参考译文
]
可是音 调和语言的差异必然很快的
给我们深刻的印象，就象哲学所说的那样：那种
差异应提乡我们，即使宗教的功能和理性的功能
恰好相符的话，其功能也是通
过不同的器官在两
种不同的情况下完成的。
2.
Reason,
on
the
other
hand,
is
a
mere
principle
or
potential
order,
on
which
indeed
we
may
come
to
reflect
but
which
exists
in
us
ideally
only,
without
variation or stress of
any kind.
[
参考译文
]
另一方面，
理性知识一种原则或者是
潜在的秩序，我们确
实可以在此基础上存在于我
们心中，没有种种变化，或任何压力。
3.
We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge
or
chide
us,
not
call
for
any
emotions
on
our
part
other
than
those
naturally
aroused
by
the
various
objects
which
it
unfolds
in
their
true
nature
and
proportion.
[
参考译文
]
不论我 们是否遵循理性，
它不会极力
或责备我们，除了以事物的本来面目和比例
揭示
各种事物而自然而然的激起我们的感情，它并不
需要我们付
出任何感情。
4.
Religion, in its intent, is a more conscious and direct
pursuit of the
Life of Reason than is society, science,
or
art,
for
these
approach
and
fill
out
the
ideal
life
tentatively and piecemeal, hardly
regarding the foal
or
caring
for
the
ultimate
justification
of
the
instinctive aims.
[
参考译文
]
宗教在 其意义上，
比社会，
科学，
艺
术更自觉，
更直接的追求“理性生活”
，因为这些
东西（社会，科学，艺术）暂时而
又零星的接近
和填补理想的生活，无视目的，也不管其本能的
目
标是否最终证明正确。
5.
one and all
各个都，全部
6.
Those
within
the
pale
of
each
religion
may
prevail
upon
themselves,
to
express
satisfaction
with
its
results, thanks
to a fond partiality in reading the past
and
generous
draughts
of
hope
for
the
future;
but
any one
regarding the various religions at once and
comparing
their
achievements
with
what
reason
requires,
must
feel
how
terrible
is
the
disappointment
which
they
have
one
and
all
prepared for mankind.
[
参考译文
]
处于宗 教领域范围之内的人民也许
会说服自己对其结果表示满意，这要感谢他们在
结实过去和对未来希望宽宏要切上的一种偏爱。
可是任何迅速关注宗教的人，
把其成就和理性所
要求的一切做一比较，必然感到这种种宗教为全
人类作好的失望是实在太可怕了。
7.
To
confuse
intelligence
and
dislocate
sentiment
by
gratuitous fictions is a
short-sighted way of pursuing
happiness.
[
参考译文
]
以无理 的幻想混淆智力，
弄乱正常的
情感是一种短视的追求幸福的方法。
8.
Thus
religion
too
often
debauches
the
morality
it
comes to sanction and impedes
the science it ought
to fulfill.
[
参考译文
]
因此，
宗教常常会使它要支持的道德
堕落沦丧，并妨碍它应该执行的科学任务。
9.
The
condition
and
the
aims
of
life
are
both
represented
in
religion
poetically,
but
this
poetry
tends
to
arrogate
to
itself
literal
truth
and
moral
authority, neither of
which it possesses.
[
参考译文
]
生活的 目标和条件在宗教中诗一般
的呈现，但这种诗意往往把宗教所并不具有的朴
实真理和道德威力没有来由的归于宗教。
写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇用对比手法写出
宗教和理性之差异并着重
描述宗教的文章。有各种中焦，理性只有一个，纵然
两者在功能和目的上有不相同之处，但由于宗教以直
觉，想象力，情感为主
，无视目的，虽比科学，社会
或艺术更自觉，更直接追求理性生活，结果却是失败
和失望，而理性则相反。
答案祥解
1.
C.
一种有目的而又不带偏见对最佳事物的探索。
< p>答案在最后一段，这种愚蠢的秘密是什么？为什
么宗教在目的上那么接近真
理，在其结构和结果
上，却没有理性的一切？答案很简单：宗教是通
过想象来追逐理性，
当它解释事件或阐明原因时，
以虚构的想象来取
代科学，当它训诫，暗示理想
或者重塑抱负时，以想象代替智慧——智慧的意
思是指有意识而又公正的追求一切好东西。
A.
通过想象力追求理性。
B.
不带感情的探
询真理。
C.
追求幸福的短视的方法。
2.
A.
宗教通过想象力寻求真理，而理性的探索却
运用感情。见难句译注
3
，理性（智）是非感情
的。
B.
在解决人类问题上的宗教是一种无效的工具。
C.
科学寻求逐步解决对人类的问题。
D.
哲
学和理性的功能是一样的。
3.
A.
宗教没有 意识（不知道）其最终目的的。见
难句译注
4
，说明宗教 不管（几乎不关注）其目
的，或不关心其本能的目标最终真确与否。
B.
宗教没有想象力。
C.
其成果是确切的，最
终的。
D.
宗教很象科学和艺术。
4.
D.
它激起人 类情感。第一段中说“宗教的挣扎
与不断变化的力量似乎促使人追求某种永恒的东
西，它似乎追求灵魂的最终和谐以及灵魂与灵魂
所依赖的一起事物之间
的永恒的和谐。
”
A.
宗教依赖于直 觉而不是推理。
第一段最后一句：
宗教也有本能和盲目的一面，在各种各
样的偶然
实践和直觉中沸腾。可不久它又向事物内心摸索
前进，
然而不论从哪个方向来，都转想最终方向
（最终多转想这个方向——直觉）
，
文章的最后一
句：宗教的目的和理想的目的一样，而其实现目
的方法是通过直觉和无限止的诗一般的幻想来进
行的。
B.
它不关心其本能的目标最终是否真
确。
C.
它使人类很失望。
5.
D.
无效。第 二段开始就点出：我们得承认宗教
追求理性生活一直是很失败（流产了）
。
A.
有想象力的。
B.
为未来提供希望的。
C.
是一个高度的智力活动。
Coloring)
Passage
Thirteen (Cryptic
Cryptic coloring is by far the commonest use of color
in
the
struggle
for
existence.
It
is
employed
for
the
purpose of attack
(aggressive resemblance or anticryptic
coloring ) as well as of defense
(protective resemblance
22
or procryptic coloring ). The
fact that the same
method
concealment,
may
be
used
both
for
attack
and
defense
has
been
well
explained
by
who
suggests
as
an
illustration the rapidity of
movement which is also made
use
of
by
both
pursuer
and
pursued,
which
is
similarly
raised to a maximum in
both by the gradual dying out of
the
slowest
through
a
series
of
generations.
