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小学语文教学计划看图作文写作技巧

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://bjmy2z.cn/zuowen
2020-12-25 18:10
tags:高中作文, 高中教育

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2020年12月25日发(作者:何俊英)


四六级看图作文写作技巧


一、

看图作文简介


看图作文是借助于图画或图表进行写作的 一种文体。

它要求作者将


画面直观的内容或图片包含的信息转换成传神表 意的文字形式,属于


说明文性质。其目的是考察考生的观察分析能力、想象力和语言表达


能力。


看图作文要求:

1

主题明确,即能概括画面或图表所反映的中心

议题;

2

)图文一致,即要包括画面或图表中所反映的主要 内容。


看图作文一般分为两种:

1< /p>

)看图画或图片作文;

2

)看图表、曲

< p>
线图作文。前者通常采用叙述式(

narration

< p>写作方式,

而后者采用议


论式(

argumenta tion


从大学英语四、六级考试 和研究生入学英语考试来看,图表作文的


命题模式基本如下:给出标题、图画或图表、写 作提纲、半小时内写


出一篇

120-180

字左右的评论 性文章。

一般要求写三方面的内容:第


一段说明该图画或图表所反映的一 个现象;第二段分析该现象出现的


诸多原因;第三段对该现象进行评论或发表想法。

有时候,命题要求


尽可能少地引用图表中出现的数据,只要求概括图表所反映 的总情况


和总趋势。



下面结合四、六级及研究生入学英语考试中图表作文的模式,分别


谈一下两类作文中有 关图画和图表的写作要领。



二、

看图画作文的写作要领


看图画作文实质上就是描述、分析并评论一幅(或一组)图所反映


的社会 现象。对图画进行描述时,一般以被观察者为对象,联系图片


中所包含的背景、插入的文 字等,揣摩作者的绘画意图,以观众的口


吻进行解说。如果看的是一组图画,就得按照图 示的顺序,

对画面上


的内容进行整体分析,去除细枝末节,分清主次,抓 住图画后隐藏的


中心意思进行解说。切莫象记流水帐一样把所看到的、想到的细节全


部写出来,这只会使读者感到乏味无趣。

想象你自己就是这位画家,


在画这副画之前,你首先要构思画的内容;其次是构思作画的步骤,


先画 什么,后画什么;然后将你的构思用文字叙述出来,你对该图画


的描述就完成了。


下面以

1998

年研究生入学考试的看图画作 文为例进行详细解释。


例图与范文


Directions:


A.

Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less


than 150 words.


B.

Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.



1


C.

Your essay should meet the requirements below:


1.

Write out the message conveyed by the cartoon.


2.

Give your comments.




如此承诺


各行各业兴承诺


欢迎监督不推托


原本皆为份内事


须高唱文明歌




Such a promise


Recently, more and more people have seen varieties of promises either


from

TV

,

newspaper

or

from

other

media.

As

is

shown

in

the

cartoon,


even a hen has learned how to promise.

We all know that a hen’s duty is


to

lay

eggs

which

should

undoubtedly

consist

of

most

elementary

parts.


But the hen promises what she should do.


With the development of the society and the improvement of

people’s


living standard,

more and more attention is paid to the improvement of


the

quality

of

service.

Therefore,

many

enterprises

and

departments


promise to better their services so as to meet people’s need better.

They


are also pleased to invite people to supervise what they have done and will


do. But much to our surprise, some of them just promise what they should


do. These promises are only laughed at by people.


In

my

opinion,

doing

more

is

better

than

promising

more.

We


should

lay

more

emphasis

on

what

we

do

and

how

we

can

virtually


improve

the

level

of

service.

Only

in

this

way

can

we

make

people


satisfied with what we do.



三、

看图表作文的写作要领


我们常见的图表大致可以分为两 类:一类是表(

table

)或表格


c hart

;另一类是示意图(

diagram

) 或曲线图(

graph

。前一类是传



2


达各种统计数字和数据的简明形式;后一类是信息的视觉表现。


图表作文与看图作文有较大区别。

前者通常是用实实在在的科学数


据反映和说明事物某方面的真实情况,重在说明事实,来不得半点想


象和发挥 ,

它往往要求作者通过运用图表中的数据来进行说明、

解释、

对比和对照,阐明某种事实,说明某种道理,反映某种变化等等,也


就是要找出图表 内规律性、概括性和趋向性的内容,从而解释图表的


含义。

< p>
要写好图表作文,

首先要看懂图表,

弄清图表中各个数据间的关系,


分清主次,明确主题,接着在文字叙述时,要做到:

< br>(

1

)反映出图表所要表达的核心思想和重要内容,避免简单地将


图表不分主次地从头到尾复述一遍;


