静安小亭2018年高考英语真题分类汇编专题12：议论文类阅读理解

2021年1月20日发(作者：许仙志)


2018
年高考英语真题分类汇编专题
12
：议论

文类阅读理解



一、阅读理解

1.
（
2018?
卷
Ⅱ
）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的
A
、< br>B
、
C
和
D
四个选项中，选出最佳

选项。

D
We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on airplane, surrounded by
people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling
with the uncomfortable silence.
What's the problem? It's possible that we all have compromised conversational
intelligence. It's more likely that none of us start a conversation because it's
awkward and challenging, or we think it's annoying and unnecessary. But the next
time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the
trouble. Experts say it's an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can't forget that deep
relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren't for casual conversation. Small talk is
the grease (
润滑剂
) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director
of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast.
great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,

communicate with them.
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC,
invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out
an interaction(
互动
) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The
results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly
higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience.
to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,
with peripheral(
边缘的
) members of our social network matter for our well-being
also.
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater
sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense


of belonging starts with small talk.
says.
(1)
、
What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A
、
Addiction to smartphones. B
、
Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C
、
Absence of communication between strangers. D
、
Impatience with slow
service.
(2)
、
What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?
A
、
Showing good manners. B
、
Relating to other people. C
、
Focusing on a topic.
D
、
Making business deals.
(3)
、
What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A
、
It improves family relationships. B
、
It raises people's confidence. C
、
It matters
as much as a formal talk. D
、
It makes people feel good.
(4)
、
What is the best title for the text?
A
、
Conversation Counts B
、
Ways of Making Small Talk C
、
Benefits of Small
Talk D
、
Uncomfortable Silence
+
2.
（
2018?
北京）阅读理解

D
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's
dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is
apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving
permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The
state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and
for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted,
isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities
across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on
our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change
our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on
how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless
cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-
driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(
排放
) and offer more
convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a
chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more
shared.
Do we want to copy
—
or even worsen
—
the traffic of today with driverless
cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self- driving vehicles.
They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because
they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban
spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle
to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks
to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self- driving minibus. The
convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport
—
an unwelcome
side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(
叫车
) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing
petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared
systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost
of transportation infrastructure(
基础设施
) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer
emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially
available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services,
considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and
maintenance issues(
责任与维护问题
). But driverless car ownership could
increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the
technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance
of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled
transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement
presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed
to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We
just have to plan for it.
(1)
、
According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can
__________.
A
、
help deal with transportation-related problems B
、
provide better services to
customers C
、
cause damage to our environment D
、
make some people lose jobs
(2)
、
As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?
A
、
Safety. B
、
Side effects. C
、
Affordability. D
、
Management.
(3)
、
What does the underlined word
＂
fielded
＂


in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A
、
Employed. B
、
Replaced. C
、
Shared. D
、
Reduced.
(4)
、
What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A
、
Doubtful. B
、
Positive. C
、
Disapproving. D
、
Sympathetic.
+
3.
（
2018?
浙江）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的
A
、
B
、
C
和
D
四个选项中，选出最佳

选项。

C


As cultural symbols go, the American car is quite young. The Model T Ford
was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago, with the first rolling off
the assembly line
（装配线）

on September 27, 1908. Only eleven cars were
produced the next month. But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen million
of them.
Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some
of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard,
the motel, even the hamburger. For most of the last century, the car represented
what it meant to be American
—
going forward at high speed to find new worlds.
The road novel, the road movie, these are the most typical American ideas, born
of abundant petrol, cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system, the
largest public works project in history.
In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with
a car in every garage.
back, as the car transformed America from a farm-based society into an industrial
power.
The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global
ecological disaster. In America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since
1990.
The problems of excessive
（过度的）
energy consumption, climate change and
population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas
L. Friedman. He fears the worst, but hopes for the best.
Friedman points out that the green economy
（经济）
is a chance to keep
American strength.
producing clean water, clean air and healthy and abundant food is going to be the
currency of power in the new century.
(1)
、
Why is hamburger mentioned in paragraph 2?
A
、
To explain Americans' love for travelling by car. B
、
To show the influence of
cars on American culture. C
、
To stress the popularity of fast food with
Americans. D
、
To praise the effectiveness of America's road system.
(2)
、
What has the use of cars in America led to?
A
、
Decline of economy. B
、
Environmental problems. C
、
A shortage of oil supply.
D
、
A farm-based society.
(3)
、
What is Friedman's attitude towards America's future?
A
、
Ambiguous. B
、
Doubtful. C
、
Hopeful. D
、
Tolerant.
+