Cryptic
coloring
is
commonly
associated
with
other
aids
in
the
struggle
for
life.
Thus
well-concealed
mammals
and
birds,
when
discovered,
will
generally
endeavor
to
escape
by
speed
and
will
often
attempt
to
defend
themselves
actively.
On
the
other
hand,
small
animals
which
have
no
means
of
active
defense,
such
as
large,
numbers of insects,
frequently depend upon concealment
alone.
Protective
resemblance
is
far
commoner
among
animals
than aggressive resemblance, in correspondence
with
the
fact
that
predaceous
forms
are
as
a
rule
much
larger
and
much
less
numerous
than
their
prey.
In
the
case
of
insectivorous
Vertebrata
and
their
prey
such
differences
exist
in
an
exaggerated
form.
Cryptic
coloring,
whether
used
for
defense
of
attack,
may
be
either
general
or
special.
In
general
resemblance
the
animal,
in
consequence
of
its
coloring,
produces
the
same effect
as its environment, but the conditions do not
require
any
special
adaptation
of
shape
and
outline.
General
resemblance
is
especially
common
among
the
animal inhabiting some uniformly
colored expanse of the
earth’s
surface,
such
as
an
oc
ean
or
a
desert.
In
the
former, animals of all shapes are
frequently protected by
their
transparent blue color, on the latter, equally
diverse
forms are defended by their
sandy appearance. The effect
of
a
uniform
appearance
may
be
produced
by
a
combination of tints in
startling contrast. Thus the black
and
distance,
white
and
stripes
“their
of
the
proportion
zebra
blend
is
such
together
as
exactly
at
a
little
to
match
seen
by
the
pale
moonlight.”
tint
which
Special
arid
ground
resemblance
possesses
is
when
far
commoner than general and is the form
which is usually
met
with
on
the
diversified
surface
of
the
earth,
on
the
shores, and in
shallow water, as well as on
the floating
masses of algae on the surface of the
ocean, such as the
Sargasso Sea. In
these environments the cryptic coloring
of
animals
is
usually
aided
by
special
modifications
of
shape,
and
by
the
instinct
which
leads
them
to
assume
particular
attitudes.
Complete
stillness
and
the
assumption of a certain
attitude play an essential part in
general resemblance on land; but in
special resemblance
the attitude is
often highly specialized, and perhaps more
important than any other element in the
complex method
by which concealment is
effected. In special resemblance
the
combination of coloring, shape, and attitude is
such
as to produce a more or less exact
resemblance to some
one of the objects
in the environment, such as a leaf of
twig, a patch of lichen, a flake of
bark. In all cases the
resemblance is
to some object which is of no interest to
the enemy or prey respectively. The
animal is not hidden
from
view
by
becoming
indistinguishable
from
its
background as in
the case of general resemblance, but it
is mistaken for some well-know object.
In
seeking
the
interpretation
of
these
most
interesting and
elaborate adaptations, attempts have been
made
along
two
lines.
The
first
seeks
to
explain
the
effect
as
a
result
of
the
direct
influence
of
the
environment
upon
the
individual
(),
or
by
the inherited effects of efforts and
the use and disuse of
parts
(k).
The
second
believes
that
natural
selection
produced the result and afterwards maintained
it
by
the
survival
of
the
best
concealed
in
each
generation. The
former suggestion breaks down when the
complex
nature
of
numerous
special
resemblances
is
appreciated.
Thus
the
arrangement
of
colors
of
many
kinds into an appropriate pattern
requires the cooperation
of
a
suitable
shape
and
the
rigidly
exact
adoption
of
a
certain
elaborate
attitude.
The
latter
is
instinctive
and
thus depends on the central
nervous system. The cryptic
effect is
due to the exact cooperation of all these factors;
and in the present state of science,
the only possible hole
of an
interpretation lies in the theory of natural
selection,
which
can
accumulate
any
and
every
variation
which
tends
toward
survival.
A
few
of
the
chief
types
of
methods
by
which
concealment
is
effected
may
be
briefly
described.
The
colors
of
large
numbers
of
vertebrate
animals
are
darkest
on
the
back
and
become
gradually
lighter on the sides, passing into white on the
belly. Abbot H. Thayer has suggested
that this gradation
obliterates
the
appearance
of
solidity,
which
is
due
to
shadow.
The
color
harmony,
which
is
also
essential
to
concealment,
is
produced
because
the
back
is
of
the
same tint as the
environment (e. g. earth), bathed in the
cold
blue-white
of
the
sky,
while
the
belly,
being
cold
blue-white
and
bathed
in
shadow
and
yellow
earth
reflections
produces
the
same
effects.
This
method
of
neutralizing
shadow
for
the
purpose
of
concealment
by
increased
lightness
of
tint
was
first
suggested
by
n in the case of a larva and a pupa,
but he did
not
appreciate
the
great
importance
of
the
principle.
In
an analogous method an animal in front
of a background
of dark shadow may have
part of its body obliterated by
the
existence
of
a
dark
tint,
the
remainder
resembling,
e.g., a part of a
leaf. This method of rendering invisible
any
part
which
would
interfere
with
the
resemblance
is
well know in mimicry.
1.
The
black
and
white
stripes
of
the
zebra
are
most
useful form
[A].
hunters.
[B].
nocturnal predators
[C].
lions
and
tigers.
[C].
insectivorous
Vertrbrata
2.
Aggressive resemblance occurs when
[A]. a predaceous attitude is assumed.
[B]. special resemblance is utilized.
[C]. an animal relies on speed.
[D]. an animal blends in with its
background.
3.
Special
resemblance
differs
from
general
resemblance in that the
animal relies on
[A]. its ability to
frighten its adversary.
[B].
speed.
[C]. its ability to
assume an attitude.
[D].
mistaken identify
23
4.
The
title
below
that
best
expresses
the
ides
of
this
和在月光下观看贫瘠土地所具有的苍白色泽相
passage is
吻合。
[A]. Cryptic
coloration for Protection.
[B].
5.
In
these
environments
the
cryptic
coloring
of
How Animals Survive.
animals
is
usually
aided
by
special
modifications
[C].
The
uses
of
Mimicry
in
Nature.
of
shape,
and
by
the
instinct
which
leads
them
to
[D]. Resemblances of Animals.
5.
Of the following which is the least common?
[A]. protective
resemblance.
[B].