2

)必要时,可将图表中列举的数据或项目进行分类;


3

)说明图表时,尽量不要遗漏其特点或规律,分析要基于事实、


合乎逻辑,不可主观臆想,任意发挥。


另外,有一些细节问题不可忽视:


1

)注意图表的参照时间和图表所使用的单位


2

)注意时态的选择,即采用什么时态写作。一般来说,没有参

< br>照时间的表格和图表,

通常用一般现在时;

有参照时间的表格和图表,


用一般过去时;

但如果叙述的是现在的情况,

就必须采用一般 现在时。



现将这两类图表的写作要领分别举例说明如下:


(一)表格


对表格的叙述可以自上而下,从左 到右进行。下面以

1991

6


全国大学英语四级看表格作文为例,分析其写作思路。


Directions

For

this

part

you

are

allowed

30

minutes

to

write

a


composition

of

no

less

than

100

words

on

Changes

in

People's

Diet


Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on


the information given in the table

Write three paragraphs to


1

state the changes in people's diet in the past five years


2

give possible reasons for the changes


3

draw your own conclusions


You should quote as few figures as possible




food


year



1986


49%


10%


17%


24%



1987


47%


11%


20%


22%



1988


46.5%


11%


22.5%


20%



1989


45%


12%


23%


20%



1990


45%


13%


21%


21%


3


Grain


Milk


Meat


Fruit and


Vegetables



Total



100%

100%

100%

100%

100%


看过表格后,具体写作步骤如下:


1

.细读作文要求,如什么标题,要求多少段落,多少字数。从表


格外提供给我们的 要求来看,我们知道:该作文标题为

Changes

in


People’s Diet

,要求作者分三段描绘并限制字数不少于一百。


2

.接下来,看表格内提供的文字信息,着重寻找“变化”

。从左往

< p>
右看,表格的第一列列举了人们日常生活所消耗的各类食品名称;从


上往下 看,表格的第一行是从

1986

1990

五个连 续的年份;从每一


竖栏看,

所列百分数是各类食品在每年中占全部食品消 耗量的百分比,


且谷类食品在五年内所占全部食品的比例均为最大,为人们的主要食


物,而牛奶所占比例最小;从每一横栏看,每一类食品所占比例均有


变化,其中粮食的消费量逐年减少,牛奶、肉类的消费量逐年增多,


而水果和蔬菜有升有 降,

在表格中表示的意义不明显,

可以忽略不记。


通过以 上步骤,

我们可以得出结论:近年来,人们的食品结构发生了


显著变化, 这个变化就是我们要重点说明或阐释的事实和依据,它构


成文章的第一段。


3

.组织材料,构思每一段的主题句,注意文章各段落间的衔接和< /p>


过渡。第一段的主题句必须交代四个要素:表格研究的时间段(

1986< /p>


1990

年)

、研究的对象(人们的饮食 结构)

、研究所采用的数据形式


(百分比而非具体的数字)

和研究的结论

(存在巨大变化)

第二段写

“可能的理由

possible reasons

由于主要变化是谷物消耗降低,

< br>奶、肉类消费与年上升。而前者下降源于后者上升。那么,

作者要思


考的问题就简化为:为什么牛奶和肉类的消费增加?作者可以根据自


己的认识、体验来 阐释,只要言之有理,思路清晰,即可得分。

第三


段基于第二段的分析得 出相应的结论。

根据上述构思,

参考范文如下:


Changes in People's Diet


As can be seen from the table

great changes have taken place in


people's

diet

over

the

period

from

1986

to

1990.

The

consumption

of


grain, the main food of people is decreasing year by year

while that of


some high-energy food, such as milk and meat, is increasing steadily.


There

are

two

main

reasons

for

these

changes

in

people's


diet

Firs t

with the economic development, common people earn more


money, so they can afford milk and meat.

Second,

more and more people


come to realize the importance of a balanced diet to their health and they


need to consume a certain amount of milk and meat.


From

the

above-mentioned

we

are

very

glad

to

see

that

the

living


standards of our people are being improved

But

on the other hand

if


people eat too much high-nutrition food, some problems will arise. In my


opinion, we should always keep balance in our diet



4



(二)

曲线图


对于曲线图,可以从图中某一曲线的起点着手,沿线向前推进,加


以说明。

< p>下面以

1991

6

月大学英语六级看曲线图 作文为例,

分析其


写作思路。


Directions:

You are allowed 30

minutes to write a composition based


on

the

graph

below.

Your

composition

must

be

written

according

to

the


following outline:


1.

Rise and fall of the rate of car accidents as indicated by the graph.


2.

Possible reason(s) for the decline of car accidents in the city.


3.