General resemblance.
[C]. Aggressive resemblance.
[D].
Special
resemblance.
V
ocabulary
1.
cryptic
隐藏的，保护的
cryptic coloring
保护色，隐藏色
2.
predaceous
食肉的，
捕食其他动
物的。
3.
vertebrate
脊椎动物门
4.
tint
色泽，色彩
5.
zebra
斑马
6.
Sargasso
果本马尾藻
7.
twig
嫩枝
8.
lichen
地衣
9.
flake
一片
10.
gradation
等级，层次，分等
11.
obliterate
涂抹，擦去，使消失
12.
larva
幼虫，幼体
13.
pupa
蛹
14.
mimicry
模仿，拟态
15.
nocturnal
夜间发生的，夜出的
16.
insectivorous
食虫的
17.
procryptic
有保护色的，
保护性
的
难句译注
1.
…
the rapidity of movement which is also made use
of by both pursuer and
pursued, which is similarly
raised to a
maximum in both by the gradual dying
out of the slowest through a series of
generations.
[
参考译文
]
追捕动物和被追的动物也利用快
速的动作。
逐渐消除了慢速，而发展到快速顶峰。
2.
Protective
resemblance
is
far
commoner
among
animals
than
aggressive
resemblance,
in
correspondence with the fact
that predaceous forms
are as a rule
much larger and much less numerous
than
their prey.
[
参考译文
]
保护性模仿远比侵犯行模仿要普
遍得多，
这是和下述的情况想配合的：
食肉的
（形
式）
动物，
按惯律总是比他们捕食的对象要大而
且多得多。
3.
The
effect
of
a
uniform
appearance
may
be
produced
by
a
combination
of
tints
in
startling
contrast.
[
参考译文
]
在惊人的对比中，色泽的综合可能
产生外形一致的效果。
4.
…
their proportion is such as exactly to match the
pale tint which arid ground possesses
when seen by
moonlight.
[
参考译文
]
（这里指斑马的黑白条）比例正好
assume particular attitudes.
[
参考译文
]
在这些 环境中，动物的保护色常常
得到特定的形状变化和本能的协作，
这种本能 会
使动物采取特定的姿势。
6.
Complete stillness and the assumption of a certain
attitude
play
an
essential
part
in
general
resemblance
on
land;
but
in
special
resemblance
the
attitude is often highly
specialized
…
[
参考译文
]
绝对静态 和采取一般姿势在陆地
的一般模仿中起很大作用，
而在专门模仿中，
姿
势常常是高度专门化的。
7.
Thus the arrangement of colors of many kinds into
an
appropriate pattern requires the cooperation of a
suitable
shape
and
the
rigidly
exact
adoption
of
a
certain elaborate attitude.
[
参考译文
]
因此许 多类颜色排列成恰当的模
式
/
形式，要求把合适的外形和 严格的采用一定
的精心设计的姿势相结合。
8.
The cryptic effect is due to the exact cooperation of
all
these factors; and in the present state of
science,
the
only
possible
hole
of
an
interpretation
lies
in
the
theory
of
natural
selection,
which
can
accumulate
any
and
every
variation
which
tends
toward
survival.
[
参考译文
]
保护效果是由于所以这些因素确
切合作而形成。
根据目前 科学水平，
唯一的解释
（此种现象）
就是自然选择理论，
它可以累积要
生存的各种变异
/
变种。< /p>
写作方法与文章大意
文章以一般到具体的协作和分类方式写作，第一
段点出生物界生存竞争
中最常用的一种颜色是保护
色，保护色可分为两类：进犯（进攻）型和防卫型。
一般是防御性保护色多于进攻型。而两种类型都可归
纳为一般性模仿和专
门（特定）模仿。居住（栖息）
在单一色泽的地方的动物，如海洋或沙漠，常采用模
仿性保护色——如透明的绿色，土色等，而特定摸刚
的动物则栖息在
多样性的地方，如海岸，浅水，海洋
表面等。特定模仿还需要有改变形状姿势之协作，使
其看起来像客观环境中的某物，某种身份
mistaken
identify.
第二段涉及有关模仿性的解释的探索，结
果为二。
一种观点是环境直接影响的结果。第二种是自然选择
的
结果。当人们理解了许多特定模仿的复杂特性时，
第一种解释就不能成立了。这说明保护
效果是一切因
素——合适的外形和某种精心设计的姿势等——合
作而成。按现在科学水平来解释，只能归之“自然选
择”理论，然后是用具体例子来证实
。
答案祥解
1.
B.
夜间活动的食肉动物。见难 句译注
4
，斑马的
黑白相间颜色的比例正好和月光下所见
的贫瘠土
地的苍白的色泽相吻合。当然能保护斑马夜间免
遭这些
食肉动物的袭击。
A.
捕
获
者
。
C.
狮
子
和
老
虎
。
24
D.
食虫的脊椎动物
stately homes. The location needs to be studied and then
2.
A.
在装成捕食其他动物的姿势时。
a
decision
can
be
made
as
to
what
kinds
of
colors
and
B.
应该专门模仿。
C.
动物依赖速度。
textures
will
harmonize
best
with
the
surroundings
and
D.
动物和背景混在一起。
3.
D.
搞错
/
认错了动物
（身份）
（
mistaken identify
认
错了人之义）
。
见 第一段最后一句话，
它不像一般
模仿那样，通过动物和背景难以辨别从而
从视觉
中隐藏起来，它是被误认为某种著名动物。
A.
用以吓走它的对手（敌人）的能力。
B.
速
度。
C.
采用某种姿势的能力。
4.
C.
自然界模拟的运动。
文章一开始就点命保护色
迄今为止生存斗争中最常用的一种颜色，常用于
进攻和防卫。保护色常和其他措施相配合，首先
提到速度，
1
。
然后讲到保护色分类，
一般（普通）和特殊（专门）模拟
/
模仿。第二段
解释
或说明模拟适应性。
第一种解释为环境使然
/
影响。第二
种认为是自然界选择之结果。
A.
为了保卫的保护色。
B.
动物是如何存活
下来。
D.
动物之模仿性。
5.
C.
进攻性（侵犯性）模仿。见难句译注
2
。
A.
保护色模仿。
B.
一般性模仿。
D.
专项模仿。
(Pageants)
Passage
Fourteen
Pageants
are
usually
conceived
on
a
fairly
large
scale,
often
under
the
auspices
of
some
local
or
civic
authority or at any rate in connection
with local groups
of
some
kind.
This
sometimes
means
that
there
is
an
allocation of funds available
for the purpose of mounting
the
production, though unfortunately this will usually
be
found to be on the meager side and
much ingenuity will
have to be used to
stretch it so that all performers can be
adequately clothed.
Most
pageants
have
a
historical
flavour
as
they
usually
come
about
through
the
celebration
of
the
anniversary of some event of historic
importance, or the
life
or
death
of
some
local
worthy.
Research
among
archives
and
books
in
the
public
library
will
probably
prove
very
useful
and
produce
some
workable
ideas
which
will
give
the
production
an
especially
local
flavour.
From the first economy will have to be practiced
because
there
are
usually
a
great
number
of
people
to
dress. Leading characters can be
considered individually
in
the
same
way
as
when
designing
for
a
play;
but
the
main body of the
performers will need to be planned in
groups
and
the
massed
effect
must
be
always
borne
in
mind.
Many pageants take
place in daylight in the open
air. This
is an entirely different problem from designing
costumes which are going to be looked
at under artificial
lighting; for one
thing, scenes viewed in the daylight are
subject
to
many
more
distractions.
No
longer
is
everything
around
cut out
by
the
surrounding
darkness,
but
instead
it
is
very
easy
to
be
aware
of
disturbing
movement
in
the
audience
of
behind
the
performers.
Very
theatrically
conceived
clothes
do
not
always
look
their
best
when
seen
in
a
daylight
setting
of
trees,
verdant lawns and old ivy-covered
walls; the same goes
for costumes being
worn in front of the mellow colors of
conditions and then to carry this out
as far as possible on
the funds
available.
If
money
is
available
to
dress
the
performers
without
recourse
to
their
own
help
in
the
provision
of
items, it is best to arrange
for all the cutting and pinning
together
of
the
costumes
to
be
done
by
one
or
two
experienced
people
than
to
be
given
out
to
the
groups
and
individuals for completion. When there is little
or no
money
at
all,
the
garments
need
to
be
reduced
to
the
basic necessities. Cloaks and shawls
become invaluable,
sheets
and
large
bath
towels
and
bath
sheets
are
admirable
for
draping.
Unwanted
curtains
and
bed
spreads
can
be
cut
to
make
tunics,
robes
and
skirts.
These
are
particularly
valuable
if
they
are
of
heavy
fabrics such as
velvet or chenille.
Colors
should
be
massed
together
so
that
there
are
contrasting
groups
of
dark
and
light,
this
will
be
found
to
help
the
visual
result
substantially.
Crowds
of
people
gathered
together
in
a
jumble
of
colors
will
be
ground to look quite purposeless and
will lack dramatic
impact.
The
use
of
numbers
of
identical
head-dresses,
however
simply
made,
are
always
effective
when
working with groups. If
these are made of cardboard and
painted
boldly the cost can be almost negligible. Helmets,
hats and plumes will all
make quite a show even if the
costumes
are
only
blandest
or
sheets
cleverly
draped.
The same can be said of the use of
banners, shields and
poles with stiff
pennants and garlands
—
anything which
will
help
to
have
a
unifying
effect.
Any
kind
of
eye-catching
device
will
always
go
with
a
flourish
and
add excitement to the scenes.
1.
The main idea of this passage is
[A].
Pageants.
[B].
Costumes on the stage.
[C].
Costumes
for
pageants.
[D].
How
to arrange a pageant.
2.
It
can
be
inferred
that
the
most
important
factor
in
costume design is
[A].
money.
[B].
color.
[C].
harmony
[D]. texture
3.
Why
will
much
ingenuity
have
to
be
required
in
costume
design?
[A]. Because pageants take
place in daylight in the
open air.
[B].
Because
different
characters
require
different
costumes.
[C].
Because
the
colors
and
textures
must
be
in
harmony with the setting.
[D]. Because an allocation of the funds
available is
usually rather small.
4.
Why do most pageants have a historical flavour?
[A].
Because
most
pageants
take
place
for
celebration.
[B]. Many
pageants take place for amusement.
[C].
A lot of pageants take place for religion.
25
[D].
Because
pageants
usually
take
place
for
competition.
V
ocabulary
1.
conceive
设想，想象
to be conceived
设想好的，
构思
好的
2.
under
the
auspices
of
在……的主办
下
3.
meager
贫乏的，
不足的
4.
mount
登上，
制作，
上
演
5.
flavour
风味，风格，情
趣
6.
archive(s)
档案（馆）
7.
distraction
使人分心的事
8.
ivy
常春藤
9.
mellow
柔和的
10.
recourse (to)
依赖，求助于
11.
drape
覆盖，披上
12.
invaluable
无价的，非常
贵重的
13.
tunic
（古时）长达
膝盖的外衣，穿在盔甲上的战袍
14.
chenille
绳绒绒（织品）
15.
jumble
混乱，搞乱
16.
pennant
细长三角旗
17.
garland
花环，花冠
难句译注
1.
This sometimes means that there is an allocation of
funds
available
for
the
purpose
of
mounting
the
production,
though unfortunately this will usually be
found to be on the meager side and much
ingenuity
will
have
to
be
used
to
stretch
it
so
that
all
performers can be adequately clothed.
[
结构简析
]
复合结 构。
That
是主句的宾语从句，
从句后再有从句。
[
参考译文
]
这种情况，
有时就表示有一个可用于
演出目的资金配额。遗憾的是
配额一般都少而不
足，就得动用非常之才能细细的使用金额，使所
有的演员都能穿上合适的戏装。
2.
Most
pageants
have
a
historical
flavour
as
they
usually
come
about
through
the
celebration
of
the
anniversary of some event of historic
importance, or
the life or death of
some local worthy.
[
结构简析
]
主从句
[
参考译文
]
大多数 露天演出都带有历史情调，
因
为这些戏一般是通过庆祝某个重大的历史事
件，
或庆祝当地某个值得纪念的人诞辰或逝世周年而
产生的。<
/p>
3.
This is an entirely different problem from designing
costumes
which
are
going
to
be
looked
at
under
artificial
lighting; for one thing, scenes viewed in the
daylight
are
subject
to
many
more
distractions.
No
longer
is
everything
around
cut
out
by
the
surrounding darkness, but instead it is
very easy to
be aware of
disturbing movement in the audience of
behind the performers.
[
结构简析
]
复合结构：
主句
this is
后有定语从句，
which
修饰
costumes
。从句中又套从句。
[
参考译文
]
这和人 为灯光下看的设计服装完全
不一样。首先，白天看到幕景易于受许多因素影
响，
不再能用一片漆黑的环境把周围的一切隔开，
而是相反，
演员后和观众中有点纷乱的动作，很
容易看到。
4.