Your prediction of what will happen this year.


Your

composition

should

be

no

less

than

120

words

and

you

should


quote as few figures as possible.



50


40


30


20


10


0


J


a


n


F


e


b


M


a


r


A


p

< br>r


M


a


y


J


u


n


e


J


u


l


y


A


u


g


S


e


p


t


O


c


t


N


o


v

< br>D


e


c


39

22


25


32


30


33


27


26


34

< p>
30


19


16


The number of car accidents in this city

fluctuated

during the year


of

1990.

It

increased

in

the

first

three

months

and

decreased

in

the


following

three

months.

After

that,

the

number

of

car

accidents

went

up


again. In August, the number reached the top. Since then, car accidents had


been reduced remarkably. There were only 16 car accidents in December.


There

were

several

reasons

for

the

decline

of

car

accidents

in

the


city

.

First

,

some

new

roads

were

built

and

some

narrow

streets

were


widened, which reduced the flow of traffic.

Second

, a new traffic law was


made and came into force. The new traffic regulations laid down in the law


are stricter than the old ones.

Third

, the city administration strengthened


the

education

of

keeping

traffic

rules.

People,

especially

drivers

realized


the importance of keeping the rules.


From

the

rise

and

fall

rate

of

car

accidents

in

the

graph,

we

can


predict that the rate of car accidents will go on falling because the new


measures afford some guarantee.






5





(三)条状图


条状图由长方形的图形组成。< /p>

这些长方形表示某一整体的各个组成


部分,也表示各种数据资料或材料物体 的比较与对比的关系。条状图


往往使这种关系形象化、视觉化。

下面以< /p>

2002

6

月大学英语四、六

级看条状图作文为例,分析其写作思路。


Directions:

For

this

part,

you

are

allowed

thirty

minutes

to

write

a


composition on the topic: Student Use of Computers. You should write at


least

120

words,


and

base

your


composition

on


the

chart

and

the


outline

given


below:






1.

< p>上图所示为

1990

年、

1995

年、

2000

年某校大学生使用计算机的情


况,请描述其变化;


2.

请说明发生这些变化的原因(可从计 算机的用途、价格或社会发展


等方面加以说明)


3.

你认为目前大学生在使用计算机中有什么困难或问题。




Student Use of Computers


This

bar

chart

reveals

the

tremendous

growth

in

student

use

of


computers.

While in 1990, the average number of hours a student spent on


the computer was about one hour per week, it grew to nearly four hours by


1995, and another five years later to approximately 20 hours.


There

are

several

reasons

for

this

.

First

,

computers

do

facilitate


people in such aspects as word processing, book keeping and multimedia


presentations.

Second

,

since

1990,

the

prices

of

computer

hardware

and


software as well as the Internet usage charges have dropped significantly,


which

enables

more

students

to

afford

them.

Finally

,

students

can

get


entertained and relaxed by playing computer games, listening to music or


watching movies on the Internet


While

computers

are

of

great

assistance

to

students,

they

also

pose


some

challenges.

For

one

thing

,

computers’

poor

quality

or

out

-of-date



6


designs bother us a lot.

For another

, too many students indulge in playing


computer games and neglect their study.



(四)饼状图


整个饼状图当然等于百分之一百 ,

图中的各个部分代表一定的百分


比。

在分析饼状图时, 首先要明确饼状图的主题,即图形表达的是什


么。其次,应该看一下整个图形分成几个小 部分,各代表什么项目以


及其所占整个饼状图的百分比是多少。

然后再对 其各个部分进行比较、


分析、解释和描写。


切记饼状图的表达方式:


1

整个饼状图划分为各个小部分。


2

每部分以百分比表示相互间的关系。


3

各部分可以用线条隔开或用不同色彩来表示。


请参考例图和范文:

A Diagram of Expenditure



Tobacco

< br>5%


Alcoholic Drink


5%


Clothing and

Footwear


10%


Other Expenditu re


14%


Food


25%

< p>
Housing


12%


Fuel

< br>6%


Service


8%


Tra nsport


15%


As

can

be

seen

from

the

pie

diagram,

the

main

expenditure

of

an


average

British

family

is

spent

on

food,

which

accounts

for

25%

of

its


total expenditure. The next two significant expending items are transport


and housing, which are 15% and 12% respectively. If we

take

clothing and


footwear

into account

, which

makes up

10%, the above-mentioned four


essentials of life

amount to

62% of the total expenditure.


From these figures one can easily see that the cost of living in England


is very high.


By

the

way,

both

tobacco

and

alcoholic

drink

expenditures

are

5%


respectively,

so

it

is

not

surprising

to

say

that

the

British

must

be

great


tobacco and alcoholic consumers.




7


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