Very
theatrically
conceived
clothes
do
not
always
look
their
best
when
seen
in
a
daylight
setting
of
trees,
verdant
lawns
and
old
ivy-covered
walls;
the
same
goes
for
costumes
being
worn
in
front of
the
mellow colors of stately
homes.
[
结构简析
]
并列句，
中用分号隔开。
第一句中有
when
seen
连词
+
过去分词，实质起从句作用。第
二句是主从句。
[
参考译文
]
设计出的非常具有戏剧性效果的服
装，在光天化日，有
树木，有绿茵茵的草地，又
有爬满常春藤的古老围墙的背景下，经常看起来
是不起眼：在堂皇的住宅四周一片和色调前，所
穿的服装效果同样不太好。<
/p>
5.
If money is available to dress the performers without
recourse to their own help in the
provision of items,
it
is
best
to
arrange
for
all
the
cutting
and
pinning
together
of
the
costumes
to be
done by
one
or
two
experienced
people
than
to
be
given
out
to
the
groups and
individuals for completion.
[
结构简析
]
条件句 ，
主句为逻辑主句，
注意中间
两个被动不定式。
To be done by, than to be given
out,
这里的
than
起连词作用。
[
参考译文
]
如果有 钱可以为演员着装而不用求
助自己供应种种物件，那么最好把所有的戏装的
裁减和缝制交给一，两个有经验人去干，而不是
让群体演员和单个演员去完成
。
写作方法与文章大意
< /p>
文章论述露天演出的服装问题，由于露天演出不
同于室内，
剧院内演出，
要从各个方面考虑服装问题，
才能获得应有的舞台
效果。作者从资金多少，地方色
彩，露天，白天，颜色搭配等方面来论述服装。写法
多种，有因果，对比，举例等。
答案祥解
1.
C.
露天演出的服装。第一段末尾已经点明，
“一
般认为露天演出规模宏大，常常是由某个地方或
当局
（民政局 主办赞助）
，
或总是和某个地方集团
有关。这意味着有用
于演出目的资金配额，遗憾
的是配额一般很少，必须动用非常的才能，细细
的使用资金，
所有演员才能窗上恰当的服装。
”
其
他各段各有重点，但都是服务于剧装这一中心。
A.
露天演出。
B.
舞台剧装
（包括剧场）
。
D.
如何安排露天演出；涉及面或大或小，不适合。
2.
C.
和谐。服 装设计中最重要的因素是和谐。这
一点在几段中都提到，第二段最后一句“演员的
主题必须以群体设计，头脑中必须经常记住群体
效果。
”
第三段最后一句
“必须研究演出的地理位
置，
决出什么样的颜色和织物，
能和环境，
条件，
达到
最完美和谐。
”第五段专讲颜色搭配，
“应当
从总体考虑
颜色，这样才有亮和暗的群体对比，
帮助产生实感的视觉效果，一群穿着杂七杂八颜
色服装的演员聚集在一起看起来乱哄哄。缺乏戏
剧效果。
26
A.
钱。
钱要考虑。
出前两段外，
第三段最后一句，
讲完和谐后，也提到“尽可能以能到手的
资金加
以实现这决定。
”
第四段中
“在钱 很少或是没有钱
的情况下，
服装得降到基本需要”
，
下面就讲利用
被单，浴巾，窗帘做服装，所以钱在服装设计中
很重要，但不能列为最重要因素，有钱没有钱都
得以服装协调为主。
B.
颜色。
D.
织品。同样都的服从和谐这一前提。
3.
D.
因为能得到资金的配额都很 少。
第一段最后一
句话，见第一题译注。
A.
因为在光天化日下演出。
B.
因为不同演
员要求不同服装。
C.
颜色和织物必须和布
景谐调。这些只是考虑的因素。见上面译文。
4.
A.
因为大多数露天演出都是为 纪念庆祝。
第二段
第一句“露天演出一般都是某个具有历史意义事
件，或者当地某个值得纪念的人物的诞辰和逝世
周年，
所以大多数露天演出都具有历史纪念色彩。
”
B.
许多露天演出是为了娱乐。
C.
许多露天
演出是为了宗教。
D.
因为露天演出一般是
参与竞赛。三项都不对。
Wave of Feminism)
Passage
Fifteen
(The
Second
The statistics
I’ve cited
and the living examples are
all too familiar to you. But what
may not be so familiar
will be the
increasing number of women who are looking
actively for advancement of for a new
job in your offices.
This
woman
may
be
equipped
with
professional
skills
and
perhaps valuable experience, She will not be
content
to
Assistant
be
Executive
Vice
President’s
Assistant
Girl
to
Mr.
Friday,
Seldom
who
Seen
is
the
of
only
the
one who comes in on
Saturday.
She is the symbol of what I call the Second Wave of
Feminism. She is the modern woman who
is determined
to be.
Her
forerunner
was
the
radical
feminist
who
interpreted
her
trapped
position
as
a
female
as
oppression
by
the
master
class
of
men.
Men,
she
believed, had
created a domestic, servile role for women
in
order
that
men
could
have
the
career
and
the
opportunity
to
participate
in
making
the
great
decisions
of
society.
Thus
the
radical
feminist
held
that
women
through
history
had
been
oppressed
and
dehumanized,
mainly
because
man
chose
to
exploit
his
wife
and
the
mother
of
his
children.
Sometimes
it
was
deliberate
exploitation and sometimes it was the
innocence of never
looking beneath the
pretensions of life.
The
radical
feminists
found
strength
in
banding
together.
Coming
to
recognize
each
other
for
the
first
time, they could explore their own
identities, realize their
own
power,
and
view
the
male
and
his
system
as
the
common enemy. The
first phases of feminism in the last
five years often took on this militant,
class-warfare tone.
Betty
Friedan,
Gloria
Steinem,
Germaine
Greer,
and
many
others
hammered
home
their
ideas
with
a
persistence
that
aroused
and
intrigued
many
of
the
brightest
and
most
able
women
in
the
country.
Consciousness-raising
groups allowed women to explore
both
their identities and their
dreams
—
and the two were
often found in direct conflict.
What is the stereotyped
role of American women?
Marriage.
A
son.
Two
daughters.
Breakfast.
Ironing.
Lunch.
Bowling,
maybe
a
garden
club
of
for
the
very
daring,
non-credit
courses
in
ceramics.
Perhaps
an
occasional
cocktail party. Dinner. Football or baseball on
TV
.
Each
day
the
same.
Never
any
growth
in
expectations
has succeeded.
The inevitable question: “Is that all there
—
unless
it
is
growth
because
the
husband
is to life?”
The
rapid
growth
of
many
feminist
organizations
attests to the
fact that these radical feminists had touched
some vital nerves. T
year of
the death of the magazine “Life.” But too often
he magazine “Ms.” was born in the
the
consciousness-raising
sessions
became
ends
in
themselves.
Too
often
sexism
reversed
itself
and
man-hating
was
encouraged.
Many
had
been
with
the
male chauvinist.
It is not
difficult, therefore, to detect a trend toward
moderation.
Consciousness- raising
increasingly
is
regarded
as
a
means
to
independence
and
fulfillment,
rather
than
a
ceremony
of
fulfillment
itself.
Genuine
independence
can
be
realized
through
competence,
through
finding
a
career,
through
the
use
of
education.
Remember
that
for
many
decades
the
education
of
women was
not supposed to be useful.
1.
What was the main idea of this passage?
[A]. The Second Wave
of Feminist.
Women’s Independen
t Spirits.
[B].
[C]. The Unity of Women.
[D].
The Action of Union.
2.
What was the author’s attitude toward the radical?
[A].
He
supported
it
wholeheartedly.
[B].
He opposed it strongly.
[C].
He
disapproved
to
some
extent.
[D]. He ignored it
completely.
3.
What does the word “militant” mean?
[A].
Aggressive.
[B].
Ambitions.
[C].
4,
What was the radical feminist’s view point about the
Progressive.
[D]. Independent.
male?
[A].
Women were exploited by the male.
[B].
Women were independent of the male.
[C]. Women’s lives were deprived by the
male.
[D]. The male were their
common enemy.
V
ocabulary
1.
trapped
被诱入圈套的，
陷阱
2.
servile
屈从的，
奴隶的，
奴性的
3.
dehumanized
使失去人
/
个性
的
4.
pretension
要求，
权利，
借
口
5.
look beneath
看到下面
6.
band
together
紧密团结在一
起
7.
explore
探索，考察
8.
phase
阶段，方面，
27
形式
9.
class-warfare
阶级斗争
10.
hammer home
硬性灌输
hammer
home
an
idea
into
sb.
硬
向某人灌输某种观念
11.
intrigue
使着迷，密谋，
用诡计取得
12.
stereotype
固定不变的，
陈
规旧习的
13.
attest
证明，
证实，
表
明
14.
chauvinist
沙文主义者，
男
子至上主义这
15.
moderation
（
政治，
宗教上）
稳健中庸，缓和
16.
fulfillment
臻于完善，发
挥潜在能力
17.
sexism
性别歧视（常
指其实妇女）
18.
be
independent
of
独立于 ……之
外，不受……控制
/
支配
难句译注
1.
She will not be content to be Executive Assistant to
Mr.
Seldom
Seen
of
the
Assistant
Vice
President’s
Girl
Friday,
who
is
the
only
one
who
comes
in
on
Saturday.
这是作者杜撰的名字，
含有讽刺内涵。
Mr. Seldom
Seen
很少见到的先生。
说明公司很 难见到他。
那
么做他的助手就是她替他干一切活。
星期五 姑娘。
星期五是《鲁滨逊漂流记》中的一个人物，是鲁
滨逊的仆
人。这位星期六休假日来上班的姑娘，
当然得干主人的一切活。
[
参考译文
]
她不会 满意做
“很少见”
先生的助手，
也不愿做助理副主席的星
期五姑娘，那位姑娘是
唯一的一个星期六来上班的人。
2.
Men,
she
believed,
had
created
a
domestic,
servile
role
for
women
in
order
that
men
could
have
the
career
and
the
opportunity
to
participate
in
making
the great decisions of society.
[
结构简析
]
she
believed
形式上插入语，实际
Men
句是它的宾语从句。
In
order
that
义：为的
是。目的状语。
[
参考译文
]
她认为 男人为妇女创制了一个持家
操劳的奴隶角色，为的是男人可以获得事业和机
遇参与决定重大的社会抉择。
3.
Thus
the
radical
feminist
held
that
women
through
history
had
been
oppressed
and
dehumanized,
mainly
because
man
chose
to
exploit
his
wife
and
the
mother
of
his
children.
Sometimes
it
was
deliberate
exploitation
and
sometimes
it
was
the
innocence of never looking beneath the
pretensions
of life.
[
结构简析
]
两句句子。前一句的宾语为主从句，
后为并列句。
[
参考译文
]
于是，
激进女权主义者认为综观历史，
妇女一直是被压迫被奴役，被非人化，主
要原因
就是因为男人就是想剥削他的妻子，孩子们的母
亲。有时
是有意的剥削；有时是由于没有透过生
活的假象看到问题的实质，是无知所致。
4.
Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, Germaine Greer, and
many
others
hammered
home
their
ideas
with
a
persistence
that
aroused
and
intrigued
many
of
the
brightest and most able women in the
country.
[
参考译文
]
Betty
Friedan
，
Gloria
Steinem
，
Germaine Greer
，
以及其他许多激进女权主义者坚
持不懈的强行灌输（推行）他
们的思想，幻想并
吸引了国内无数最聪容，最能干的妇女。
写作方法与文章大意
文章论述“争取女权运动的妇女”
，也可以说是
女权运动的第二次浪潮
。作者从历史上的女权运动激
进分子观点谈起：妇女为男人所奴役，剥削。因为男
的想独揽决策社会的大权，到女子觉醒，认识自己和
自己的力量，把男
人视作她们共同的敌人。最后是目
前向缓冲发展的趋势，也是作者观点。
答案祥解
1.
A.
第二次女权运动的浪潮。< /p>
在第一段，
一般性描
述之后
（见难句译注< /p>
1
）
，
作者画龙点睛的指明
“她
就是我所指的第二次女权运动浪潮的象征。她是
决心要成为的现代妇
女的代表。
”
以后的文章就是
围绕女权运动而写的。见文
章大意。
B.
妇女的独立精神。
这只是女权运动中部分内容。
C. <
/p>
妇女团结。
第三段一开始就提到
“激进女权主
义者发现了紧密团结在一起的力量。
”
也是女权运
动的
部分内容。
D.
团结运动。
2.
C.
有点不赞成。这在最后两段 表现的最为明显：
“许多女权运动组织迅速发展证明这些激进争取
女权的人触到了某些活跃的神经。
（非常活跃）
。
Ms
杂志就在《生活》停刊那年诞生。可是唤起
觉醒的会议常常成为这些活动的目的。性别歧视
（歧视妇女）
也常常颠 倒过来并且提倡憎恨男人。
许多人曾是男权至上主义者。
”
“因此，察觉向平
和中的趋向发展并不难。提高觉悟的做法越来越
被认为是独立与成就的方式，而不是庆贺成就本
身的仪式。真正的独立是能够通过能
力，通过寻
找一份事业，通过应用教育加以实现。要记住，
几十
年来，
妇女教育被认为是无用的。
”
如果是倒
数第二段是作者对激进分子有点批评，不满的态
度的表现，那么最后一段就是作者的
观点：独立
是靠塌实工作，提高妇女自身的能力来实现的。
A.
他全心全意的拥护。
B.
他强烈反对。
不完
全如此。
D.
他完全忽视不顾。
3.
A.
好斗的。
（斗争性强的）
。第三段第三句：
“在
最近
5
年中女权运动首要方面常常具 有这种好斗
的阶级斗争调子。
”
B.
野心的。
C.
进步的。
D.
独
立的。
4.
D.
男人是她们共同的敌人。第三段：
“激进女权
运动分子在紧密团结中找到了力量。第一次她们
认识了自己，她们可以探索自
我，意识到她们的
力量，把男人及其制度视为她们共同的敌人。
”
A.
妇女为男人们所剥削。
这在第三段中讲 到，
见
难句译注
3
。这是妇女观点中具体 内容之一。也
是为什么说男人及制度是她们共同敌人的原因之
一
。
B.
妇女不受男人支配。
C.
男
人剥夺了女人生活。
28
in Computer)
Passage
Sixteen
(Crime
New
and
bizarre
crimes
have
come
into
being
with
the
advent
of
computer
technology.
Organized
crime
to
has been directly involved;
the new technology offers it
unlimited
opportunities,
such
as
data
crimes,
theft
of
services,
property-related
crimes,
industrial
sabotage,
politically
related
sabotage,
vandalism,
crimes
against
the individual and
financially related crimes
…
Theft of data, or data crime, has attracted the interest
of organized criminal syndicates. This
is usually the theft
or
copying
of
valuable
computer
grogram.
An
criminal
groups, both national and international. It calls
on
them
to
pool
their
resources
and
increase
their
cooperative efforts, because many of
these crimes are too
complex
for
one
group
to
handle,
especially
those
requiting
a
vast
network
of
fences.
Although
criminals
have
adapted
to
computer
technology,
law
enforcement
has
not.
Many
still
think
in
terms
of
traditional
criminology.
1.
How
many
kinds
of
crimes
are
mentioned
in
the
passage?
[A].
7.
[B].
8.
[C].
9.
international market already exists for
computerized data,
and specialized
fences are said to be playing a key role in
this rapidly expanding criminal market.
Buyers for stolen
programs may range
from a firm’s competitors to foreign
nations.
A
competitor
sabotages
a
company’s
computer
system to destro
y or cripple the firm’s operational ability,
thus
neutralizing
its
competitive
capability
either
in
the
private or the government
sector. This computer sabotage
may
also
be
tied
to
an
attempt
by
affluent
investors
to
acquire
the
victim
firm.
With
the
growing
reliance
by
firms
on
computers
for
their
recordkeeping
and
daily
operations,
sabotage
of
their
computers
can
result
in
internal
havoc,
after
which
the
group
interested
in
acquiring
the
firm
can
easily
buy
it
at
a
substantially
lower
price.
Criminal
groups
could
also
resort
to
sabotage
if
the
company
is
a
competitor
of
a
business
owned or controlled by
organized crime.
Politically
motivated
sabotage
is
on
the
increase;
political
extremist
groups
have
sprouted
on
every
continent. Sophisticated computer
technology arms these
groups with
awesome powers and opens technologically
advanced
nations
to
their
attack.
Several
attempts
have
already
been made to destroy computer facility at an air
force
base.
A
university
computer
facility
involved
in
national
defence work suffered more than $$2 million in
damages as a result of a bombing.
Computer vulnerability has been amply documented.
One
congressional
study
concluded
that
neither
government nor private computer systems
are adequately
protected
against
sabotage.
Organized
criminal
syndicates
have
shown
their
willingness
to
work
with
politically
motivated
groups.
Investigators
have
uncovered
evidence
of
cooperation
between
criminal
groups
and
foreign
governments
in
narcotics.
Criminal
groups
have
taken
attempts
in
assassinating
political
leaders
…
.
Computers
are
used
in
hospital
life-support
system, in laboratories, and in major
surgery. Criminals
could
easily
turn
these
computers
into
tools
of
devastation.
By
sabotaging
the
computer
of
a
life-support system,
criminals could kill an individual as
easily
as
they
had
used
a
gun.
By
manipulating
a
computer,
they
could
guide
awesome
tools
of
terror
against
large
urban
centers.
Cities
and
nations
could
become hostages. Homicide could take a
now form. The
computer
may
become
the
hit
man
of
the
twentieth
century.
The computer opens vast areas of crime to organized
[D].
10
2.
What
company’s computer?
is
the
purpose
of
a
competitor
to
sabotage
a
[A]. His
purpose is to destroy or weaken the firm’s
operational ability.
[B].
His
purpose
is
to
weaken
firm’s
competitive
capability and get it.
[C].
His purpose is to buy the rival’s company at a
relatively low price.
[D].
His purpose is to steal important data.
3.
Which
of
the
following
can
be
labeled
as
a
politically
motivated
sabotage
of
a
computer
system?
[A]. Sabotage of a
university computer.
[B]. Sabotage of a
hospital computer.
[C]. Sabotage of
computer at a secret training base.
[D]. Sabotage of a factory computer.
4.
What does the author mean by “Homicide could take
a new
form”?
[A].
There
is
no
need
to
use
a
gun
in
killing
a
person.
[B].
Criminals
can
kill
whoever
they
want
by
a
computer.
[C]. The computer can replace any
weapons.
[D]. The function of a
computer is just like a gun.
V
ocabulary
1.
bizarre
奇怪的
2.
vandalism
破坏，
故意破坏文化，
艺术的行为
3.
cripple
使瘫痪，削弱
4.
fence
贼市，脏品买卖处
5.
neutralize
使成为无效
6.
affluent
富裕的
7.
recordkeeping
记录存贮
8.
havoc
浩劫，大破坏
9.
resort to
求助于，借助于
10.
motivate
作为……的动机，激
发
11.
extremist
过激分子，极端主义
分子
12.
sprout
萌发迅速发展
13.
awesome
令人惊惧的，
引起敬畏
的
14.
vulnerability
易受攻击，脆弱
15.
devastation
劫持，破坏
16.
hospital life- support system
医院的生命维持系统
17.
hit man
职业凶手（杀手）
29
18.
pool
集中（资金）合办，
入股
19.
criminology
犯罪学，刑事学
难句译注
1.
Organized crime to has been directly involved;
the
new
technology
offers
it
unlimited
opportunities,
such
as
data
crimes,
theft
of
services,
property-related
crimes,
industrial
sabotage,
politically
related
sabotage,
vandalism,
crimes
against
the
individual
and
financially
related
crimes
…
[
结构简析
]
句子很长，都是简单句，中间有分号
隔开，后面是举例。
[
参考译文
]
有组织犯罪团伙也直接参 与：计算机
新技术较为犯罪提供了无限的机会，如数据信息
犯罪
，偷窃服务项目，跟财产有关的犯罪，工业
破坏，跟政治有关的破坏，破坏文化艺术，对
个
人和财经方面的罪行等等。
2.
An
international
market
already
exists
for
computerized
data,
and
specialized
fences
are
said
to
be
playing
a
key
role
in
this
rapidly
expanding
criminal market.
[
结构简析
]
并列句，
and
作对比连接词用。
[
参考译文
]
一个计算机信息的国际市 场已经存
在，而专门从事脏品交易的市场据说在迅速扩展
的犯罪
市场中起着关键的作用。
3.
A
system
competitor
to
destroy
sabotages
or
cripple
a
the
company’s
firm’s
operational
computer
ability,
thus
neutralizing
its
competitive
capability
either in the private or the government
sector.
[
结构简析
]
主谓宾 补结构，后跟
thus+
从句表示
结果。
[
参考译文
]
竞争对手破坏一个公司的 计算机系
统为的是摧毁或削弱公司的操作运行能力，从而
使其丧
失在私人或政府部门中的竞争力。
4.
The
computer
opens
vast
areas
of
crime
to
organized
criminal
groups,
both
national
and
international. It calls on
them to pool their resources
and
increase their cooperative efforts, because many
of
these
crimes
are
too
complex
for
one
group
to
handle, especially those requiting a
vast network of
fences.
[
结构简析
]
两句话。前一句为主谓宾 ，后一句为
主从句，从句内采用
too
…
to
句型，后跟分词独
立结构进一步说明。
[
参考译文
]
计算机为国内和国际有组 织犯罪集
团开辟了犯罪的广泛领域。
它要求它们集中资源，
提高通力协作力量，因为许多犯罪太复杂，一个
集团难以驾驭，特别是那些需
要巨大的脏品交易
时常网络的罪行。
写作方法与文章大意
文章介绍“计算机犯罪”
，采用分类写作手法，
先列出种种计算机犯罪项，下面逐一说明。文本只
选
四种犯罪——信息数据偷窃或信息（数据）犯罪，产
业破坏，
政治破坏，对个人生命破坏。分四段叙述，
每段为一种罪行，最后是对比罪犯势力越来越
有组织，
势力请大，而司法部门却没有准备好。
答案祥解
1.
B.
８种，具体罪行。见难句译注１。
2.
B.
他的目的是削弱公司竞争力进而得到它。
答案
见难句译注２及第二段第二句起：
“计算机破坏也
可以和富裕
的投资者欲得到对手的公司的企图相
连。随着公司对计算机记录存储的信赖性加强，
破坏他们的计算机可以造成内部大破坏。之后，
对取得这个公司感性
趣的集团很容易在级低价格
上买进。
”
A.
削弱公司运转能力。
C.
在相当低的价
格上买进对手的公
司。这两个选项都只是破坏目
的的一个方面。
D.
偷窃重要资料，
文内没有
讲。
3.
C
破坏秘密训练基础。这可以标以政治目的的破
坏计算机。
A.
大学
B.
医院
D.
工厂。
这三
个地
方都难以和政治直接相连，第三段讲的大学
是
“参与国防保卫工作的大学 计算机措施”
，
和一
般大学不一样。只有秘密训练的基地
和真正相连
的可能性最大，所以选
C.
4.
B.
犯罪可以通过计算机任意杀 人。
答案在第五段：
“犯罪集团曾采取步骤暗杀政治领袖。医院的生
命维护系统，实验室，大型外科手术中都用计算
机。罪犯们很容易把
这些计算机转变成破坏的工
具。通过破坏生命维护系统计算机，罪犯们就像
用枪一样很容易杀死人。通过控制计算机，他们
可以指导这可怖的工具攻击大
城市中心。城市和
国家都可以成为人质。谋杀具有新的形式，计算
机可能成为２１世纪的事业杀手。
”
A.
杀人不需要用枪。
这话太笼统，不用枪，用什
么。
用毒药，
用刀？
C.
计算机可以取代任何
武器。
D.
计算机的功能就像枪，
错
误的。
Stock Market)
Passage
Seventeen
(A
Strong
The
increase
in
the
margin
rate
from
50%
to
70%
was not an attempt
to stem
any rampant speculation on
the
part
of
the
public
—
actually
the
market
seemed
technically
quite
strong,
with
public
participation
essentially
dignified
—
but
rather
an
attempt
by
the
Federal
Reserve
Board
to
preserve
the
sound
underpinnings that existed in the
market. Naturally, such
a move had a
momentarily chilling effect upon prices but
if the FRB had been preoccupied with
undue speculation,
the
increase
might
have
been
to
the
80%
or
even
90%
level.
Such
an
increases
in
the
margin
rate
is
a
confirmation
of
a
strong
stock
market
and
since
19
…
,such
increases
have
resulted
in
interim
market
highs
over
twelve
months
later.
Obviously,
there
could
be no guarantee that this
would once again be the case,
but
if
history
is
any
guideline
—
and
if
business
and
corporate
earnings
were
to
continue
on
the
same
course
—
continued
optimism
over
the
outlook
for
the
stock market would seem more prudent
than pessimism.
The
margin
increase
underscored
the
good
rise
that
stocks
had
enjoyed
for
the
previous
year
—
and
the
fact
that a 50% rate
was maintained as long as it was pointed
up the fact that the rise was mainly
conservative in that it
was
concentrated in the blue chips for the most part.
In
30
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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